外文翻译-智能车

0外文资料1IntelligentVehicleOursocietyisawashin“machineintelligence”ofvariouskinds.Overthelastcentury,wehavewitnessedmoreandmoreofthe“drudgery”ofdailylivingbeingreplacedbydevicessuchaswashingmachines.Oneremainingareaofbothdrudgeryanddanger,however,isthedailyactofdrivingautomobiles.1.2millionpeoplewerekilledintrafficcrashesin2002,whichwas2.1%ofallglobaldeathsandthe11thrankedcauseofdeath.Ifthistrendcontinues,anestimated8.5millionpeoplewillbedyingeveryyearinroadcrashesby2020.infact,theU.S.DepartmentofTransportationhasestimatedtheoverallsocietalcostofroadcrashesannuallyintheUnitedStatesatgreaterthan$230billion.Whenhundredsorthousandsofvehiclesaresharingthesameroadsatthesametime,leadingtothealltoofamiliarexperienceofcongestedtraffic.Trafficcongestionunderminesourqualityoflifeinthesamewayairpollutionunderminespublichealth.Around1990,roadtransportationprofessionalsbegantoapplythemtotrafficandroadmanagement.Thuswasborntheintelligenttransportationsystem(ITS).Startinginthelate1990s,ITSsystemsweredevelopedanddeployed。Indevelopedcountries,travelerstodayhaveaccesstosignificantamountsofinformationabouttravelconditions,whethertheyaredrivingtheirownvehicleorridingonpublictransitsystems.Astheworldenergycrisis,andthewarandtheenergyconsumptionofoil-andarefullofenergy,inoneday,somedayitwilldisappearwithoutatrace.Oilisnotinresources.Soinoilconsumptionmustbecleanbeforefindingareplacement.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologytheprogressofthesociety,peopleinventedtheelectriccar.Electriccarswillbecomethemostidealoftransportation.Inthedevelopmentofworldeachaspectisfruitful,especiallywiththeautomobileelectronictechnologyandcomputerandrapiddevelopmentoftheinformationage.Theelectroniccontroltechnologyinthecaronawiderangeofapplications,theapplicationoftheelectronicdevice,cars,andelectronictechnologynotonlytoimproveandenhancethe2qualityandthetraditionalautomobileelectricalperformance,butalsoimprovetheautomobilefueleconomy,performance,reliabilityandemissionspurification.Widelyusedinautomobileelectronicproductsnotonlyreducesthecostandreducethecomplexityofthemaintenance.Fromthefuelinjectionengineignitiondevices,aircontrolandemissioncontrolandfaultdiagnosistothebodyauxiliarydevicesaregenerallyusedinelectroniccontroltechnology,autodevelopmentmainlyelectromechanicalintegration.Widelyusedinautomotiveelectroniccontrolignitionsystemmainlyelectroniccontrolfuelinjectionsystem,electroniccontrolignitionsystem,electroniccontrolautomatictransmission,electroniccontrol(ABS/ASR)controlsystem,electroniccontrolsuspensionsystem,electroniccontrolpowersteeringsystem,vehicledynamiccontrolsystem,theairbagsystems,activebeltsystem,electroniccontrolsystemandtheautomaticair-conditioningandGPSnavigationsystemetc.Withthesystemresponse,theusefunctionofquickcar,highreliability,guaranteesofenginepowerandreducefuelconsumptionandemissionregulationsmeetstandards.Thecarisessentialtomoderntraffictools.Andelectriccarsbringusinfinitejoywillgiveusthephysicalandmentalrelaxation.Takeforexample,automatictransmissioninroad,cannotontheclutch,canachieveautomaticshiftandengineflameout,notsoeffectiveimprovethedrivingconveniencelightenthefatiguestrength.Automatictransmissionconsistsmainlyofhydraulictorqueconverter,geartransmission,pump,hydrauliccontrolsystem,electroniccontrolsystemandoilcoolingsystem,etc.Theelectroniccontrolofsuspensionismainlyusedtocushiontheimpactofthebodyandtheroadtoreducevibrationthatcargettingsmooth-goingandstability.Whenthevehicleinthecarwhentheroadunevenroadcanaccordingtoautomaticallyadjusttheheight.Whenthecarratioofheight,lowsettogasoroilcylinderfillingoroil.Ifisopposite,gasordiarrhea.Toensureandimprovethelevelofdrivingcarsdrivingstability.Variableforcepowersteeringsystemcansignificantlychangethedriverfortheworkefficiencyandthestate,sowidelyusedinelectriccars.VDCtovehicleperformancehasimportantfunctionitcanaccordingtotheneedofactivebraking3tochangethewheelsofthecar,carmotionsofstateandoptimumcontrolperformance,andincreasedautomobileadhesion,controllingandstability.Besidesthese,appearbeyond4WS4WDelectriccarscangreatlyimprovetheperformanceofthevalueandascendingsimultaneously.ABSbrakingdistanceisreducedandcankeepturningskillseffectivelyimprovethestabilityofthedirectionssimultaneouslyreducetyrewear.Theairbagappearinlargeprogramsprotectedthedriverandpassengerssafety,andgreatlyreduceautomobileincollisionofdriversandpassengersinthebuffer,toprotectthesafetyoflife.Intelligentelectronictechnologyinthebustopromotesafedrivingandthattheotherfunctions.Therealizationofautomaticdrivingthroughvarioussensors.Exceptsomesmartcarsequippedwithmultipleoutsidesensorscanfullyperceptionofinformationandtrafficfacilitiesandtojudgewhetherthevehiclesanddriversindanger,hastheindependentpathfinding,navigation,avoidbump,noparkingfeesetc.Function.Effectivelyimprovethesafetransportofmanipulation,reducethepilotfatigue,improvepassengercomfort.Ofcoursebatteryelectricvehicleisthekey,theelectriccarbatterymainlyhas:theuseoflead-acidbatteries,nickelcadmiumbattery,thebattery,sodiumsulfidesodiumsulfidelithiumbattery,thebattery,thebattery,theflywheelzinc-airfuelcellandsolarbattery,thebattery.Inmanykindofcells,thefuelcellisbyfarthemostwanttosolvetheproblemofenergyshortagecar.Fuelcellshavehighpollutioncharacteristics,differentfromotherbattery,thebattery,neednotonlyexternalconstantlysupplyoffuelandelectricitycancontinuouslysteadily.Fuelcellvehicles(FCEV)canbematchedwiththecarengineperformanceandfueleconomyandemissionintheaspectsofsuperiorinternal-combustionvehicles.Iccarfromordinaryconsumersdistanceisstillveryfaraway,onlyafewpAlongwiththecomputerandelectronicproductconstantlyupgradingelectriccar,openclassinmaturetechnologyandperfected,thatdrivemoresafe,convenientandflexible,comfortable.Now,theelectreopleinbandwagon.Electriccarswithtraditionaltocompeteinthemarket,thecarWillwaselectriccarsandintelligentcarreplaced.Thisisthequestionthatdayaftertimingwillcome.ABS,GPS,andvariousnew4WD4WS,electronicproductsandthemodernera,4excellentperformanceautotacitunderstandingistie-in,bringusunparalleledprecisiondrivingcomfortandsafetyofdriving.ThehardwareandsoftwareoftheintelligentvehiclearedesignedbasedonAVR.Thissystemcouldsettherouteinadvance.ThevehiclecouldcommunicatewiththePCvianRF401andcouldrunsafelywiththehelpofultrasounddetectionandinfraredmeasuringcircuit.Neuralnetworkself-studyisusedtoimprovetheintelligenceofthevehicle.TheperformanceofservosystemswilldeterminethepropertyoftherobotBasedonAVRseriesMCU，thevelocityservosystemfordrivingmotoriscreatedinthispaper，includingadiscretePIregulatorwhichwillworkoutaPWMcontrolsignalwithapplyingtheskillofintegralseparation.Thevelocitiesofmotorswillbecontrolledrealtimewiththespeedsamplingfrequencysetfor2KHzbyusingtheAVRGCCcompilersoftwaredevelopmentComparedtotheservosystemdevelopmentbasedonthe51SeriesMCU，thesystemherehastheseadvantagesofsimplerperipheralcircuitandfasterdataprocessingTheexperimentsdemonstratethat，themobilerobotrunsstablyandsmoothlybythecontrolofAVRunits，andthatthedesignproposalespeciallybenefitsthedevelopmentofintelligentmobilerobots，alsocanbewidelyusedinthedevelopmentofothersmartdevicesandproductlinesAnewdesignofcontestrobotcontrolsystembasedonAVRAtmega8wasputforward.Accordingtothecharacterofcontestrobot,themaincontrolunit,motordriveunit,sensedetectionunitandLCDdisplayunitwereintroduced.FurthermoretheservodriversystembasedonMCBL3006S,thelinetrackersensorsystemandtheobstacleavoidancesensorsystemwerepresentedindetail.Finallytheperformanceshowsthatthecontrolsystemisopen,simple,easyprogramming,intelligentandefficiency.Avoidancerulesofintelligentvehicleobstacleareintroducted.Throughthecollectionofinfraredsensorformation,therulesusediodeD1tolaunchanddiodeD2toreceiveinfraredsignals.InfraredtransmittersignalwithoutadedicatedcircuitcomesdirectlyfromtheMCUclockfrequency,whichnotonlysimplifiethecircuitanddebugging,butalsomakethecircuit5stabilityandanti-jammingcapabilitygreatlyenhanced.Aftertheexperimentalverification,thesystemrunsreliablymeetthedesignrequirements.AsmartcarcontrolsystemofthepathinformationidentifiedbasedonCCDcamerawasintroduced.Thehardwarestructureandschemeweredesigned.Thecontrolstrategyofsteeringmechanismwaspresented.Thesmartcarnotonlycanidentifytheroadprecisely,butalsohaveantinterferenceperformance,andsmallsteadystateerror.Thisarticledesignedsmartcarsystem,includestheaspectsofthesensorinformationacquisitionandprocessing,motordrive,controlalgorithmandcontrolstrategyetc.Usinglasersensortocollecttheroadinformationwhichcanfeedbacktothemicrocontrollercontrolsystem,thenmakinganalyticalprocessingcombinedwiththesoftware.WithvelocityfeedbackandPIDcontrolalgorithmstocontrolsteeringengineandthespeedofsmartcar.Verifiedbyactualoperation,thismethodmakessmartcartravelstablyandreliably，anditsaveragespeedtoreach2.6m/s,andgetasatisfiedresults.Bytheaidoftheprofessionalknowledgeofcontrol,patternrecognition,sensortechnology,automotiveelectronics,electricity,computer,machineryandsoon,anintelligentvehiclesystemisdesignedwithPIDcontrolalgorithm,CCDdetectionsystemandHC9SDG128MCU.CodewarriorIDEintegrateddevelopmentprogrammingenvironmentistakenasabasicsoftwareplatformthatcanautomaticallydealwiththetrafficandimageprocessing,andthenadjustthemovingdirectionalongthescheduledorbitbytheaidofaCCDcamera.Thesystemhasmanyadvantages,suchashighreliability,highstability,goodspeedabilityandscalability.BasedontheresearchbackgroundoftheFree-Scalesmartcarcompetition，asmarttrackfollowingcarisdesigned.Inthecar,thephotoelectricitysensorisusedtocheckthepathandobtaintheinformationofracingroad,andcalculatetheerrorbetweenthecarandtheblackline.Thefuzzycontrolisusedtocontrolthevelocityofthecar.Theexperimentsshowthatthesmartcarbasedonthefuzzycontrolhashighaccuracyonthejudgmentofthepath,stabilityandvelocitycontrol.6Inthewakeofthecomputerandinformationrevolutions,motorvehiclesareundergoingthemostdramaticchangesintheircapabilitiesandhowtheyinteractwithdriverssincetheearlyyearsofthecentury.In1908,HenryFordsModelTexemplifiedmajorbreakthroughsinautomotivedesign.Notonlydiditsinterchangeablepartsinaugurateeasyandeconomicalmassproduction,butitsuser-friendlyoperationallowedalmostanyonetodrive.Nearly90yearslater,themotorvehicleisresemblinglessandlessFordssimplemachineandquicklybecomingacomplexmobilecomputer,capableofactingasanavigator,asafeguard,andeven,aseconddriver.Thesenewcapabilitieswillnotonlychangehowwedrive;intelligentvehiclescouldalsoenhancetransportationservices,savelives,andbolsterthecompetitivenessofU.S.industries.However,intelligentvehiclesarentquitehere.Instead,thecomponentsthatmakevehiclessmarter-newinformation,safety,andautomationtechnologies-arearrivingonthemarketaspiecemealaccessories,offeredeitherasoptionalequipmentbynewvehiclemanufacturersorasspecialitycomponentsbyafter-marketsuppliers.Thesetechnologiesarebeingdevelopedandmarketedtoincreasedriversafety,performance,andconvenience.Theseindividualtechnologies,however,haveyettobeintegratedtocreateafullyintelligentvehiclethatworkscooperativelywiththedriver.Theautomotiveindustryisalreadyawareofandaddressingpotentialproblemsassociatedwiththeuncoordinatedinfluxoftechnology.Buttheirprogressishamperedbytechnicalandeconomicobstacles,uncertainconsumerinterest,andinsufficientstandardsandguidelines.Also,neitheroriginalvehiclemanufacturersorgovernmentregulators(unlesssafetyproblemsareclearlyproven)havecontroloverafter-marketproducts,especiallytheiruseintrucksandbuses.However,withoutahuman-centereddesignapproachfortheintelligentvehiclethatattemptstointegrateandcoordinatevarioustechnologies,wemaynotonlylosetheopportunitytorealizethebenefitsofferedbynewin-vehicletechnologies,butwecouldinadvertentlydegradedrivingsafetyandperformance.Recognizingtheimportanceofsmartvehiclesandthepotentialforunintended7consequencesifhumanfactorsarenotplacedatthecenteroftheirdesign,DOTlaunchedtheIntelligentVehicleInitiative(IVI)in1997.Thisinitiativeaimstoacceleratethedevelopment,availability,anduseofintegratedin-vehiclesystemsthathelpdriversofcars,trucks,andbusesoperatemoresafelyandeffectively.The1980stelevisionseriesKnightRiderfeaturedanintelligentvehiclethatcouldleapmoderatelytallbuildings,driveitselfatseeminglysupersonicspeeds,spyonbadguys,andhadthedictionandpersonalityofanEnglishbutler.Thecarwasnotonlysmart,butsmart-alecky.Althoughintelligentvehiclesintherealworldwillnotbeabletoflyoverstandingtraffic,theywillhaveformidablecapabilities.AsenvisionedbyIVI,smartvehicleswillbeabletogiveroutedirections,senseobjects,warndriversofimpendingcollisions,automaticallysignalforhelpinemergencies,keepdriversalert,andmayultimatelybeabletotakeoverdriving.Theuseofinformation-andcomputer-basedtechnologiesinmotorvehicles,however,isnotnew.Widescalecomputerizationofmotorvehiclesbeganinthe1980swithtechnologiesdesignedtoenhancevehicleoperationanddrivercomfort.Thesetechnologiesincludedelectronicfuelinjectiontocontrolengineperformance,particularlytoreducevehicularemissionsandimprovefueleconomy,antilockbrakingsystemstohelpdriversretaincontrolonslipperyroads,andcruisecontroltorelievedrivertediumduringlongstretchesofdriving.Whereasthesetechnologieswereprimarilyaimedatenhancingthecapabilitiesofthevehicle,themostrecentwaveofin-vehicletechnology,whichisofmostinteresttoIVI,aretheintelligenttransportationsystemsdesignedtoenhancethecapabilitiesofthedriver.Thesesystemsincludewarningandinformation,driverassistance,andautomationtechnologies.Justaspeoplepossessdifferentspecializedabilities,in-vehicleITStechnologiesendowvehicleswithdifferenttypesandlevelsofintelligencetocomplementthedriver.Driverinformationsystemsexpandthedriversknowledgeofroutesandlocations.Warningsystems,suchascollision-avoidancetechnologies,enhancethedriversabilitytosensewhatsgoingoninthesurroundingenvironment.Anddriverassistanceandautomationtechnologiessimulate8adriversthinkingandphysicalactionstooperateavehicletemporarilyduringemergenciesorforprolongedperiods.Butwhileasmartvehiclewillextendthedriverscapabilities,itwillalsopotentiallyexpandthedriverstraditionalrole.Inparticular,inthemidstofnewin-vehicletechnologies,thehumanroleexpandsfromthatofsensory-motorskill,writesThomasSheridan,aprofessorwhoheadstheHuman-MachineSystemsLaboratoryattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),tothatofplanner,programmer,monitoroftheautomation,diagnostician.,learnerandmanager.8Integration:TheKeytoHuman-CenteredDesignAkeycriteriaofhuman-centereddesignisensuringthatatechnologyprovidestheintendedbenefitswithoutengenderingunintendedadverseconsequences.Drivingisapotentiallydangerousactivitythatrequiresattentiveandalertdrivers.Althoughtechnologiesinthevehiclecanenhancethedriverscapabilitiesandcomfort,theycanalsocreatepotentialdistractionsthattransformeventhebestdriverintoaroadhazard.TheNationalPublicServicesResearchInstitute,forexample,foundthatindividualswithcellularphonesintheircarshada34-percenthigherchanceofhavingacollision.ITSresearchhasalreadyshownthebenefitsandfeasibilityofmanyofthetechnologiesthatwillbecontainedwithinintelligentvehicles:Routeguidancesystemswillhelpdriversbetternavigateunfamiliarstreetsorfindthequickestroutetotheirdestinations.IntheTravTekfieldtestinOrlando,sponsoredbyDOTin1992and1993,touristsdrivingvehiclesequippedwithrouteguidancesystemsmade30percentfewerwrongturnsandshortenedtheirtraveltimesby20percentcomparedtodriverswhousedpapermaps.Collision-avoidancesystemswillexpandtheparadigmoftrafficsafetyfromprotectingtheoccupantofthevehicletopreventingaccidentsaltogether.Accordingtoonestudy,60percentofcrashesatintersectionsandabout30percentofhead-oncollisionscouldbeavoidedifdrivershadanadditionalhalf-secondtoreact.Nearly75percentofvehicular9crashesarecausedbyinattentivedrivers.NHTSAestimatesthatthreetypesofcollision-avoidancesystemscouldprevent1.1millionaccidentsintheUnitedStateseachyear-17percentofalltrafficaccidents.Thesesamesystemswouldsave17,500lives(comparedtothe10,500livessavedbyseatbeltsandairbags)and$26billioninaccident-relatedcosts.Othersafetyinnovationsthatarenowintestingincludeautomaticcollisionnotificationsystems,whichwillimmediatelysignalforhelpifavehiclesairbagdeploys,anddrowsy-driverwarningsystemsthatwillkeepdriversfromfallingasleepatthewheel.In-vehicleautomationsystemswilltemporarilytakeoverdrivingduringemergenciesorallowautopilotingforprolongeddurations.In1996,NHTSAbeganfieldtestingintelligentcruise-controlsystems,whichwillautomaticallyadjustavehiclescruisingspeedtomaintainasafedistancefromvehiclesahead,toevaluatethesafetyimpactofthistechnology.Inamoredramaticsteptowardshands-off,feet-offdriving,theNationalAutomatedHighwaySystemsConsortium(NAHSC),whichisapartnershipofDOTandnineotherpublicandprivateorganizations,demonstratedautomatedvehicleprototypesona12-kilometertestsectionofI-15inSanDiegothispastsummer.Inthefuture,automatedhighwaysystemswillallowtrafficmanagerstodoubleoreventripletheeffectivecapacityofhighwaysbyincreasingspeedsandshorteningdistancesbetweenvehicles.Automatedhighwayscouldalsopotentiallyimprovehighwaysafetybyeliminatingaccidentscausedbyhumanerror.Asidefromdeliveringsafetyandefficiencybenefitsforthetravelingpublic,thefederalgovernmentexpectsthatindigenousdevelopmentofintelligentvehiclescouldpromoteAmericaseconomiccompetitiveness.Forintelligentvehiclestoreachtheirmaximumpotential,theymustbeabletocommunicatewithanintelligenttransportationinfrastructureandwithotherintelligentvehicles.Forexample,communicationwithasmartinfrastructurewouldallowanintelligentvehicletolearnofincidentsandthenproactivelysuggestalternativeroutesinrealtime.Smartvehiclescouldalsoactasprobesthatcouldsendinformationabouttravelconditionsbacktotheinfrastructuretocreatearicherbaseofknowledgeabouttravelconditionson10roadsandhighways.Inaddition,fullyautomatedvehicleswilllikelyrelytosomeextentontheguidanceprovidedbyanintelligentinfrastructureandoncommunicationwithothersmartvehicles.Forexample,intherecentAHSdemonstrationinSanDiego,automatedvehicleswithmagneticsensorsundertheirbumperswereguidedbymagnetsimplantedat1.2meterintervalsjustbelowtheroadsurface.Overthenextfiveto10years,weshouldseethefirstgenerationwithadvancesinthe