语法知识专题八.doc

专题八状语从句、定语从句状语从句一、时间状语从句1before引导的从句中不用否定式谓语。常用如下句型：It is long before.(过了好久才)It is not long before.(过了不久就)2since后面所用动词不同，该动词所表示动作持续时间的计算方法也不同。It is two years since he joined the army.It is two years since he smoked.二、原因状语从句在表示原因时，because语气最重，其次是as，since，now that，故在回答why问句或者在强调句对原因进行强调时，只能用because。for是并列连词，表示推测的理由或者进一步说明，不能放在句首，for前要用逗号。Why were you absent?Because I was ill.三、目的状语从句1so that/in order that引导的目的状语从句中的谓语动词多用can/could/may/might/will/would动词。Please turn off the light so that I can go to sleep.2for fear that，in case，lest表示“以防，免得”。He is working hard for fear that he should fail.四、条件状语从句1providing/provided (that)假如，假若Providing (that) no one has further questions，the meeting will be over.2on the understanding thaton condition that在条件下I give you money on the understanding that you finish your homework.五、结果状语从句注意such引导的结果状语从句与定语从句的区别。试比较：This is such an interesting book that everyone likes to read it.This is such an interesting book as everyone likes to read.六、目的状语从句与结果状语从句的区别in order that可放在句首，只能引导目的状语从句；so that引导目的或结果状语从句，不能放在句首。试比较：He spoke so slowly that we all followed him.(结果状语从句)He spoke slowly，so we all followed him.He spoke slowly so (in order) that we could all understand him.(目的状语从句)七、让步状语从句1as引导让步状语从句，作“尽管”解，用倒装句，语序为：状语/宾语/表语/动词原形as主语谓语。如果句首是单数可数名词作表语，名词前无冠词。Clever as you may be，you cant do that.Clever boy as he is，he cant solve the problem.2while有时引导让步状语从句，作“尽管”、“虽然”讲，多用于句首。While I admit the problems are difficult，I dont agree that I cant solve them.八、地点状语从句多由where和wherever引导。Where there is a will，there is a way.九、方式状语从句方式状语从句常由as(按照)，just as(正像)，as ifas though(仿佛，好像；从句可用虚拟语气)等引导。I changed my mind as you suggested.定语从句一、关系代词的用法1that和which的用法(1)限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况：当先行词是不定代词all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one时。You should hand in all that you have.当先行词前面被the only，the very，any，few，little，no，all等词修饰时。This is the only thing that has been tried.当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best that has been used against pollution.当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.当先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。Which is the bike that you lost?有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that。They secretly built up a small factory，which produced things that could cause pollution.当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.(2)定语从句中必须用which的情况：在非限制性定语从句中，只用which，不用that。Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，which，of course，made the others envy him.当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which，不用that。This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。This is the pen (which/that) Im looking for.不可以说：This is the pen for which Im looking.2who，whom和whose的用法当先行词指人，在定语从句中作主语时，用who，不可省略；在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/that，可以省略；在定语从句中作定语时，用whose，不可省略。She is the girl who lives next door.Thats the girl (whom/that) I teach.3“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，即：介词which/whom。(1)当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词只能用which或whom，且不能省略。They may start as a group of highschool students，for whom practising their music in someones house is the first step to fame.(2)在限制性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。(3)“复合介词短语关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall apple tree.(4)介词which/whom不定式结构。The poor man has no house in which to live.The poor man has no house to live in.The poor man has no house in which he can live.4as和which的区别(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.(2)当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as。As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.The moon travels round the earth once every month，as/which is known to everybody.It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.(后两句属名词性从句范畴。)另外，as多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样as often happens正如经常发生的那样as has been said before如上所述as is mentioned above正如上面提到的(3)当定语从句放在主句后面时，也并不是as就永远等于which。当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时，只能用which。He came here very late，which was unexpected(not expected)Mr.Smith usually praises his student Rose in public，which she doesnt like at all.当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态。如：be known，be said等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。as常用在as often happens，as was said earlier，as I understand，as appears等结构中。Jack has won the first prize，as often happens.as仍然保持作连词时常有的某种含义。David is tall，as are my brothers.当非限制性定语从句的谓语后跟一个复合结构时，只能用which引导定语从句。Betty always tells a lie，which her parents feel strange.二、关系副词的用法1当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(whenon which)Can you tell me the office where he works？(wherein which)2介词关系代词(which)where/when。有时为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from，to等。China is the birthplace of kites，from where kites spread to Japan and Korea.3高考对关系副词where的考查。高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上，对于where这个词，考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行词表示某人/物的situation，或某事所发展的stage，或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。The accident has reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.三、定语从句用法其他要点1关系代词在定语从句中作主语，不可省略。2定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数与先行词保持一致。当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数的方面，应该与先行词保持一致。 (1)one of复数名词关系代词复数动词。The Great Wall is one of the worldfamous buildings that draw lots of visitors.(2)the only one of复数名词关系代词单数动词。The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.注意：not the only one of.one of.(3)当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。Great changes have taken place in China，as is known to all.He has passed the College Entrance Examinations，which makes his parents quite happy.(4)其他情况。I，who am your teacher，will try my best to help you.状语从句答题技巧技巧1掌握连词意义，判断从句类型从句类型不同，引导从句的连词也不同。选择连词的前提是确定从句的类型。要确定从句类型，就要正确翻译句子。翻译正确就能够判断出该从句是状语从句中的哪一种，选择也就很容易了。考题印证Tim is in good shape physically_he doesnt get much exercise.(2010湖南，32)AifBeven thoughCunlessDas long as答案B解析句意为：Tim尽管不怎么锻炼，但体型很好。if如果；even though即使，尽管；unless如果不，除非；as long as只要。技巧2区分常用句型结构英语中有些固定句型，需要用不同的连词来引导，熟记这些句型，有时起到事半功倍的作用。如It is/has been 一段时间 since.；It is/was 具体时间点when.；It will be/was 一段时间before.；It is/was 时间状语that.等。还要区分把两种从句结合在一起的情形。考题印证I will put the book_you placed it and make a mark at the place_I put it.Awhere；at which Bat which；at whichCwhere；which Dat which；where答案A解析前后两个从句都表示地点的含义。是定语从句还是地点状语从句，做题的关键是看有没有表示地点的名词作先行词。如果有表示地点的名词，就是定语从句；如果没有便是地点状语从句。该题中第一个从句为地点状语从句，第二个从句为定语从句，因此答案为A项。定语从句答题技巧技巧1从句成分分析法连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词，关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；关系副词在从句中作状语。解题时先对从句进行分析，确定从句中所缺的成分，然后根据所缺成分选择关系代词或关系副词。考题印证Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet_life has developed gradually. (2010福建，24)Athat BwhereCwhich Dwhose答案B解析句意为：斯蒂芬霍金认为：地球不大可能是有生命进化现象的唯一星球。限制性定语从句中缺少地点状语，where在此处引导定语从句，作地点状语，修饰先行词planet。A、C和D三个选项都不能在从句中作状语。技巧2特殊先行词记忆法当先行词是case，point，situation，condition等且从句中不缺少主要成分时，从句用where引导；先行词是occasion时，从句常用when引导；先行词是the way且从句不缺少主要成分时，用that或in which引导(或省略关系词)；先行词是reason且从句中缺状语时，用why引导定语从句；当主句中出现as，so，such，the same时，限制性定语从句用as引导。考题印证Shell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before.Athat BwhichCwhere Dwhen答案D解析stay在此处的意义与a period of staying相同，故用when引导定语从句，且when在从句中作时间状语。技巧3先行词还原法在解答有关“介词关系代词”类试题时，可把先行词代替关系词放到从句中，如果此句意思通顺，则为正确答案。考题印证Wind power is an ancient source of energy_we may return in the near future. (2010上海，38)Aon which Bby whichCto which D. from which答案C解析句意为：风力是很古老的一种能源，不久的将来我们也许会再利用它。此句可还原为Wind power is an ancient source of energy which/that we may return to in the near future.1At 13，Samuel received a training course in drawing for three years，_ he got a good opportunity for further development.Aafter that Bafter whichCafter it Dafter this答案B解析after which意为after he received a training course in drawing for three years。句中没有并列连词，故不能选C、D两项；that不引导非限制性定语从句，故A项也不符合。2There are species living in the depths of the oceans _ we still know little.Afor which Bin whichCof what Dof which答案D解析考查定语从句的关系词。此处考查介词前置的定语从句。句意为：在我们知之甚少的大洋深处有许多种生物。3Have you made any plan for the coming Spring Festival?I dont mind what to do_theres less homework from the teachers and more pocket money from my parents.Aas long as Bas far asCnow that Din order that答案A解析考查连词辨析。答句句意为：我不介意做什么，只要是老师少留点作业，爸妈多给些零花钱就可以了。as long as只要，符合句意。4_，his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.AStrange as might it soundBAs it might sound strangeCAs strange it might soundDStrange as it might sound答案D解析句意为：尽管他的想法听起来有些奇怪，但与会的所有人都接受了。as引导让步状语从句时，作表语的形容词要前置，但as后仍为陈述语序。5_is announced in todays paper，they have succeeded in solving many problems in accordance with the new theory.AIt BThatCAs DWhat答案C解析考查非限制性定语从句的关系词。此处是as引导的非限制性定语从句，as替代后面整个句子的内容。句意为：正如今天的报纸所宣称的：他们根据新的理论成功地解决了许多问题。6Taobao is Asias largest retail(零售的) network platform，_people can buy and sell many kinds of things.Awhere BwhenCthat Dwhose答案A解析考查定语从句。根据先行词platform 在定语从句中作地点状语可知应该用where(on which)。7I can not understand why Libya will become so complicated _ I understand more from the medium.Aafter BbeforeCwhile Dwhen答案B解析考查时间状语从句中的连词辨析。句意为：在我从媒体了解更多的信息之前，我不明白为什么利比亚的形势会变得如此复杂。也就是说，他是在通过媒体了解了更多的信息之后才理解的。before在之前，符合句意。8I would accept that if I were you，_well have to cancel it.Aand Bor Cwhile Dso答案B解析考查连词辨析。句意为：我要是你我就会接受，要不然的话我们得取消它。表示与前面相反的动作，所以用or。9She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students，_ allows them to communicate freely with each other.Awhich BwhereCwhat Dwho答案A解析考查定语从句的连接词，此处which 作从句的主语，指