太阳能热水器销售网站的建设与开发-外文翻译

外文文献1.IntroductionTherearetwobigchallengestobuildawebservicethatwillprovidecontentwithmultiplelanguages.Theseare(i)developingtheapplicationsothatitsupportsmanyregionandlanguagespecificelementssuchasvariouscharactersetsand(ii)settingupthedatabasesothatitcanhandlethoseelements.Mostbasically,amultilingualwebserviceshouldbeabletoreceive,process,anddisplaytextincludinginternationalcharacters.Acommonproblemisthatitisnotalwaysclearlydescribedhowtomakeacollectionoftools(e.g.applicationserver,databaseserver)andtechnologies(e.g.java,SQL)worktogethertosupportmanylanguagesandcharacterencodings.Thisarticle,basedonworkingmodels,explainshowtomakejavaapplicationsworkwithMySQLdatabaseswithmultiplelanguageandcharactersets.ThisarticleincludesexamplesofanapplicationthatsupportsbothEnglishandTurkishinterfaces(i.e.menus,linksetc.arepresentedinalanguagepreferredbyuser).Theapplicationincludesdynamiccontent(storedindatabase)frombothlanguages,therefore,shouldbeabletosupportcharactersincludedinonelanguagebutnotintheother(e.g.xand).IwilluseUTF-8asthedefaultcharacterencoding.ThisiswhatIrecommendforthosewhowouldliketohavemorethanonelanguagesupportintheirapplications(especiallyTurkishoranyotherEuropeanLanguage).UTF-8,whichstandsforUnicodeTransformationFormat-8,isan8-bitlosslessencodingofUnicodecharacters.However,theinformationandsamplecodeexcerptsgiveninthisarticlecanbeappliedtoanycharacterencoding.Readershouldreplaceany“utf-8”referencewithhis/herselectionofencoding.2.UsingEmacswithInternationalCharacterSetsAdeveloper,workingwithJSPs,TomcatandMySQL,isverylikelytouseEmacsforeditingandmanagingsourcefiles.ThissectionbrieflydescribeshowtocustomizeEmacstosupportaspecificcharacterencoding.Toreadandwriteall“.jsp”filesusingUTF-8codingsystem,addthefollowinglinetoyour.emacsfile(mostlikelyinyourhomedirectory).Youcanrepeatthesameexpressionfordifferentfileextensions(e.g.html)andcodingsystems(e.g.iso-8859-9).(modify-coding-system-alistfile.jsputf-8)Onceyouattach.jspfilestoUTF-8encoding,youcanuseTurkishcharactersinyoursourcefilewithoutanyproblem.Inemacs,youcanselectoneofmanywaystoinputspecialcharactersofonelanguage.Toseethedescriptionofoneinputmethod,press“Ctrl-hShift-i”orM-xandtypedescribe-input-methodandthenselectthelanguage/inputmethod(hitTabtoseealistofselections).Tosettheinputmethoduse“M-xset-input-method”.Totogglebetweentwoinputmethods,youcanusethe“Ctrl-”shortcut.Youcansetthedefaultlanguagepreferencesforyouremacsbyaddingthefollowinglinesintoyour.emacsinitializationfile:;initfileshouldonlyhaveoneinstanceofcustom-set-variables(custom-set-variables(case-fold-searcht);optional(current-language-environmentTurkish)(default-input-methodturkish-postfix)(global-font-lock-modetnil(font-lock);optional(transient-mark-modet);optional)Generally,astandardemacsinstallationincludessupportformostofthecharacterencodings,ifnotall.However,ifthisisnotthecaseforyourcopy,pleaserefertoGNUEmacsManual1toinstalladditionalcharacterencodings.OtherusefulcommandstouseinEmacsforcharactersetsupportareasfollows:Note:M-xstandsformeta-xandisthecommandpromptreachedusuallybypressingleft-Altkeywithx.M-xprefer-coding-system:Thiscommandreadsthenameofacodingsystemfromtheminibuffer,andaddsittothefrontoftheprioritylist,sothatitispreferredtoallothers.M-xset-buffer-file-coding-system:Ifyouwanttowritefilesfromcurrentbufferusingadifferentcodingsystem,youcanspecifyitforthebufferusingthiscommand.M-xset-keyboard-coding-system:Usethiscommandtosetkeyboardcodingsystemtoinsertcharactersdirectlyinthiscoding.1.InternationalizationandLocalizationLocaleisasetofregionspecificelementssuchascharacterset,currencyandtimeformatrepresentedinanapplication.Separatingthelocaledependenciesfromapplicationssourcecodeiscalledinternationalization.Localizationisadaptingsuchanapplicationtoaspecificlocale.2Javaprovidesjava.util.Localeclasstorepresentaspecificgeographical,politicalandculturalregion.Tocontainlocale-specificobjects,resourcebundlesareused(java.util.ResourceBundle).Formoreinformationontheseclassespleasereferto3.AsimpleexampleofhowtouseLocaleandResourceBundleinyourJSPcodeisgivenbelow./GetTurkishResourceBundle:Localelocale=newLocale(tr,TR);ResourceBundlemessages=ResourceBundle.getResource(Message,locale);/Getthestringfor“HelloWorld”translatedtoTurkish:StringmyString=messages.getString(messages.hello_world);out.println(myString);Intheexampleabove,theTurkishtranslationofthehello_worldmessageisincludedinanASCIIfilecalledbundle(e.g.Message_tr_TR.properties).ResouceBundlesgetStringfunctionretrievestherequestedmessagefromthisfile.Foreverylocaleselected,theremustbeonesuchfile,otherwise,javausesthedefaultbundle(i.e.anybundlewithnocountryorlanguagecode).Hereisamappingforthebundlenaming:BundleName+_+localeLanguage+_+localeCountry+_+localeVariantBundleName+_+localeLanguage+_+localeCountryBundleName+_+localeLanguageBundleNameHereisanexampleexcerptfromabundlenamedMessage_en_US.properties:movie.title=Titlemovie.starring=Starringmovie.director=DirectorAbundlewritteninnativecharacterencodingshouldbeconvertedtoASCIIformatbyusingJavas”native2ascii”utility(locatedunder/bin/).Thisisnecessaryforthewebapplicationserver(e.g.Tomcat)tocorrectlydisplaythecharacterset.Asampleusageforthisutilityisasfollows:native2ascii-encodingISO-8859-9tr.srcMessage_tr_TR.propertiesInthisexamplethesourcebundle(tr.src)iswritteninISO-8859-9encoding.Youcankeepyourbundlesunder/webapps/WEB-INF/classesdirectory.HereisanexcerptfromMessage_tr_TR.propertiesbundleafterrunningnative2ascii.Noticethat“İ”isconvertedtou0130and“”isconvertedtou00f6:movie.title=u0130simmovie.starring=Oyuncularmovie.director=Yu00f6netmenHowtoUseLocaleinJSPYoucansetavariableinclientssessiontokeepwhatlocalehe/shewouldliketouse.Dependingonyourpreference,youcanalsostoreuserslanguagechoiceasacookieorpassitasarequestparameterbetweenJSPpages.Hereisanexamplewithsession:Localelocale=(Locale)session.getValue(myLocale);if(session.getValue(myLocale)=null)/DefaultLanguageSettinglocale=newLocale(tr,TR);session.putValue(myLocale,locale);HereisanexampleonhowtousetheResourceBundleinyourJSPcode:2.JSPCharacterSetHandlingCharacterhandlingcanbesplitintotwocategories:displayingthecharactersandreceivingtheonesenteredbytheuser.ForJSPpages,settingtheencodingforeachcategoryisdoneseparatelybyusingdifferentdirectivesand/orfunctions.DisplayingInternationalCharactersTosetthecharacterencodingforJSPpagedisplay,usethestandard“page”directivewith“contentType”parameterasfollows:PagedirectiveisusedtocontrolthestructureofaservletoraJSPbyimportingclasses,customizingsuperclasses,andsettingthecontenttype,etc.IalsorecommendusingthefollowingHTMLtagforthewebbrowsertoloadthecorrectcharacterset:Metatagswithanhttp-equivattributearethesameasHTTPheaders.Ingeneral,theyareusedtocontroltheactionofbrowsers,andcanbeusedtorefinetheinformationprovidedbytheactualheaders.4Intheexamplegivenabove,theHTTPcontenttypeisextendedtospecifythecharacterset.AvoidusingJavaStringfunctions(orconstructors)suchasthefollowingtoconvertcharacterencodingofastring,becauseitisbothinefficientandunnecessary.Onceyousetalltheoptionsmentionedinthisarticlecorrectly,youwillnotneedtousesuchaconversion.str=newString(request.getParameter(value).getBytes(ISO-8859-1),UTF-8);RetrievingDatafromHTMLFormswithInternationalCharactersYouneedtosettherequestencodinginJSPwithsetCharacterEncodingmethodtobeabletoreceiveuserinputsenteredthroughtheformsproperly.BelowisthecallneededintheJSPfile:YoucanverifythatthecharacterencodingissetcorrectlyforJSPrequestbyprintingouttheresultofthefollowingfunctioncall:Thisshouldreturn“UTF-8”.If“setCharacterEncoding”doesnotworkforyou,youcanalsotrytosettheencodingdirectlyinHTMLformtagasfollows:(seereference6,section17-forms,formoredetails)formcontent3.JSPMySQLConnectionSetupWhenconnectingtoMySQLdatabasefromyourJSPorJavaServletclassusingmysql-connector-javaorMySQLConnector/Jdriver(JDBCdriverdirectlyfromMySQL)connectasfollows(noticetheuseUnicodeandcharacterEncodingargument)tocorrectlypasstherightcharacterencodingfromyourJSPpagestoMySQLdatabaseserver.(seereference7fordetails)importjava.sql.Connection;importjava.sql.DriverManager;importjava.sql.SQLException;.tryConnectionconn=java.sql.DriverManager.getConnection(jdbc:mysql:/localhost/dbName?user=userName&password=usersPassword&useUnicode=true/UsetheConnection.catch(SQLExceptionex)/handleerrors,ifanySystem.out.println(SQLException:+ex.getMessage();System.out.println(SQLState:+ex.getSQLState();System.out.println(VendorError:+ex.getErrorCode();IfyouareusingMySQLversion4.1orlater(highlyrecommended),youcanalsosetthedefaultcollationfortheconnectionwiththefollowingstatements.Thesefunction-callssetthevariablesusedbyMySQLtodefinethedefaultcollation.YoucanalsospecifywhatcollationtouseinyourSQLstatements.Pleaseseesection6ofthisarticleandMySQLdocumentation8fordetailsoncollation.conn.createStatement().execute(SETcharacter_set_client=utf8);conn.createStatement().execute(SETcharacter_set_connection=utf8);conn.createStatement().execute(SETcharacter_set_results=utf8);conn.createStatement().execute(SETcharacter_set_database=utf8);conn.createStatement().execute(SETcharacter_set_server=utf8);conn.createStatement().execute(SETcollation_connection=utf8_turkish_ci);conn.createStatement().execute(SETcollation_database=utf8_turkish_ci);conn.createStatement().execute(SETcollation_server=utf8_turkish_ci);Itisoptionaltosettheseforconnection,becauseyoucanspecifycharacterset/collationwithinyourqueryorwhenyouarecreatingyourtable.Seenextsectionforexamples.4.MySQLCharacterSetsandCollationAsagoodpractice,ifyouarestartingtodevelopyourapplicationfromscratch,useUTF-8characterencodingbecausethisstandardencodingcoversmostoftheinternationalcharactersetsandissupportedbyrecentversionsofallmajorwebbrowsers(e.g.Netscape,InternetExplorer).AlthoughISO-8859-9Turkishencoding(i.e.latin5)soundsveryappealing,itisbettertouseUTF-8withMySQLforTurkishcharacters.Furthermore,ifyouwilladaptyourapplicationtomanyotherlanguages,youwillnothavetochangeyourcharactersetandcollationforeverynewlanguageyoulocalizeto(aslongastheyaresupportedbyUTF8).Startingfromversion4.1,MySQLhasextensivecollationsupport.Collationisacollectionofrulestocomparecharactersinacharacterset.Forexample,whenyouaremakingacase-insensitivequery,databaseshouldbeabletomatchlowercasecharacter(e.g.a)withtheuppercasecharacter(e.g.A).Therealcomplicationiswithconflictinginternationalcharacters.Forexample,inTurkish,uppercaseforletter“iis“İ”andlowercaseforletter“I”is“”.AdatabaseserverthatdoesnotknowaboutthispropertyoftheTurkishcharacter(i.e.thatusesacollationtableforEnglish)willreturnwrongresultsforcase-insensitivequeriesthatinvolve“i,“”,“İ”,and“I”characters.ThisproblemiswelladdressedinMySQLversionsstartingfrom4.1.UnderMySQL,UTF8charactersetsupportsonecase-insensitivecollationforTurkishcalled“utf8_turkish_ci”andlatin5(ISO8859-9)supportstwocollationsthatare“latin5_bin”and“latin5_turkish_ci”.ForthedataenteredintoandreceivedfromMySQLdatabaseserver,youcansetthedefaultcharactersetandcollationatfivelevels:(i)server,(ii)database,(iii)table,(iv)column,and(v)connection.Moreinformationandexampleforeachfollows:i.Whenyoustartthedatabaseserver:mysqld-default-character-set=utf8-default-collation=utf8_turkish_ciii.Whenyouarecreatingthedatabase(orwithalterstatementaftercreation):CREATEDATABASEdb_nameDEFAULTCHARACTERSETutf8COLLATEutf8_turkish_ci;iii.Whenyouarecreatingthetable(orwithalterstatementaftercreation):CREATETABLEtbl_name(column_list)DEFAULTCHARACTERSETutf8COLLATEutf8_turkish_ci;iv.Whenyouaredescribingthecolumnsduringtablecreation:CREATETABLEtbl_name(clm_nameVARCHAR(5)CHARACTERSETutf8COLLATEutf8_turkish_ci);v.Asdescribedinsection5.Mypersonalpreferenceistosetthecharactersetandthecollationattableorcolumnlevel.Dependingonthestructureandcontentofyourapplication,youcanestablishthesesettingsatthedatabaseorserverlevel.Forexample,ifyourapplicationsupportsmanylanguages;youmightwanttocreateseparatetablesforcertainentriesineachlanguagewithdifferentdefaultcharactersetandcollation.5.UsingCollateinSQLQueriesMySQLusesanexpressioncalledintroducerinitsSQLqueriestotelltotheparserwhatthecharactersetisforthestring,whichfollowsit.Pleasenotethatintroducerisnotusedforanyconversion,ratherforspecifyingthecharacterset.Hereisanexampleofitsuse:SELECTuidFROMusersWHEREname=_utf8mitCOLLATEutf8_turkish_ci;Inthisexample,_utf8thatprecedesmitistheintroducerwhichtellsparserthatstringmitisincharactersetutf8.IntroduceriswrittenasMySQLcharsetnameprecededbyanunderscore.IfthecharactersetandcollationisnotspecifiedbyintroducerandCOLLATEclauseinthequery,thenMySQLusestheonessetbycharacter_set_connectionandcollation_connectionsystemvariables.COLLATEclauseoverwritesthedefaultcollationforthecomparisonandcanbeusedinvariouspartsoftheSQLstatements.PleaseseeMySQLreference8(section10.3.8asofthisarticlesreleasedate)forexamples.中文翻译1.引言有建立一个Web服务，将提供的内容与多种语言两大挑战。这些包括：（i）开发的应用程序，以便它支持许多地区和语言特定的元素，如各种字符集和（ii）设立数据库，以便它可以处理这些元素。最根本，多语言Web服务应该能够接收，处理和显示文本，包括国际字符。一个常见的问题是，它并不总是清楚地描述如何使一个工具集合（如应用服务器，数据库服务器）和技术（如Java中，SQL）同心协力，支持多语言和字符编码。这篇文章的基础上，工作模式，介绍了如何使Java应用程序与多语言和字符集MySQL数据库的工作。本文包括（即菜单，链接等列在用户首选的语言），支持英语和土耳其语接口的应用程序的例子。该应用程序包括动态内容（存储在数据库中）从两种语言，因此，应该能够支持包括在一个语言字符而不是在其他（例如x和O）的。我将使用UTF-8作为默认的字符编码。这是我建议那些谁希望有一个以上的语言支持，在他们的应用程序（尤其是土耳其或任何其他欧洲语言）。UTF-8,它代表Unicode转换格式-8是Unicode字符的8位无损编码。然而，在这篇文章中提供的信息和示例代码摘录可以应用到任何字符编码。读者应该与他/她选择的编码替换任何“UTF-8”的参考。2.使用Emacs国际字符集开发人员，使用JSP，Tomcat和MySQL的工作，很可能会使用Emacs编辑和管理的源文件。本节简要介绍如何Emacs的定制支持一个特定的字符编码。为了使用UTF-8编码系统读取和写入所有“。jsp”为文件，添加下面一行到你。emacs文件中（最有可能在你的home目录）。您可以重复相同的表达式为不同的文件扩展名（例如，HTML）和编码系统（例如，“ISO-8859-9）。（修改编码系统-ALIST“文件”。的jsp“UTF-8）一旦你连接,jsp文件为UTF-8编码，可以没有任何问题，在你的源文件中使用土耳其的字符。在Emacs中，您可以选择多种方式对一种语言输入特殊字符之一。看一个输入法的描述，按下“Ctrl-H移位-I”或MX和类型描述-输入法，然后选择语言/输入法（按下Tab键查看选项的列表）。要设置输入法使用“MX设置输入法”。两个输入法之间切换，您可以使用“按Ctrl-”快捷方式。您可以通过添加以下几行到你的emacs初始化文件设置默认语言首选项为您的emacs：;init文件应该只有自定义设置变量（自定义设置的变量的一个实例（大小写折叠式搜索T）;可选的“（目前的语言环境”土耳其“）（默认输入法”土耳其后缀“）（全球字体-锁-模式t为零（字体锁）;可选（瞬态标记模式t）一般来说，一个标准的Emacs的安装包括大多数字符编码的支持，如果不是全部。但是，如果这不是您的副本的情况下，请参阅GNUEmacs手册1安装额外的字符编码。在Emacs中使用的字符集支持其他有用的命令如下：注：用MX代表元x和是按下左Alt键与X通常达到了命令提示符。MX喜欢编码系统：这个命令读取从迷你缓冲区的编码系统的名称，并将其添加到优先级列表的前面，让最好是所有其他人。MX设置缓冲文件编码系统：如果你想使用一个不同的编码系统，从当前缓冲区写入文件，你可以使用此命令缓冲区中指定它。MX设置键盘编码系统：使用此命令可以设置键盘的编码系统，以直接在此编码插入字符。13.国际化和本地化Locale是一组区域的特定元素，如字符集，货币和在应用程序中表示的时间格式。从应用程序的源分离的语言环境的依赖关系代码被称为国际化。本地化是适应这样一个应用到一个特定的语言环境。2Java提供了java.util.Locale中的类来表示一个特定的地理，政治和文化地区。遏制区域设置特定的对象，资源包使用（java.util.ResourceBundle中）。有关这些类的更多信息，请参阅3。如何使用Locale和ResourceBundle的在你的JSP代码一个简单的例子如下：/获取土耳其资源包：区域设置区域设置=新的区域设置（“TR”，“TR”）;资源包的消息=ResourceBundle.getResource（“信息”，语言环境）;/得到字符串“HelloWorld”的翻译土耳其：字符串myString的=messages.getString（“messages.hello_world”）;通过out.println（MyString的）;在上面的例子中，消息的hello_world的土耳其语翻译包含在称为束（例如Message_tr_TR.properties）的ASCII文件。ResouceBundle的的getString函数从该文件中所要求的信息。对于选定的每一个语言环境，必须有一个这样的文件，否则，Java使用默认的包（即没有任何国家或语言代码的任何捆绑）。下面是捆绑命名的映射：软件包名称+“_”+localeLanguage+“_”+localeCountry+“_”+localeVariant软件包名称+“_”+localeLanguage+“_”+localeCountry软件包名称+“_”+localeLanguage软件包名称下面是一个名为捆绑Message_en_US.properties一个例子摘录：movie.title=标题movie.starring=主演movie.director=总监写在本地字符编码的bundle应该使用Java的“native2ascii的”实用程序（位于/斌/）转换为ASCII格式。这是必要的Web应用程序服务器（如Tomcat）才能正确显示的字符集。样本使用此实用程序如下所示：native2ascii的编码ISO-8859-9tr.srcMessage_tr_TR.properties在这个例子中，源包（tr.src）被写入在ISO-8859-9编码。你可以保持你的包在/webapps/目录下/WEB-INF/classes目录。下面是从Message_tr_TR.properties捆绑运行的native2ascii后的摘录。请注意，“我”是转换为u0130和“O”被转换为u00f6：movie.title=u0130simmovie.starring=Oyuncularmovie.director=Yu00f6netmen如何使用语言环境中的JSP您可以在客户端的会话设置一个变量，以保持他/她会什么语言环境都喜欢用。根据您的喜好，您还可以存储用户的语言选择，因为一个cookie或将它作为JSP页面之间的请求参数。这里是会话的例子：区域设置区域设置=（区域设置）session.getValue（“myLocale”）;如果（session.getValue（“myLocale”）=NULL）/默认语言设置语言环境=新的区域设置（“TR”，“TR”）;session.putValue（“myLocale”，语言环境）;下面是关于如何使用资源包在你的JSP代码示例：4，JSP的字符集处理字符处理可以分为两类：显示字符和接收由用户输入的那些。对于JSP页面，设置编码为每个类别做分别使用不同的指令和/或功能。显示国际字符要设置JSP页面中显示的字符编码，使用标准的“页面”指令用“的contentType”参数，如下所示：Page指令中所使用的导入类，自定义超类，并设置内容类型等来控制一个servlet或JSP的结构,我也推荐使用的网页浏览器下面的HTML标记来加载正确的字符集：有一个http-equiv属性的meta标签是相同的HTTP标头。在一般情况下，它们被用来控制浏览器的操作，并可以用来改进由实际标头中提供的信息。4在上面给出的例子中，HTTP内容类型被扩展为指定的字符集。避免使用Java的字符串函数（或构造函数），如以下将字符串转换为字符编码，因为它既是低效和不必要的。一旦您设置的所有本文中提到的正确的选项，你将不再需要使用这种转换。海峡=新的String（的request.getParameter（“值”）的getBytes（“ISO-8859-1”），“UTF-8”）;从HTML表单包含国际字符，您需要使用setCharacterEncoding方法来设置请求编码在JSP中，以便能够接收通过表单输入正确的用户输入的检索数据。下面是需要在JSP文件中调用：你可以验证字符编码设置为正确的JSP请求打印出下面的函数调用的结果：这应该返回“UTF-8”。如果“setCharacterEncoding”不为你工作，你也可以尝试直接在HTML表单标记，如下所示设置编码：（见参考文献6，第17条-的形式，更多的细节）.表格内容.5.JSP-MySQL的连接设置当从你的JSP或JavaServlet类连接到MySQL数据库使用了mysql-connector-java的或MySQLConnector/J的驱动程序（直接从MySQLJDBC驱动程序）作为连接如下（注意了useUnicode和characterEncoding和参数），以正确地传递正确的从你的JSP页面的字符编码到MySQL数据库服务器。进口java.sql.Connection中;进口java.lang.DriverManager中;进口java.sql.SQLException;.尝试连接康恩=java.sql.DriverManager.getConnection（“的jdbc：mysql的:/本地主机/数据库dbName用户=用户名和密码=usersPassword了useUnicode=真正和characterEncoding=UTF-8“）;/使用连接.赶上（的SQLException前）/处理错误，如果有的话System.out.println（“的SQLException：”+ex.getMessage（）;System.out.println（“SQLSTATE：”+ex.getSQLState（）;System.out.println（“VendorError：”+ex.getErrorCode（）;如果你正在使用MySQL4.1或更高版本（强烈推荐），您还可以设置默认排序规则与下列语句的连接。这些函数调用设置使用MySQL来定义的默认排序规则的变量。您还可以指定在SQL语句中使用何种排序规则。请参见本文第6条和MySQL文档8在整理资料。conn.createStatement（）执行（“SETcharacter_set_client=UTF8”）;conn.createStatement（）执行（“SETcharacte