文献翻译-奥氏体不锈钢压力容器的应变强化技术

外文翻译一:StrainStrengtheningTechnologyofPressureVesselsofAusteniticStainlessSteelDENGYangchun1,CHENGang1,YANGXiaofeng2,XUTong3(1EastChinaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Shanghai,200237,China;2HubeiSpecialEquipmentSafetyInspectionandResearchInstitute,Wuhan,430077,Hubei,China;3ChinaSpecialEquipmentInspectionandResearchInstitute,Beijing,100013,China)AbstractThebasicprincipleofstrainstrengtheningwaspresented,andtwomodelsofthestrainstrengtheningOfpressurevesselsofausteniticsteelthestrainstrengtheningAvestamodelatnormalatmospherictemperaturesandthestrainstrengtheningArdeformmodelatlowtemperatures,wereanalyzed.Meanwhile,theselectionsofpermissiblestressofausteniticstainlesssteelwerecomparedandanalyzedinseveralpressurevesselstandards.EN13445PressureVesselStandardchooses1.0astheyieldstrengthofausteniticstainlesssteelInthiscondition,thevalueofthesafefactorofthematerialsislowandpracticalKeywordsPressureVesselAusteniticStainlessSteelStrainStrengthening,YieldStrengthArticleIdz:TQ0504+1DocumentcodeAArticleID0254-6094(2008)01-0054-06Theausteniticstainlesssteelhavinggoodhightemperatureperformance,lowtemperatureperformanceandcorrosionresistance,andhightensilestrength,buttheyieldstrengthislower.BythestandardofGB150pressurevessel,materialyieldstrengthandtensilestrength,respectively,dividedbythesafetyfactortodeterminethematerialallowablestressvalues,whicheverisless,oftenresultinginausteniticstainlesssteelallowablestressvalueslow,cannotgivefullplaytothematerialcarryingcapacity.Tothisend,theresearchersbystrainhardeningimprovetheyieldstrengthofausteniticstainlesssteel,hisarticlewillmakethetechnologytocommentary.1AusteniticstainlesssteelstrainhardeningbasicprinciplesShowninFigure1,thedeformationofthematerialexceedsthematerialyieldstrength,kreachedafterunloadingisinelasticstate,beforere-applyingaloadtothematerialstressreachesthek,kequivalentmaterialyieldstrength,apparentlyk02.Figure1austeniticstainlesssteelunidirectionaltensileFigureFornon-stableausteniticstainlesssteel,duetothestraingeneratedmartensitehardeningrategraduallyincreasesduetotheincreaseofstrainneckingwaspostponed,uptoamaximumelongation.Inthesametime,themartensitethemerit-formedsothatthestressconcentrationisrelaxed,showingaphasetransformationinducedphenomena.Processedatroomtemperatureforstableausteniticstainlesssteelisnotformedmartensitegrainrefinement,thelatticedistortionanddislocationdensitywillproduceahardeningeffect.Austeniticstainlesssteelstrainhardeningofthisfeature,widelyusedinthefieldsofbridges,buildings,partsofEuropehasbeenusedinthefieldofpressurevessel.Austeniticstainlesssteelpressurevesselstrainhardeningcommonlyusedintwomodes:theAvestamodeandArdeformmode.2austeniticstainlesssteelpressurevesselatroomtemperaturestrainhardening-A-VestamodeTheausteniticstainlesssteelpressurevesselatroomtemperaturestraintoenhancehydrostatictesttoproduceabout8%(maximum10%)ofplasticdeformation,andcanimprovetheyieldandtensilestrengthoftheausteniticstainlesssteelmaterial,themethodisusuallycalledAvestamode(ColdStretchedForming).Thepressurevesselusingthemediagenerallyliquidnitrogen,liquidoxygenandliquidhydrogen,themaincivilianuse.SwedenAvestaSheffieldsince1959,hasbeenengagedintheworkoftheausteniticstainlesssteelpressurevesselstrainhardening,andappliedforapatentinmanycountries1.AvestaSheffieldinSwedenin1959byspecialpermission,after15yearsofuseofausteniticstainlesssteelstrainhardeningtechnologymanufacturingpressurevessels,SwedishPressureVesselTechnicalCommitteein1974austeniticstainlesssteelpressurevesselstrainhardeningtechnology,1975intothepressurevesselspecificstandards-strainhardeningPressureVesselCode2(theCold-stretchingDirection-CSD).In1977,Sweden,Finland,Norway,Germany,Australia,theNetherlands,theUnitedKingdom,Spain,Portugal,CzechoslovakiaandSouthAfricaandothercountrieshaveacceptedausteniticstainlesssteelpressurevesselstrainhardeningtechnology3.TheSwedishstrainhardeningpressurevesselstandardsCSD,useofmaterialsequivalentto304and316L,themaximumthicknessof30mm,maximumoperatingtemperatureof400C.Annealedmaterials02toabout210MPa,elongationgreaterthan35%.Theenhancedyieldstrengthabout410MPa,conventionalmethodsofdesignasanewmaterial,andthentakek.StrainhardeninghydraulictestpressureisdeterminedbythefollowingformulaTheSwedishCSDstandardsthatuniaxialtensilespecimens,upto10%strainsufficienttoensurethatthematerialyieldstrengthkvalue.PlanestressMisesyieldcriterion,thecorrespondingstrainaccordingtoTable1theratiobetweenthecalculated.Table1stress,strainratiobetweenTheSwedishCSDstandardthatensurethatnewmaterialyieldstrengthkvalue,thecylindricalringtothemaximumstrainis8.7%;theSphericalmaximumstrainof5.0%.TheSwedishstandardspecifiesamaximumstrainof10.0%.Theactualcylindermaximumstrainof3%to5%,mainlydueto:a.Actualmaterialslargerthanthestandardvalue;bactualthicknessdeviationandcalculationsroundedmargin;chead,receivershipstrengtheneffect.Anotherimportantproblemisthatthe1991editionoftheSwedishCSDstandardnolongerneedtoensurethatthenewmaterialyieldstrengthkvalue,simplypressthestrainhardeningkcalculatetherequiredpressurehydrostatictestingcanbe.Abandonthe1975editionofkcomputing,theneedtoensuretherequirementsoftheminimumstrain.ThejonsonJ1pointedoutthatthestrainhardeningneedtoensurethestabilityofthematerialorganization,notbecauseofthestrainhavemartensite.Commonlystableandmetastableausteniticsmallamountofstrainconditions,doesnotproducemartensite.304Land316through300to350C,000hagingtestsshowedthatthestrainhardeningprocessingmaterialswithnostrainhardeningmaterialhandling,smallchangesinyieldstrengthandtensilestrengthvalues,canimprovetheuseofstrainhardeningtemperature.Strainhardeningtreatmentmaterial550to650Cisstillverygoodcreepresistance,fatiguestrength.Lessthan10%strainhardeningmaterial,inaweakoxidizingmediasuchasH2SO4,corrosiveandstrainhardeningmaterial;stresscorrosionresults.,304L,316steelresidualstressduetostrainhardeningtoreduceoreliminatethisstresscorrosiontestsconfirmed.HesslingG4notedthatthestrainhardeningmaterialsavings,withincreasingtemperature,theamountofmaterialsavingsreduceBrautigamM5notedthatthebasematerialandtheelectrodeofthepressurevesselwithastableausteniticstainlesssteel304LN,whenthestrainhardeningplasticityvariable20%whenusedinliquidnitrogen(includingenhanced),noneofthebasemetal,weldandheataffectedzonetoproducemartensite.321metastableaustenitic20%strainwasgeneratedmartensite;liquidheliumcryogenic,unfinishedmartensitictransformation;in20C,250cyclescanacceleratethemartensitictransformation,consider-196C,thecycleofmartensitictransformation.20%strainonthestabilityofausteniticandthemetastableausteniticmaterialimpacttoughnessareaffected;doesnotproducemartensitestableausteniticmaterialImpactToughnessdistortedcrystalstructure.Stableausteniticmaterials,20%strainresultinamaterialimpactgreaterthanthelowtemperatureimpacttoughnessdecreasesstabletheausteniticandmetastableausteniticmaterials;20%strainat20,-196,-269,theimpacttoughnessADcanmeetthespecificationsandASMECodepressurevesselstrain;actualstrainhardeningonly8%to10%,inthecryogenicliquidenoughimpacttoughness.AmbroseS61969strainstrengthentechnologicalresearch,firstenactedin1969thespecificationME/1/69-134strainhardeningpressurevessel(forlowtemperature),1999,includedinthestandardAS1210Appendix2.Material304,316L,etc.;strainlimitof5%,10%ofthelocalmaximum,thanSwedishstandardconservative.Limitof5%,mainlyinordertomeettherequirementsofthetheISO/TC11(1970).Strainhardeningmethodhasthreeadvantages:a.Thereleaseofresidualstress;B.Inmanycases,changingtheshape,improvetheanti-yieldingcapacity;cimprovethefatigueperformance.ThestandardEN13458EUcryogenicpressurevesselAppendixC7strainhardeningtechnology,recommendedseveralmaterialscanalsouseotherstableausteniteandmetastableausteniticmaterial,providedthattheymeetthetechnicalrequirements.Materialmaximumthicknessof30mm,themaximumtemperatureof50C,elongationgreaterthan35%.Theannealedmaterialstrainhardening,theyieldstrengthkthan02increaseduptoabout200MPa.Designasanewmaterial,andthentheconventionalmethod.Strainhardeningrequiredhydrostatictestpressureof1.5timesthedesignpressuretoensurethatinthecourseofcontainerintheelasticstate.Thestrengtheningoftheannealedcontainer,theamountofdeformation;materialstostrengthenthecontainerthe(inadvertentlyreinforceorplaterollingintendstostrengthen)referstotheprocess,thewaterpressuresmallerdeformation.Annealedcontainerthemaximumallowable10%straininalongtimetokeeptheloadinthecaseofallowableincreaseof1%to2%strain,infact,generallycylindricalto3%5%strain.Thisstrainhardeningofthematerialaftertomaintainahigherelongationandimpacttoughness.RanaMD8ofISO/TC2202000onthelow-temperatureausteniticstainlesssteelcontainers,alsoacceptstrainhardeningmethod,consistentwithEN13458.3austeniticstainlesssteelpressurevesselatlowtemperaturestrainstrengthen-ArdeformmodeIn1961,Arde-Portlandannealed301austeniticstainlesssteelcontainer?196C(liquidnitrogen)insulation,strainhardeninghydraulictest,resultinginabout10%(maximum13%)plasticdeformation301steelyieldandtensilestrength,somethenafter427C,and20hagingtreatment,tofurtherimprovetheyieldandtensilestrengthof301steel9,usuallyknownasthemethodforArdeformmode(CryogenicStretchForming).Theausteniticstainlesssteelpressurevesselsusedintheaerospacefield,theuseofmediaforliquidnitrogen,liquidoxygenandliquidhydrogen.OfArde-PortlandcompanyAlperRH10foramoredetailedexperimentalstudyofArde-formmodeperformance.Ballofthesamesize(301steel),?196Cafterstrainhardening,withoutagingtreatmentatroomtemperatureformorethan2h?196Cblasting,theyieldstressratiostrainenhancedstressasmallamountoftheincrease,indicatingthatatroomtemperatureundercertainagingeffect;After427C,20hagingtreatment,yieldstressratiostrainenhancedstressweresignificantlyincreased,andwithadifferentstrainhardeningstress;stressclosertobothblast.Annealedspherical?196CBlow,yieldstressequivalenttotheyieldstressofthematerialatthistemperature,whichisgeneratedstartingstrainhardeningstress;blastinglowerstress,butconsideringthematerialisthinned,accordingtothetruestresscalculation,blastingstressandstrainhardeningballstressmoreconsistent.Theblastingexperimentsconductedatambienttemperature,notaftertheagingtreatmenttheballvarydependingontheyieldstressballoriginalstrainhardeningstress;higheryieldstressaftertheagingtreatmentoftheball,andalsohigherrupturestress.Atthesametime,theuseofsmoothspecimenssubjectedtoatensiletest(uniaxialstress),?196C,withthestraintoenhancestressincreases,theroomtemperaturetensileyieldstrengthandtensilestrengthareincreased;samplesafteragingtreatmentthanwithoutagingThetreatedsampleshaveahigheryieldstrengthandtensilestrength.Inordertostudythebiaxialstress,withnotchedspecimensfortensiletestat?196C,withthestrainstrengthenthestressincreases,littlechangeintheyieldstressofagingsample;withoutagingtreatmentincreasedtheyieldstressofthespecimen;Notafteragingtheyieldstressofthetreatedsamplesthantheoriginalstrengthenstressincreases,furtherstrengtheningeffectatroomtemperature.?196Ctoatensiletest,notchedspecimen,andthetensilestrengthratiosmooth,withoutagingthesample,withtheoriginalstrengthenthestressincreases;However,afteragingthesample,withtheoriginalstrengthenwhenthestressincreases.Thatis,thestressincreaseswiththeoriginalstrengthenthenotchsensitivityincrease.Testsummary,thefollowingconclusions:alowtemperaturecanbeusedtostrengthentoimprovethestrength,themanufactureofpressurevessels;bwithoutlimitationofstrainhardeningstainlesssteel?196Chaveahighernotchtoughness;cstrengthenthelimitationofstrainstainlesssteel,?196Candhashighstrengthatroomtemperature;din?196Cgeneratingstrainhardening,requiresacertainamountofstress.Arde-PortlandHendersonSW11:strainhardeningandthenafteragingcanimprovestrength;improvethematerialstrainhardeningcreepresistanceandnotchedstrength;withoutthelimitationofstrainhardeningstainlesssteel,hightemperatureperformanceisalsogood.Belowtheyieldstress,inastronglyoxidizingenvironment,corrosionresistanceandannealedpressurevessel.Summaryofstrainhardeningmainadvantages:highstrength;highcreepstrength;highnotchtoughness;distortedlowtemperatureagingat427;improvereliability,thethecylinderdeformationof12%to14%,theballdeformationof7%to8%,testablerayundiscovereddefects;reducestressconcentration;forthebenefitoftheweld,theweldandbasemetal;improvecorrosionresistance.ArdePortlandArthurC12pointedoutthat,Ardeformmodemanufacturingpressurevesselsmainlyduetothenon-proliferationoftypeface-centeredcubiclatticeintoabody-centeredcubiclattice,austeniteintomartensite,andaftertheaging,tofurtherenhanceitsstrengthatroomtemperature.Itssuccessfulapplicationinthatthreeimportantfactors:achemicalcomposition,thematerialhasthebestcombinationofstrengthandtoughness,easeofwelding;bweldingwillproduceacontractionof1%,strainhardening,andthestrengthofthebasemetal,Itisessentialthattheweldssmoothtransition,thesecannotbeachievedbythetraditionalmethod;deformation(cdesign,pressurevesseldeformationamountoftheoreticalcalculationsmentionedearlier,thisiscompletelyunnecessary,pressurevesseldeformationsimplytoorgreaterthantheamountofdeformationofthetheoreticalcalculationofthepressurevesselcanbe).Also,strainhardening,thecontainertothemostnaturalgeometrychanges,suchasheadshapetospherical.4twoausteniticstainlesssteelpressurevesselstrainhardeningmodeTable2Comparisonoftwoausteniticstainlesssteelstrainhardeningmode.Relatively,Ardeformmodestraingreaterdegreeofenhancement,theadverseimpactonthematerialpropertiesarealsorelativelylarge,itshighcost,theprocessismorecomplex,mainlyfortheaerospacefield13,fewreports.AvestamethodhasbeenacceptedinmanyEuropeancountries,EN13458AppendixChasbeenadopted,withmoreexperience.Table2austeniticstainlesssteelpressurevesselstrainhardeningComparison5typesofpressurevesselstandardausteniticstainlesssteelallowablestressvaluecomparisonAusteniticstainlesssteelpressurevesselstrainhardeningupontheconventionalapproachtodesign,manufacturingprocessandselectthematerialallowablestressvalues.Austeniticstainlesssteelpressurevesseluniquestrainhardeningistoincreasetheallowablestressvalueandimprovethesharpestincreasethepressurevesselmaterialyieldstrength.Andtheothertoimprovetheausteniticstainlesssteelmaterialallowablestressvalueistheyieldstrengthtoselectandadjusttheyieldfactorofsafety,thematerialisnotplasticallydeformed.UnitedStatesASME-1andASMEVIII-2requiredfortheausteniticstainlesssteelmaterials,allowablestressvaluestoallowasmallamountofpressurevesseldeformationoccasions,thehighestdesirabledesigntemperature0902toitthan02/ns.Germanyforausteniticstainlesssteel,theyieldstrengthhasvalueby1.0,.Usually,1than02high-40MPa,suchas304,thematerialwillincreasetheyieldstrengthvalueof20%.50to60yearsinthelastcenturytheUnitedKingdom,Norway,Sweden,Australiaandmanyothercountries.EUEN13445PressureVesselCodealsousedthisapproach.OfPressureVesselCodeforausteniticstainlesssteel,conventionaldesignstandardsGB150andstressanalysisanddesignstandardJB4732attemperaturesgreaterthan100C,XuwithstressvaluevaluewiththeU.S.ASME-1andASME-2basicallythesame;lowerthan100C,austeniticstainlesssteelmaterialallowablestressvaluevarieswithcarbonsteelallowablestressvaluevaluethesameway.Duetotheloweryieldstrengthofausteniticstainlesssteelmaterials,theallowablestressvaluesbytheyieldstrengthofmaterialdecisions,showingthatofausteniticstainlesssteelmaterialallowablestressvalueisverylow.SeenfromTable3,withanausteniticstainlesssteelmaterial,ASMEVIII-1andEN13445austeniticstainlesssteelmaterialallowablestressvaluesthanGB150differentdegree,andthedesignpressure,thematerialoftheabovethreecriteriaareinelasticstate,noplasticdeformationoftheoverallstructureofthepressurevessel.EN13458AppendixCstrainhardeningmethod(Avestamode)materialallowablestressvaluesthanthreestandardhasgreatlyimproved,theleastamountofmaterial,withgreatereconomicvalue;designpressure,thematerialinaplasticstate,thepressureTheoverallstructureofthecontainerhasasignificantplasticdeformationoccurs.,Ardeformmodestrainhardeningbetter,mainlyfortheaerospaceindustry.Table3austeniticstainlesssteelpressurevesseldesignallowablestressvaluesselectedTable4listsseveralausteniticstainlesssteelmaterial0.21.0,kvalue.ThejonsonJ14fromroomtemperatureto400Corless,thesamekindofausteniticstainlesssteelpressurevesselstandardsallowablestressvalues,asshowninFigure2.Accordingtothetypeofmaterial,EN13445thanASMEVIII-1allowablestressvalueof20%35%;200Cwhenthematerialsavingsof2%to20%.Table4severalausteniticstainlesssteelyieldstrengthvaluesFigure2differentstandardthesameausteniticstainlesssteelunderthemaximumallowablestressvalues6Conclusion6.1austeniticstainlesssteelpressurevesseltechnologycangreatlysavematerialstrainhardening.Avestamodehassomeexperience,easytoimplement,andhasgoodapplicationprospects.Theyieldstrengthof.6.2EUEN13445standardausteniticstainlesssteelpressurevesselby1.0select,materialsafetyfactorlowervalue,tosavematerial,theuseofawiderrangeofmanufacturing,nospecialrequirements,verypractical.References1JonsonJ.ColdstretchedAusteniticStainlessSteelPressureVessels.SecondInternationalConferenceonPressureVesselTechnology,PartMaterials,FabricationandInspection.1973.115711652Cold-StretchingDirections1991.SwedishPressureVesselStandardization3MalstromU.DesignCriteriaInvolvingFactorsofSafetyonTensileStrength.YieldStrengthandCreepRuptureStress.1977.29344HesslingG.DesignCriteriaforBoilersandPressureVessels.PapersPresentedattheSixthInternationalConferenceonPressureVesselTechnology.1988.67965BrautigamM.PressureVesselsforCryogenicServiceSomeNewAspectsofMaterialsandConstruction.TheSeventhInternationalConferenceonPressureVesselTechnology.1992.8878996AmbroseS.AustralianPracticewithColdStretchedPressureVessels.TheNinthInternationalConferenceonPressureVesselTechnology.2000.991077Cryogenicvessels-StaticVacuumInsulatedVesselsEN13458,20008RanaMD.DevelopmentofISOStandardsforCryogenicVessels,PressureVesselandPipingCodesandStandards.ASMEPVP453,2005.2252349CryogenicForming:NewProcessStretchesandStrengthens.TheIronAge,1961,188(8):616310AlperRH.CryogenicallyStretch-FormedType301StainlessSteelforCryogenicServi