高中-名词.doc

名词 一、名词的分类 专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如Beijing，China等。 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。 专有名词(Proper Nouns) 抽象名词(Abstract Nouns) 不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns) 物质名词(Material Nouns) 普通名词(Common Nouns) 集体名词(Collective Nouns)个体名词(Individual Nouns) 可数名词 (Countable Nouns) 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。 Proper Nouns： 指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称 Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans; English; May; New Years Day 注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写 Common Nouns：一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词 1. Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西 可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments 也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream 2. Collective Nouns: 表示若干个个体组成的集合体 Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public 集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。 His family _ not large. His family _ all music lovers. 有少数集体名词通常用作单数。Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police. Our company is sending him to work in Berlin. 个别集体名词则多作复数看待。 Eg: The police are looking for him. 3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的物质。 Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil 一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况： 1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示一份、一杯、一种 Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份) Three beers, please. (三杯) It was a special tea. (一种) 2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。 Eg: rains （雨季） sands （沙滩） snows (积雪) waters(海域) 4.Abstract Nouns:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念 Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc. 多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。 Eg: Hes learning French for fun. I wish you good luck. 抽象名词转化为可数名词。 Failure is the mother of success. (失败与成功在此为抽象概念) As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child. (成功者，失败者，可数) 二、名词的数不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。 例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America 不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。 可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种： 情况 加法 例词 一般情况 加-s brothers; schools 以s, x, ch, sh,结尾的词 加-es buses; watches; dishes 以辅音y结尾的词 去y加-ies ladies; countries 以f或fe结尾的词 把f/fe改成ves halves; leaves Notes: 1. stomach - stomachs 2. 以元音+y或以专有名词+y结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s. Eg: boys; toys; Henrys 3. 以-o 结尾的名词+ es在课本中出现的有hero, potato, tomato；其余以-o结尾的词+ s: (photo, piano, radio, bamboo ,zoo) 4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：proofs; gulfs; cliffs; roofs; serfs; beliefs; chiefs handkerchief（手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。 不规则变化： 变内部元音：foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen 词尾加-en或ren：ox-oxen, child-children ouse ice：mouse-mice; louse-lice（虱子） 有些外来词的不规则复数形式：Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; crisis-crises criterion-criteria; phenomenon-phenomena; medium-media 单复数相同的情况：sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese; Japanese 以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。 Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu 只有复数形式的情况：trousers(裤子); glasses(眼镜); compasses(圆规) a pair of thanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle 某国人的复数形式： 单、复数相同 Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, 词尾加-s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians, 变man为men Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen 但：German-Germans 复合名词的复数形式：1.一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law fathers-in-law, passer-bypassers-by, looker-onlookers-on, editor-in-chief editors-in-chief 2.无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如：grown-ups, good-for-nothings（无用的人），go-betweens （中间人），look-outs（守望者） 3.由man, woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singers boyfriends, girlfriends, boy students, girl students 有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。 beauty(美，美貌)-a beauty(一个美人/物) danger(危险)a danger(一件危险的事/人) failure(失败)a failure(一件失败的事/人) honour(光荣)an honour(带来荣誉的/或事) pity(遗憾)a pity(一件可惜的事) success(成功)a success(一件成功的事/人) surprise(惊奇)a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事) pleasure(乐趣)a pleasure(一件有趣的事) worry(担心)a worry(一件令人担心的事) experience(经验)an experience(一次经历) service(服务)a service(一个服务机构) 英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。 a poem(一首诗) poetry(诗歌总称) a machine(一台机器) machinery(机器总称) a job(一件工作) work(工作) a laugh(一个笑声) laughter(笑声) a permit(许可证) permission(允许) a garment (一件衣裳) clothing(衣裳总称) a bag(case) (一件行李) luggage, baggage(行李) a loaf (一只面包) bread(面包) a hair(一根头发) hair(头发) 几个名词的特殊用法1. hair His hair is white.（他的头发是白的。） He has a few grey hairs.（他有几根白的头发。） 2. fruit The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits. 3. police The police are searching for the murderer. dozen, score two (many, several) dozen pencils three dozen of them / these pencils dozens of students two score of students scores of people word（消息，通知）, man（人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。 三、名词的格英语中的名词（代词）有三个格：主格、宾格、所有格。 所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语，它有两种形式：一种是由名词词尾加s构成，另一种是由介词of加名词构成，前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。 所有格的形式： 1. 一般的名词所有格在后面加 s：Marys book 2. 以 s 结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加：Teachers Day, the students reading-room 3. 以 s 结尾的专有名词所有格：Engelss works 或Engels works 4. 复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加 s： his mother-in-laws photo the editor-in-chiefs opinion5. 如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词后加s, 如果是分别所有，则两个名词后都要加s：Tom and Marrys father, Toms and Marrys fathers 6. 在表示某人家、店铺的所有格时，一般省略它所修饰的名词：at the doctors, at the barbers, at Mr. Greens, at the tailors 7. 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有格：todays newspaper ten minutes walk Chinas industry the stations waiting-room the earths surface a dollars worth 8. 凡不能加 s 构成所有格的名词，都可以与 of 结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时： the door of our classroom Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate? 在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常使用双重所有格，即of词组+所有格结构。这种结构带有一定的感情色彩，表示赞美、厌恶等。 a friend of her mothers a few friends of Toms that book of Toms several classmates of his 9. 一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如： This is not my pen, but Marys. 10. 名词原形直接作定语（不表示所有关系） room number coffee cup shoe factory geography lesson colour film tooth brush power plant welcome party heart trouble food industry apple tree physics teacher 但：有的名词习惯于用复数作定语 parents meeting(家长会) goods train(货车) sales department (销售部) sports meet(运动会) 名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns) some patterns: 1.Ill take the risk for friendships sake. (为了友谊) 2.She was at her wits end. （黔驴技穷） 3.Now they could sing at their hearts content. （尽情地） 4.We should get the children out of harms way. （不受损害） 5.We had best keep them at arms length. （保持距离） 6.For goodness sake, stop arguing. （看在上帝的份上） 7.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat. （很合算） 1Mr Wang gave uson how to improve our English Aso good an advice Ba good advice Csome good advices Da piece of good advice2The suggestion has been madethe basketball matchput offAfor； to Bthat； be Cwhich； should be Dto； being 3Toms and Johnscame to London last week Afather-in-law Bfathers-in-law Cfathers-in-laws Dfather-in-laws 4His “Selected Stories”first published in 1990 Awere Bwas Chas been Dhave been 5These tables and desks are all made of(MET79) Aa wood Bsome wood Cthe wood Dwood6 Did you find your pen this afternoon? No, I didnt find, but Ive bought Ait； it Bone； one Cit； one Done； it 7If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller(MET82) Aset Bone Ccopy Dpair 8Three-fourths of the surface of the earthsea(MET88) Ais Bare Cwere Dhas been 9We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into (MET92) Afact Breality Cpractice Ddeed 10Heres my card Lets keep in (NMET94) Atouch Brelation Cconnection Dfriendship 11He gained hisby printingof famous writers (NMET95) Awealth； work Bwealths； works Cwealths； work Dwealth； works12 Hello Is Laura there, please? Im sorry, she is not here right nowCan I take a? Amessage Bletter Csentence Dnotice 13The city government decided to keep the old temple for its historical Aprice Bcost Cvalue Dusefulness 14Shortly after the accident, twopolice were sent to the spot to keep order (MET92) Adozen of Bdozens Cdozen Ddozens of 15Come along now and sit down Tom,can you makefor Mary? Aa face Broom Csome difference Dspace 16Four years had passed, and I found Mary had Alittle white hair Bsome white hair Cmuch white hairs Da few white hairs 17Although the city had been attacked by the stormseveral times, was done Aa few damages Bfew destroy Clittle hurt Dlittle damage18Sometimes I have a cup of coffee after lunch, but I dont make a habitit (HK91) Afor Bof Cabout Dfrom 19The price of vegetables isthan before Amuch cheaper Beven higher Cstill dearer Da lot more expensive 20 Such a magazine hasexcept when you have time to kill Alittle value Bmuch value Ca lot of values Dgreat value 46Im sorry Im forgetting your name for Aa moment Bmoments Cthe moment Dthe moments21Opinions of that kind are best kept to yourself, and not voice Aby public Bin public Cin a public Din the public 22Such men have madeby developing oil businesses Agreat fortunes Ba huge fortune Csome huge fortune Da great fortune 23There are tenteachers and two hundredstudents in the school Awomen； girl Bwoman； girls Cwomen； girls Dwoman； girl24The boy wrotelast week Aa two-thousand-words article Btwo two-thousand-words article Ca two-thousand-word article Dtwo two-thousand-words articles 冠词、名词专练50题参考答案及简析 1.D。advice 表示“忠告；建议”，为不可数名词，指数量时，常与a piece of连用。2.B。suggestion，advice 等名词后面接 that 引导的名词性从句时，从句中的谓语常用“(should)动词原形构成的虚拟结构。 3.B。As and Bs 表示“A 和 B 各自的”，后面的可数名词要用复数形式；father-in-law 为复合名词,复合名词的复数形式通常是将其中的名词或主要的名词变为复数。4.B。书名作主语时，谓语应用单数形式。 5.D。wood 指“木头”，为不可数名词，此处的 wood 指材料，是物质名词，不与 the 连用。6.C。it 指代前面的同一物品；one 则指代与前面事物同类的物品。 7.D。trousers, scissors, gloves, socks, glasses等表示成双成对物品的名词，其数量单位为 pair。8.A。分数修饰主语时，若主语为不可数名词，谓语用单数形式；若主语为可数名词，谓语通常用复数形式。9.C。put. intoin practice 为习惯用语，意思是“把付诸实施”。10.A。指“(与)保持联系”，应说 keep in touch (with.)。 11.D。wealth 指“财富”，为不可数名词；work 指文学、艺术作品时，常用复数形式。12.A。注意这几个词的