外文翻译原文-外部审计评估和加强电气安全及维护

Copyrightnotice978-1-4799-2098-3/14/$31.002013IEEEEXTERNALAUDITSTOEVALUATEANDENHANCEELECTRICALSAFETYANDMAINTENANCECopyrightMaterialIEEEPaperNo.ESW2014-42C.SatishDaryldRayCrow.LifeSeniorMember,IEEELifeSeniorMember,IEEE10-5-3/2/6MasabTankDRCConsultingLtd.Hyderabad33636thStreet#389AP500028Bellingham,WA98225IndiaUSAAbstract-Theperformanceofelectricalsystemsdependson,amongotherthings,thetypeandqualityofmaintenanceandthesafeoperationoftheequipment.Itisnecessarytoevaluatethequalityofthemaintenanceandsafetyproceduresutilizedwithinthesafeworkpracticeprogram.Thepaperadvisestheuseofexternalauditingofelectricalsystemsandmaintenanceprogramsfortheadvantagesitbringstothecompany.Thepaperalsoexplorestheconceptofapossiblemandatorycertificationof“conformancetosafestandards”byaneutralparty.Variousstandards,recommendedpracticesandstatutorycodesusedindifferentcountriesarelistedinthispaper.Thepapercriticallyexaminesthesepublicationsandpossibleshortcomings.Developmentofagloballyvalidstandardforelectricalsafetywhichintegratesthebestofthevariousstandardsishypothesizedandchampionedhere.Thepaperrecommendscombiningthevariouselectricalstandardsintoaholisticversionofaglobalelectricalsafetystandardforuseinyourmaintenanceandelectricalsafeworkpracticepoliciesandprocedures.IndexTermsElectricalSafetyAudits,GlobalSafetyStandards,ConformanceCertification,LockoutandTagout,ElectricalInspectionChecklists.I.INTRODUCTIONTheobjectiveofanyindustrialpowersystemistoprovideasafe,reliablesystematthelowestcost.Achievingthisdependsonproper1)design,installation,initialverificationandcommissioningtests,and2)correctoperationandmaintenanceproceduresplusaformalelectricalsafetyprogram.Theimportanceofaformalelectricalsafetyprogramisseldomfullyappreciatedforitstruevalue.Anelectricalsafetyandmaintenanceprogramisnecessaryforthecontinuedsafetyofpersonnelandreliabilityoftheplant.Thereisaneedtoevaluatethesequalitiesclosely.Theproblematpresentseemstobe:Whatshouldbetherightstandard/recommendedpracticetobeused?Whoshouldevaluatetheimplementation?Shouldsafetyauditsbeconducted?Shouldauditsbecompletedbyaneutralthirdpartyorcompletedinternally?Shouldtherebeasafetyconformancecertification?Shouldtheseconformancecertificationsbemandatory?Theobjectiveoftheauthorsinpresentingthispaperforengineersandmanagersinchargeofelectricalfacilitiesandsystemsinheavyindustrialfacilitiesisforthemtoconsidertheneed,theissues,andpossiblesolutionstoattaininganevaluationofanelectricalsafeworkpracticeandqualitymaintenanceprogram.II.PRESENTSCENARIOAsoundelectricalsafetyandmaintenanceprogramisbuiltbyadoptingacombinationofelementsinvariousstandards,recommendedpractices,regulationsandotherpublicationsintooneblended,cohesiveandcomprehensivedocument.Additionally,forcompanieswithapresenceinmorethanonecountry,thedocumentcanbecomemorecomplexinordertocoverallregulatoryrequirementsineachcountry.Differentcountriesfollowdifferentsetsofpublicationsindevelopingeffectiveprograms.NorthAmericanstandardsare:NFPA70E-2012,NationalFireProtectionAssociation,StandardforElectricalSafetyintheWorkplaceNFPA70B-2013,RecommendedPracticeforElectricalEquipmentMaintenance,WorkplaceElectricalSafetyStandardCopyrightnotice978-1-4799-2098-3/14/$31.002013IEEECSAZ462-CanadianStandardsAssociation,WorkplaceElectricalsafetyOSHA29OccupationalHealthandSafetyAdministration-CodeofFederalRegulations(CFR)SubpartR1910.269SubpartsS1910.331-335ANSIZ10-2005,OccupationalHealthandSafetyManagementSystemsNETAMTS-2007InternationalElectricalTestingAssociationMaintenance,Testing,SpecificationsforElectricalPowerDistributionEquipmentandSystemsIEEEStd3007.2-2010,RecommendedPracticeforElectricalMaintenanceofIndustrialandCommercialPowerSystemsIEEEStd3007.3-2012,RecommendedPracticefortheelectricalsafetyofIndustrialandCommercialPowerSystemsIEEEStd625-2001,RecommendedPracticetoImproveElectricalMaintenanceandSafetyintheCementIndustryEuropeanstandardsare:OHSAS18001-2007OccupationalSafetyandHealthManagementSystemRequirementsEN50110-12005-OperationofElectricalInstallationsIEC60079-17,2007,ElectricalInstallations,InspectionandMaintenanceofElectricalInstallationsinHazardousAreasIECStandard504-2009,IECExSchemeforCertificationofPersonalCompetenciesforExplosiveAtmospheresUKsElectricityatWorkRegulations,1989IndiasStandardsare:IndiasCentralElectricityAuthority(CEA)ElectricalSafetyRegulations2010IndiasOilIndustrySafetyDirectorate(OISD)StandardsIndianStandardIS5216,GuideforSafetyProceduresandPracticesinElectricalWorkAustraliasStandardis:SafeWorkAustraliaCodeofPractice-ManagingElectricalRisksintheWorkplaceTheaboveisasetofreferencedocumentsforconsiderationwhencompilingorupdatingyourcompanyselectricalsafetyandmaintenanceprogram.AnexcellentreviewofthefeaturesofNFPA70EascomparedtotheEN50110-1writtenbyG.Parise,PESutherlandandWJMoylangivesanunderstandingofthedifferenceswithinsimilarstandardsbetweentwocountriestryingtoachievethesamebasicobjective.1.IntheUS,ANSIdevelopedelectricaltestingstandardsthatarefollowedbythevastmajorityofUScompanies.CompliancewithOSHA29CodeofFederalRegulations(CFR)1910SubpartsRandSismandatoryintheUSA.Tomakesureofthiscompliance,oneneedstorefertoNFPA70EandIEEEStandard3007.3forrecommendations,guidanceandimplementation.OftheEuropeanstandards,EN50110-1isapplicabletoworkinvolvedforelectricalinstallationswhileIEC60079-17isspecifictoequipmentinhazardousareas.IECStandard504-2009islimitedtopersonsworkinginhazardouslocations.UKsElectricityatWorkRegulations1989andIndiasCEAElectricalSafetyRegulations2010arebothstatutoryandcomplianceismandatory.BothhoweverneedreferencetomanyotherBritishandIndianStandards.IndiasCEAElectricalSafetyRegulationsstatethateveryfactorymanagementshalldesignateaqualifiedelectricalengineerwithexperienceaselectricalsafetyengineer.ThedesignatedengineerwillensuretheobservanceoftheCEARegulationsandinspect,testandkeeprecordsofinspectionandtestsandmakethemavailabletogovernmentElectricalInspector.NFPA70B,NETAMaintenanceTestingSpecificationsandIEC60079-17,IEEEStd3007.2andIEEEStd625dealwithmaintenanceplanningandgivedetailedtechnicalguidanceonthevariousmaintenancetests.OHSAS18001StandardandtheANSIZ10aresafetymanagementsystemstandardsanddonotcoverspecificdetailsofelectricalsafety.AsLandisFloydindicated2,thesestandardscoverthreecontrolmeasuresofsafetymanagement,namelyeliminationofthehazard,substitutionoflesshazardousequipment/materialsandengineeringcontrolstoreduceexposureorseverityofelectricalhazards.ThesethreemeasuresarenotcoveredindepthwithinNFPA70EorEN50110-1Anexaminationoftheabovestandardsshowssomeofthepotentialweaknesseswithineachsetofdocumentsasthesolesourceofasafetyandmaintenanceprogram.Italsohighlightstheadvantageofincreasingthescopeofyourelectricalsafetyandmaintenanceprogramtoincludeamoreuniversalapproachbyutilizingthekeystrengthswithineachdocument.III.ElectricalSafetyandMaintenanceProgramAchievingsafetyinoperationandmaintenancerequirestheestablishmentandimplementationofacomprehensiveelectricalsafetyandmaintenanceprogram.IEEEStandard3007.3givesthestructureforasafetyandmaintenanceprogram.TypicalelementsofanelectricalsafetyandmaintenanceprogramarealsogiveninNFPA70EandotherStandards.ThesemayCopyrightnotice978-1-4799-2098-3/14/$31.002013IEEEinclude:HazardAwarenessSafeWorkPractices,ProceduresandControlsHazardIdentificationandRiskAssessmentQualificationsofPersonnelandTrainingElectricalSafetyAuditingTestInstrumentsandEquipmentInspectionsandTestingLockOut/TagOutProceduresLimitsofApproachtolivepartsPersonalProtectiveEquipmentUseofTemporarySafetyGroundsTheRegulationsandStandardsmentionedabovestipulatethatonly“qualifiedpersonnel”arepermittedtodoelectricalsystemoperationandelectricalequipmentmaintenanceworkabove50volts.Theymustalsobegiventrainingperiodicallytoimpartknowledgeofthesystemsandequipment,craftskills,awarenessofthehazardsandofpersonalprotection,necessaryjobplanningandbriefing,abilitytodistinguishenergizedelectricalconductorsandcircuitpartstodeterminetheirvoltage,andknowledgeofthesafedistancesandclearancesforvariousvoltagesandsituations.TheIndianCEAElectricalSafetyRegulationsspecifythesyllabusfortrainingofpersonsauthorizedtooperateandmaintainpowerstationsandsubstationsof100MWand132KVandaboverespectively.Itisequallyimportanttoaddthetrainingsyllabusforpersonsauthorizedforworkinginindustryalso.TheIECExSchemeforCertificationofPersonalCompetenciesforExplosiveAtmospheres3isacomprehensivedocumentlistingthedescriptionofthenecessarycompetenciesofpersons.Howeveritislimitedtoworkinhazardousareas.Detailedmethodsofcheckingandtestingtheinsulation,earthingsystemintegrity,arc-flashhazardandoverloadandearthfaultprotectionaregiveninNFPA70B,IEEEStd3007.2,IndiasOISDStd137andNETAMaintenanceTestingSpecifications.UKsElectricityatWorkRegulationsstresstheimportanceofinsulation,earthing,ResidualCircuitDevicesandequipotentialbondingforpreventionofshocksandarcflashes.ProtectionagainstshockandarcflashbyusingResidualCurrentDevicesandGroundFaultCircuitInterruptersaredetailedinmanystandards.NFPA70Eincludestablesfordeterminingdistancestobemaintainedagainstpossibleshock.Permitprocessesandlockout/tagoutproceduresaredescribedinmanystandardsindetail,forexample,inNFPA70E,OSHA29CFRandOISDStandard137.ImplementationofaLockout/tagoutpolicyiscriticalasthemajorityofshockandburninjuriesareduetoincompletedeenergizationandunexpectedenergizationoflines,cables,ormachines.AsMarkScottandAndrewSegersindicated,themaincausesfortheabovetypeofinjuriesare:“failuretolockoutbeforeworkandfailuretotestbeforetouching”4.ThefivebasicandessentialstepstobetakenbeforeworkispermittedtostartarelistedinEN50110-1as1.Disconnectcompletely2.Secureagainstre-connection3.Verifythattheinstallationisde-energized4.Carryoutearthingofallpartsonwhichworkistobecarriedout5.ProvideprotectionagainstadjacentexposedenergizedelectricalconductorsandcircuitpartsNote:Onlypoint4intheabovelistismentionedinRule19ofIndiasCEAElectricalSafetyRegulations.USandEuropeanStandardsdescribethechoiceofArcRatedclothing,PersonalProtectiveEquipment,andinsulatedtools.Theselection,specifications,andtestingofarc-ratedclothing,rubberinsulatingequipment,insulatedtools,andotherPPEaregivenintheseStandards.NFPA70EandEN50110-1providedetailsforthelimitsofapproachboundariestoexposedenergizedelectricalconductorsandcircuitpartsandtherequirementstoentereachboundary.OSHA29CFR1910.269and1910-331-335prescribesafetyrulesfortraining,lockout/tagout,PPE,workingonornearlivepartsandoverheadlines.AccordingtosurveysconductedintheUSAfrom1992to2009,43%ofallelectricalfatalitiesinvolvedoverheadpowerlinecontact.Thesecondlargestcausewascontactwithwiringandelectricalequipment5.Inspectionchecklistsareconvenientandveryhelpfulforensuringnothingismissedinsafetyandmaintenanceandespeciallyforself-assessmentandaudits.SomeexamplesofchecklistsexistinIEC60079-17,IndiasCEAElectricalSafetyRegulations(ScheduleIV),andIndiasOilIndustrySafetyDirectoratesOISDStandard145GuidelinesonInternalSafetyAudits,ProceduresandChecklists.Noneofthesearecomprehensiveenough.Itisnecessarytodevelopmorecomprehensivecheckliststocoverthecontinuedexerciseofsafetyandmaintenancewhiletheplantisinproduction.ChecklistsareincludedinNFPAsElectricalInspectionManualwithChecklists6,whichislimitedtotheinitialverificationofcompliancewiththeUSNationalElectricCode.Theperiodicsafetyandmaintenanceauditsincludesomeofthechecks,whichareperformedatthetimeofcommissioningtheplant.ThechecklistslistedintheNFPAElectricalInspectionManualarealsoofuseforperiodicauditsduringtheentirelifeoftheplant.InadditionacomprehensivechecklistbasedapproachforequipmentisolationandswitchingisdevelopedbyShahidJamilandJohnDAeiker7.Copyrightnotice978-1-4799-2098-3/14/$31.002013IEEEAnelectricalsafetyandmaintenanceprogramshouldpreferablybeglobalinsteadofeachcountryfollowingadifferentsetofstandards.Considerationshouldbegiventocreatingagloballyvalidauditandconformancecertificationandanevaluationofthequalityofsafetyandmaintenanceacrossvariouscountries.ElectricalinjuriesarecausedbyreasonswhicharethesameintheUS,Indiaoranyothercountry.Anelectricalshockdoesnotdependonnationality.Thereismuchincommoninvariousnationalstandardsinthebasicaspectsofelectricalsafetyandmaintenance.Henceitislogicaltosaythataglobalelectricalsafetyandmaintenanceprogramisfeasibleanddesirable.Theprogramshouldbeclearandeasytoimplementandmaintain.IVAuditingSafetyandmaintenanceperformance&conformancewithregulationsandstandardscanbeassessedsystematicallyandperiodicallybysafetyaudits.Anauditisaverificationoftheimplementationandconformanceoftheelectricalsafetyandmaintenanceprogramsandregulations.Theassessmentshouldbeobjective,withouttryingtoblamepeople.Theobjectiveistoimprovethesafetyandmaintenanceperformance,nottopunishemployees.Theseauditsaremoredetailedandrigorouscomparedtostatutoryinspections.Companieswhichperformperiodicauditshavefewerincidentsthanthosethatdonotincludeauditingasarequirementintheirsafetyprogram.Effectivesafetyauditswillimprovesafetyinyourfacilityby:RecordingpresentconditionsHelpinglocationmanagementidentifystrengthsandweaknessesCheckingcompliancewithmandatoryregulationsandcodesMonitoringequipmentintegrityPromotingimprovementsinelectricalsafetyworkpracticesDocumentingperformanceimprovementsRegulationsintheUSrequiresafetyauditsnottoexceedonceeverythreeyears.TheauditrequirementsinsomeIndiastandardsrequireauditsnottoexceedonceevery5years.IndustriesintheoilandgassectorinIndiaarerequiredtodointernalsafetyauditseveryyearandsafetyauditsbyanoutsidegroupnottoexceedevery2years.ThemembersoftheoutsideteamareappointedbytheministryofpetroleumandchemicalsOilIndustrySafetyDirectorate.ApartfromthelimitedstatutoryinspectionsmandatedbybodieslikeOSHAandgovernmentinspectors,therearetwotypesofaudits.Oneisbyself-assessmentandtheotherisbyanexternalauditor.Mostcompaniesarenotadoptingsafetyandmaintenanceauditsbyexternalauditors.Thelimitationsofinternalauditsareobvious.Oneshouldnotauditonesownwork.R.L.HudlestonandRayCrowshowedthebenefitsofathirdpartyaudit8.Externalauditorsmayalsonothavefearofretaliationfromlocalmanagement.Anauditbyathirdpartycandiscoverthingsthatself-assessorsmightoverlook.Someofthemostobviousreasonsfortheuseofexternalauditorsare:1.Theygenerallyhavesoundworkingknowledgeandexperienceabouttheindustrytheyarereviewingandcanofferrelevantandtimelysuggestionsforimprovementthatmakegoodbusinesssense.2.Theyoftenhavenopreviousopinionastowhetherornottheyshouldpointouterrorsornot.Theyjustdo.Thereisnobosstopleaseorkeephappyabouttheirresultsandtheyarefreetobeobjective.3.Bestpracticescanbesharedthroughauditorsastheyhavebeeninsimilarsettingsandalsosettingswhicharenotthesameandcanofferinformationabouthowotherbusinessesmayhavesolvedthesametypeproblemseffectively.Tobeeffective,theaudithastobeperformedbyexperts.Auditorsshouldbeknowledgeable,credible,objective,andtrained.Inadditionauditorsmustknowtheworkplace,thesystembeingaudited,thepreviousaccidenthistoryandthecompanyspoliciesandoperatingandmaintenanceprocedures.Auditorsshouldbetrainedtoidentifyhiddenorpotentialhazards.Aneffectiveauditshouldincludecriterionandprotocolsforeachissuebeingaudited.Itisdesirabletohavearigorouscertificationorcompetenceprogramforexternalsafetyauditors.InIndiasuchcertificationismandatoryforenergyauditorsandfinancialauditorsapartfromtheseauditsbeingmandatory.Infact,safetyauditsbycertifiedexternalauditorsalsoneedtobemademandatory.AfewyearsagooneoftheauthorsofthispaperreceivedarequestfromacementplantinIndiatohelpwithaligningtheelectricalsystemwithIEEE6252001.ThisrequestincludedhelpingthecompanyreceiveIEEEsaccreditation/certificationforconformingtoIEEE625.ThecementcompanyhasISO9001andISOOHSAS18001certification.TheauthordiscussedthefeasibilityofIEEEaccreditationandissuesinvolvedwithafewexpertsinPCICandIEEEStandards.WhileitwasagreedbysomethattheideaisinterestingandhasCopyrightnotice978-1-4799-2098-3/14/$31.002013IEEEmerit,itwasclarifiedthatIEEEpresentlyhasnosystemofgrantingaccreditationtocompaniesthatconformtoanyIEEEstandard.Thefollowingpointswereraisedinthediscussionaboutaccreditation/certificationforconformingtoIEEEstandards:IEEEISTOhasaConformityAssessmentProgramICAPthatappearstobeprimarilyforproductsandtechnologiesandsofardoesnotincludesafeworkpracticesandmaintenanceissues.Inthefieldofsafety/maintenancethestandardsarerelatedtorecommendedpracticesandguideswhicharesuggestiveinnature.Itiseasiertodevelopconformanceprogramsforstandardswhichuse”shall“and“must”.HoweverISOOSHAS18001,IECExCoP504Standard,andInternationalSafetyRatingSystemsareallconcernedwithcertification/conformanceto“practices”.ImplementationofISOOHSAS18001StandardandIECExCoPStandard504involvearigorouscertificationprocessunlikeANSIZ10andNFPA70E.IEEEhassufficientstandardstoevaluateifplantpracticesconformtoitsstandards,recommendedpractices,andguides.Thenextissuetoaddressisintegrationofthesesafetyandmaintenancestandards,recommendedpracticesand/orguidesofAmerica,Europeetcandmaketheirapplicationandaccreditationuniversal.Itisrecommendedthatapaperbepresentedinaconferencetocanvastheideasandelicittheresponseoftheattendees.IntheIndianpetroleumindustrythefocusisongettingtheratingofInternationalSafetyRatingSystem(ISRS)andnotonISOOSHAS18001.ISRSmeasuresanorganizationseffectivenessinsafetymanagementbyindependentauditingandgivinganoverallratingoutofamaximumof10.V.CONCLUSIONSThereisaneedtoevaluatethequalityofelectricalsafetyandmaintenanceintegrity.Itispreferabletohavethisevaluationcreatedbyacompetentandcertifiedexternalauditorandpossiblymakingitmandatory.Therearemanystandardsandrecommendedpracticesand/orguidesapartfrommandatorycodesworldwide,whichwillberequiredtobeusedinthisprocess.Itisbettertointegratethemintoasfewinnumberaspossibleandadoptthemuniversallyinthefuture.Asforformalaccreditationtothestandardsinsafetyandmaintenanceprocesses,ithastobedrivenbythecommercialvaluetouserindustries,advantagetoIEEEandinspectors.Eventhoughaccreditationmaybetheultimategoal,afirststepis1)tofindoutifthereisavalueofaccreditationwithinvariousgroups,and2)todevelopadocumentofprocedureoutliningguidelinesforevaluation.Thisdocumentcane