文献翻译——单片机

第1页外文文献资料SinglechipmicrocomputerAtpresent,asabuspassengerslargestpublictransport,safetyandcomforthasabearingonthevitalinterestsofthemajorityofthepeople.However,themanagementandbusserviceshavebeenanumberofloopholes.Inadditiontothedrivertodrive,beresponsibleformanuallystopandopenthedoor,attentionhasbeendistributed,easytotrafficaccidents.Thedriverwhiledrivingshouldberoadobservation,thenumberofpassengersofthebuscannotbereal-timemonitoring.Atthesametime,thecompanyprovidespublictransportationbusdrivercannotrefuse,toworkthepeakofthehighaspirationsofthepassengerbus,busoverloadsituationoccursfromtimetotime,togetherwiththenormsandgetoffonthelowawareness,theaccidentprone,verydangerous.Inamovingbus,thebuscompaniesitisdifficultforthebusinreal-timemanagement,whichishardtoavoidtheoccurrenceofspeedingbus,aseriousthreattothesafetyofthepassengers.Stationpassengersknowthedifficultiesintravelduetotheeasywayanddonotseetoomanypassengersstandorgetoffonthestrangepointandmissedthestation,timeisnotclearandin-bustemperature,mayalsocausestolenwhenthepassengertakeoutthecellphonetoseewhattimeisit.Everyingaboveledtoalowcomfortofthebus.Inviewofthis,basedonRFIDtechnology,multi-functionalautomaticstopsystemdesignmethodshavebeenputforward.RFID(RadioFrequencyIdentification,thatis,radiofrequencyidentificationtechnology)automaticallystopMulti-functionalsystemfeaturesinclude:automaticidentificationbusstations,auto-stopvoice,LEDdotmatrixscreenshowedreal-timeinformation,directionshowupand第2页down,showtime,temperatureShowedthatthebusstationautomaticallyopenthedoor,showthespeed,speedwarning,thebusshowthatthenumberofpassengerstogetoffonthenormsofmanagement,suchasoverloadingwarningfunctionofhumannature,therealdrivertoreducetheburdenofincreasedtrafficsafety.Thesystemiscost-effectiveandcanimprovethepublictransportoperatorsservicequality,withacertaindegreeofmarketapplications.Theimportantpartforbusisradiofrequencyidentificationanditisusedmicrocomputertofillitsfunctions.Theoutlineofthemicrocomputeraslistedbelow.SCMisalsoknownasmicro-controller(MicrocontrollerUnit),commonlyusedlettersoftheacronymMCUthatitwasfirstusedinindustrialcontrol.OnlyasinglechipbytheCPUchipdevelopedfromadedicatedprocessor.ThefirstdesignisbyalargenumberofperipheralsandCPUonachipinthecomputersystem,smaller,moreeasilyintegratedintoacomplexanddemandingonthevolumecontroldevicewhich.INTELsZ80isthefirstdesignedinaccordancewiththisideaprocessor,thenonthedevelopmentofmicrocontrolleranddedicatedprocessorshavepartedways.Are8-bitmicrocontrollerearlyor4bits.OneofthemostsuccessfulistheINTEL8031,forasimple,reliableandgoodperformancewasalotofpraise.Thendevelopedin8031outofMCS51MCUSystems.SCMsystemsbasedonthissystemuntilnowisstillwidelyused.Withtheincreasedrequirementsofindustrialcontrolfield,begana16-bitmicrocontroller,becausethecostisnotsatisfactorybuthavenotbeenverywidelyused.After90yearswiththegreatdevelopmentofconsumerelectronics,microcontrollertechnologyhasbeenahugeincrease.WithINTELi960series,especiallythelaterseriesofwidelyusedARM,32-bit第3页microcontrollerquicklyreplacehigh-end16-bitMCUstatusandenterthemainstreammarket.Thetraditional8-bitmicrocontrollerperformancehavebeentherapidincreasecapacityincreasecomparedto80thenumberoftimes.Currently,high-end32-bitmicrocontrollerclockedover300MHz,theperformancecatchingthemid-90sdedicatedprocessor,whiletheaveragemodelpricesfalltooneU.S.dollars,themosthigh-end1modelonly10dollars.ModernSCMsystemsarenolongeronlyinthedevelopmentanduseofbaremetalenvironment,alargenumberofproprietaryembeddedoperatingsystemiswidelyusedinthefullrangeofSCM.Thehandheldcomputersandcellphonesasthecoreprocessingofhigh-endmicrocontrollercanevenuseadedicatedWindowsandLinuxoperatingsystems.SCMismoresuitablethanthespecificprocessorusedinembeddedsystems,soitwasuptotheapplication.InfactthenumberofSCMistheworldslargestcomputer.Modernhumanlifeusedinalmosteverypieceofelectronicandmechanicalproductswillbeintegratedsinglechip.Phone,telephone,calculator,homeappliances,electronictoys,handheldcomputersandcomputeraccessoriessuchasamousewitha1-2inboththeDepartmentofSCM.PersonalcomputerwillhavealargenumberofSCMinthework.Generalcarwithmorethan40SCM,complexindustrialcontrolsystemsmayevenhavehundredsofSCMinthesametimework!SCMisnotonlyfarexceedsthenumberofPCandothercomputingthesum,orevenmorethanthenumberofhumanbeingsSinglechip,alsoknownassingle-chipmicrocontroller,itisnotcompleteacertainlogicchips,buttoacomputersystemintegratedintoachip.Equivalenttoamicro-computer,andcomputerthanjustthelackofamicrocontrollerI/Odevices.Generaltalk:achipbecomesacomputer.Itssmallsize,lightweight,cheap,forthestudy,applicationanddevelopmentoffacilitiesprovided.Atthesametime,第4页learningtousetheMCUistounderstandtheprincipleandstructureofthecomputerthebestchoice.SCMandthecomputerfunctionsinternallywithsimilarmodules,suchasCPU,memory,parallelbus,thesameeffectaswell,andharddiskmemorydevices,anddifferentisitsperformanceofthesecomponentswererelativelyweakmanyofourhomecomputer,butthepriceislow,usuallynotmorethan10yuan.Useittodosomecontrolforaclassofelectricalworkisnotverycomplexissufficient.Weareusingautomaticdrumwashingmachine,smokehood,VCDandsoonapplianceswhichcouldseeitsshadow!ItisprimarilyasacontrolsectionofthecorecomponentsItisanonlinereal-timecontrolcomputer,control-lineisthatthesceneisneededisastrongeranti-jammingability,lowcost,andthisis,andoff-linecomputer(suchashomePC),themaindifference.SinglechipMCUisthroughrunning,andcanbemodified.Throughdifferentprocedurestoachievedifferentfunctions,inparticularspecialuniquefeatures,thisisanotherdevicemucheffortneedstobedone,somegreateffortsareverydifficulttodo.Anotverycomplexfunctionsifthe50swiththeUnitedStatesdeveloped74series,orthe60sCD4000seriesofthesepurehardwarebuttoned,thenthecircuitmustbealargePCBboard!ButiftheUnitedStatesifthe70swithaseriesofsuccessfulSCMmarket,theresultwillbeadrasticchange!Justbecauseyouarepreparedbymicrocomputerprogramscanachievehighintelligence,highefficiencyandhighreliability!Asthemicrocontrolleronthecost-sensitive,sonowthedominantsoftwareorthelowestlevelassemblylanguage,whichisthelowestlevelinadditiontomorethanbinarymachinecodelanguage,andassolowwhyistheuse?Manyhigh-levellanguagehasreachedthelevelofvisualprogrammingWhyisnotit?The第5页reasonissimplythatthereisnohomecomputerasasinglechipCPU,notashardasamassstoragedevice.Avisualizationofsmallhigh-levellanguageprogramwhichevenifonlyonebutton,willreachtensofKofsize!ForthehomePCsharddriveintermsofnothing,butintermsoftheMCUisnotacceptable.SCMintheutilizationofhardwareresourcestobeveryhighforthejobsoalthoughtheoriginalisstillinthecompilationofalotofuse.Thesametoken,ifthegiantcomputeroperatingsystemandapplicationsrunuptogethomePC,homePC,alsocannotaffordto.Canbesaidthatthetwentiethcenturyacrossthethreepowerera,thatis,theageofelectricity,theelectronicageandhasenteredintothecomputerage.However,thiscomputer,usuallyreferstothepersonalcomputer,referredtoasPC.Itconsistsofthehost,keyboard,monitorandothercomponents.Anothertypeofcomputer,mostpeopledonotknowhow.Thiscomputeristogiveallkindsofintelligentmachinessinglechip(alsoknownasmicro-controller).Asthenamesuggests,thiscomputersystemtookonlyaminimalintegratedcircuit,canbeasimpleoperationandcontrol.Becauseitissmall,usuallyhiddeninthechargedmechanicalstomachin.Itisinthedevice,likethehumanbrainplaysarole,itgoeswrong,thewholeplantwasparalyzed.Now,thismicrocontrollerhasaverybroadfieldofuse,suchassmartmeters,real-timeindustrialcontrol,communicationsequipment,navigationsystems,andhouseholdappliances.OnceallkindsofproductswereusingSCM,canservetoupgradetheeffectivenessofproducts,oftenintheproductnameprecededbytheadjective-intelligent,suchasintelligentwashingmachines.Nowsometechnicalpersonneloffactoriesorotheramateurelectronicsdeveloperstoengageinoutofcertainproducts,notthecircuitistoocomplicated,thatfunctionistoosimpleandcaneasilybecopied.Thereasonmaybestuckintheproductdidnotuseamicrocontrollerorotherprogrammablelogicdevice.第6页SCMhistorySCMwasborninthelate20thcentury,70,experiencedSCM,MCU,SOCthreestages.Firstmodel1.SCMthesinglechipmicrocomputer(SingleChipMicrocomputer)stage,mainlyseekingthebestofthebestsingleformofembeddedsystemsarchitecture.Innovationmodelsuccess,layingtheSCMandgeneralcomputercompletelydifferentpathofdevelopment.Intheopenroadofindependentdevelopmentofembeddedsystems,IntelCorporationcontributed.2.MCUthemicro-controller(MicroControllerUnit)stage,themaindirectionoftechnologydevelopment:expandingtomeettheembeddedapplications,thetargetsystemrequirementsforthevariousperipheralcircuitsandinterfacecircuits,highlighttheobjectofintelligentcontrol.Itinvolvestheareasassociatedwiththeobjectsystem,therefore,thedevelopmentofMCUsresponsibilityinevitablyfallsonelectrical,electronicsmanufacturers.Fromthispointofview,IntelfadedMCUdevelopmenthasitsobjectivefactors.InthedevelopmentofMCU,themostfamousmanufacturersasthenumberofPhilipsCorporation.Philipscompanyinembeddedapplications,itsgreatadvantage,theMCS-51single-chipmicro-computerfromtherapiddevelopmentofthemicro-controller.Therefore,whenwelookbackatthepathofdevelopmentofembeddedsystems,donotforgetIntelandPhilipsinHistory.EmbeddedSystemsEmbeddedsystemmicrocontrollerisanindependentdevelopmentpath,theMCUimportantfactorinthedevelopmentstage,isseekingapplicationstomaximizethesolutiononthechip;Therefore,thedevelopmentofdedicatedsinglechipSOCtrendofthenaturalform.Asthemicroelectronics,ICdesign,EDAtoolsdevelopment,applicationsystembasedonMCUSOCdesignhavegreater第7页development.Therefore,theunderstandingofthemicrocontrollerchipmicrocomputercanbe,extendedtothesingle-chipmicro-controllerapplications.MCUapplicationsSCMnowpermeateallareasofourlives,whichisalmostdifficulttofindtracesofthefieldwithoutSCM.Missilenavigationequipment,aircraft,alltypesofinstrumentcontrol,computernetworkcommunicationsanddatatransmission,industrialautomation,real-timeprocesscontrolanddataprocessing,extensiveuseofvarioussmartICcard,civilianluxurycarsecuritysystem,videorecorder,camera,fullyautomaticwashingmachinecontrol,andprogram-controlledtoys,electronicpet,etc.,whichareinseparablefromthemicrocontroller.Nottomentiontheareaofrobotcontrol,intelligentinstruments,medicalequipmentwas.Therefore,theMCUlearning,developmentandapplicationofthelargenumberofcomputerapplicationsandintelligentcontrolofthescientists,engineers.SCMiswidelyusedininstrumentsandmeters,householdappliances,medicalequipment,aerospace,specializedequipment,intelligentmanagementandprocesscontrolfields,roughlydividedintothefollowingseveralareas:1.IntheapplicationofIntelligentInstrumentsSCMhasasmallsize,lowpowerconsumption,controllingfunction,expansionflexibility,theadvantagesofminiaturizationandeaseofuse,widelyusedinstrument,combiningdifferenttypesofsensorscanberealizedsuchasvoltage,power,frequency,humidity,temperature,flow,speed,thickness,angle,length,hardness,elemental,physicalpressuremeasurement.SCMmakesuseofdigitalinstruments,intelligence,miniaturization,andfunctionalitythanelectronicordigitalcircuitsmorepowerful.Suchasprecisionmeasuringequipment(powermeter,oscilloscope,variousanalyticalinstrument).第8页2.IntheindustrialcontrolapplicationWiththeMCUcanconstituteavarietyofcontrolsystems,dataacquisitionsystem.Suchasfactoryassemblylineofintelligentcontrol3.InHouseholdAppliancescanbesaidthattheappliancesarebasicallyusingSCM,praisefromtheelectricrice,washingmachines,refrigerators,airconditioners,colorTV,andotheraudiovideoequipment,totheelectronicweighingequipment,varied,andomnipresent.4.InthefieldofcomputernetworksandcommunicationsapplicationsMCUgeneralwithmoderncommunicationinterface,canbeeasywiththecomputerdatacommunication,networkingandcommunicationsincomputerapplicationsbetweendeviceshadexcellentmaterialconditions,arebasicallyallcommunicationequipmenttoachieveacontrolledbyMCUfrommobilephone,telephone,mini-program-controlledswitchboards,buildingautomatedcommunicationscallsystem,trainradiocommunication,tothedailyworkcanbeseeneverywhereinthemobilephones,trunkedmobileradio,walkie-talkies,etc.5.MicrocomputerinthefieldofmedicaldeviceapplicationsSCMintheuseofmedicaldevicesisalsoquiteextensive,suchasmedicalrespirator,thevariousanalyzers,monitors,ultrasounddiagnosticequipmentandhospitalbeds,etc.callsystem.6.InavarietyofmajorappliancesinthemodularapplicationsDesignedtoachievesomespecialsinglespecificfunctiontobemodularinavarietyofcircuitapplications,withoutrequiringtheuseofpersonneltounderstanditsinternalstructure.Ifmusicintegratedsinglechip,seeminglysimplefunction,miniatureelectronicchipinthenet(theprincipleisdifferentfromthetapemachine),youneedacomputersimilartotheprincipleofthecomplex.Suchas:music第9页signaltodigitalformstoredinmemory(likeROM),readbythemicrocontroller,analogmusicintoelectricalsignals(similartothesoundcard).Inlargecircuits,modularapplicationsthatgreatlyreducethevolume,simplifiesthecircuitandreducethedamage,errorrate,butalsoeasytoreplace.7.MicrocontrollerintheapplicationfieldofautomotiveequipmentSCMinautomotiveelectronicsiswidelyused,suchasavehicleenginecontroller,CANbus-basedIntelligentElectronicControlEngine,GPSnavigationsystem,absanti-lockbrakingsystem,brakesystem,etc.Inaddition,theMCUinbusiness,finance,research,education,nationaldefense,aerospaceandotherfieldshasaverywiderangeofapplications.ApplicationofsiximportantpartoflearningMCUlearninganimportantpartofthesixapplicationsFirst,Bus:Weknowthatacircuitisalwaysmadebythedevicesconnectedbywires,inanalogcircuits,theconnectiondoesnotbecomeaproblembecausethedeviceisaserialrelationshipbetweenthegeneral,thedeviceisnotmuchconnectionbetweenthe,butthecomputerisnotthesamecircuit,itisamicroprocessorcore,thedevicemustbeconnectedwiththemicroprocessor,thedevicemustbecoordinationbetween,sotheyneedtoconnectonalot,asifstillanalogcircuitlikethemicroprocessoranddevicesintheconnectionbetweentheindividual,thenumberoflineswillbealittlemoresurprising,thereforeitintroducestheconceptofbusinmicroprocessor,eachdevicesharedconnections,alldevices8datalineallreceivedeightpubliconline,thatistheequivalentofalldevicestogetherinparallel,butonlythisdoesnotwork,iftherearetwodevicessenddataatthesametime,a0,a1,then,whetherthe第10页receiverreceivedwhatisit?Thissituationisnotallowed,sotobecontrolledbycontrollingtheline,time-sharingthedevicetoworkatanytimeonlyonedevicetosenddata(whichcanhavemultipledevicestoreceiveboth).Devicesdataconnectionisknownasthedatabus,thedeviceiscalledlineofcontrolallthecontrolbus.Internalorexternalmemoryinthemicrocontrollerandotherdeviceshavememorycells,thememorycelltobeassignedaddresses,youcanuse,distribution,ofcourse,toaddressgivenintheformofelectricalsignals,andasmorememorycells,so,fortheaddressallocationThelineisalsomoreoftheselinesiscalledtheaddressbus.Second,data,address,commandThereasonwhythesethreetogetherbecauseofthenatureofthesethreearethesame-thenumber,orareastringof0and1formthesequence.Inotherwords,addresses,instructionsarealsodata.Instruction:fromsinglechipdesignerprovidesanumberofcommonlyusedinstructionswithmnemonicwehaveastrictcorrespondencebetweenthedevelopercannotbechangedbytheMCU.Address:thesearchforMCUinternal,externalstorageunits,inputandoutputportbasedontheaddressoftheinternalunitvalueprovidedbythechipdesignerisgood,cannotbechanged,theexternalunitcanbesinglechipdeveloperstodecide,butthereareanumberofaddressunitsisamust(seeproceduresfortheimplementationoftheprocess).Third,P0port,P2andP3ofthesecondfunctionIuse:BeginnersoftenontheP0port,P2andP3portIusethesecondfunctionpuzzledthatthesecondfunctionandhaveaswitchbetweentheoriginalfunctionoftheprocess,orhaveadirective,infact,theportThesecondfeatureisautomatic,donotneedinstructionstoconvert.SuchasP3.6,P3.7respectivelyWR,RDsignal,whenthemicrochipprocessingmachinesexternalRAMor第11页externalI/Oport,theyareusedasasecondfunction,notasageneral-purposeI/Oportused,solongasamicroprocessorimplementationoftheMOVXinstruction,therewillbeacorrespondingsignalsentfromtheP3.6orP3.7,noprioruseofcommands.Infactnotasageneral-purposeI/Oportuseisalsonotanobut(user)notasageneral-purposeI/Oporttouse.YoucanarrangetheorderofaSETBP3.7sinstructions,andwhentheMCUexecutiontotheinstruction,thealsomakeP3.7intoahigh,butuserswillnotdosobecausethisisusuallywillcausethesystemtocollapse.Fourth,theprogramsimplementation:Reductioninpowerafterthe8051microcontrollerwithintheprogramcounter(PC)inthevalueof0000,theprocessisalwaysfromthe0000unitsstarted,thatis:thesystemmustexistinROM0000thisunit,andin0000unitmustbestoredinasingleinstruction.Fifth,thestack:Stackisaregion,isusedtostoredata,thereisnospecialabouttheregionitselfisapartofinternalRAM,specialaccesstoitsdatastorageandthewaythattheso-calledadvancedpostoutbackwardfirstout,andthestackhasaspecialdatatransmissioninstructionsthatPUSHandPOP,hasaspecialexpertiseinitsservicesunit,thatis,thestackpointerSP,wheneveraPUSHinstructionexecution,SPon(intheBasedontheoriginalvalue)automaticallyadd1,whenevertheimplementationofaPOPinstruction,SPwill(onthebasisoftheoriginalvalue)automaticallyby1.AstheSPvaluescanbechangedwiththeinstructions,solongasthebeginningoftheprocesstochangethevalueoftheSP,youcansetthestackmemoryunitrequired,suchastheprogrambegins,withanMOVSP,#5FHinstructionsWhensetonthestackstartingfromthememoryunit60Hunit.Thereisalwaysthebeginningofthegeneralprocedure第12页withsuchadirectivetosetthestackpointer,becauseboot,SPinitialvalueof07H,08HThisunitfromthebeginningtostacknext,and08Hto1FH8031isthesecondintheregion,threeorfourworkingregisterarea,oftenused,thiswillleadtoconfusionofdata.Differentauthorswhenwritingprograms,initializethestackisnotexactlythesamedirective,whichistheauthorshabit.Whensetupthestackzone,doesnotmeanthattheregionbecomeaspecialmemory,itcanstillusethesamememoryregionasnormal,butgenerallytheprogrammerdoesnotregarditasanordinarymemoryused.第13页中文翻译稿单片机公交车作为目前国内客运量最大的公共交通工具，其安全性和舒适性关系到大多数人的切身利益。但公交车的管理及服务上一直存在一些漏洞。司机除了开车外，还需负责手动报站和开门，注意力被分散，行车易出意外。司机驾驶时要观测公路情况，对车内乘客人数不能实时监控。于此同时，公交公司规定公交车司机不能拒载，上下班高峰期乘客乘车愿望高，公交车超载的情况时常发生，再加上规范上下车的意识低，易出意外，十分危险。在公交车行驶的过程中，公交公司很难对公交车进行实时管理，这就难免会有公车超速行驶的发生，严重威胁到乘客的安全。车上乘客识站困难，在乘车的途中容易因乘客太多而看不到站名或对下车点陌生而错过车站，不清楚时