文献翻译——高频开关电源

第1页外文文献资料HighfrequencyswitchingpowersupplyHighfrequencyswitchingpowersupply(alsoknownastheswitchrectifierSMR)worksbyhighfrequencyMOSFETorIGBT,theswitchingfrequencyiscontrolledintherangeof50-100kHztoachievehighefficiencyandminiaturization.1.ThebirthprocessInthe1960s,alargenumberofapplicationsofLinearregulatortypeDCregulatedpowersupplyhasstartedtobereplacedbyswitchregulatortypedcregulatedpowersupplybecauseithasseveralshortcomings,forexample,thevolumeweightislarge,itisdifficulttorealizeminiaturizationandapplyintheoutputwhichisgreaterthan5A,ithaslargelossandlowefficiency,thereisapublicsidebetweentheoutputandinputwhichisnoteasytoachieveisolation,itcanonlystep-downbutcantstepup,etc.In1964,theJapaneseNEOmagazinepublishedtwoarticlesinstructivearticle:oneforahighfrequencytechnologymakestheACDCpowersupplyminiaturization;anotherisusedtopowersmallpulsemodulation.ResearchdirectionofthistwoarticlepointedouttheswitchingregulatorDCpowersupplyminiaturization,whichishighfrequency,thetwoistheuseofthetechnologyofpulsewidthmodulation.Aftertheresearch,thedevelopmentofnearly10yearsandachievedgoodresults.In1973,AmericanMotorolacompanypublishedanarticleentitledtrigger20kHzrevolution,thenaroundtheworldtosetoffthehigh-frequencyswitchingpowersupplydevelopmentboomandtheDC/DCconverterisusedasaswitchingregulatorforswitchingpowersupply,thepowerdensityofpowerfrom14W/in3increasedto4050W/in3.ThefirstisusingtheBuckconverter.IntwentiethCentury80timemetaphase,Buck,BoostandBucktoBoostconverterisalsoappliedtoaswitchingpowersupply.IntwentiethCentury70timemetaphase,AmericaCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologydevelopedanew第2页typeofswitchingconverters,referredtoasCukconverter(isbasedontheS1obodanCuknametoname).CukconverterandBuck-Boostconverteraredual,isalsoakindofBuckconverter.AfterthetwentiethCentury80timemetaphaseisgraduallyappliedinswitchingpowersupply.In1976,AmericanP.W,Clarkedevelopedatransformerprimarysideinductorconverter(PrimaryInductanceConverter)referredtoasPICwhichwaspatentedandalsoappliedtotheswitchingpowersupply.In1977,BelllaboratorybasedonPIC,developedatransformersingleDuanyuansideinductorconverter(Single-EndedPrimaryInductanceConverter),referredtoas(transformer)SEPICcircuit,whichisanewkindofDC/DCsingleendedPWMswitchingconverter,itsdualcircuitcalledDualSEPIC,orZetaconverter.By1989,SEPICandZetawasalsoappliedtoaswitchingpowersupply,switchingpowersupplyusingDC/DCconverter,increasedto6.Sofar,duetotheevolutionandthecascadeDC/DCconverter,switchingpowersupplyusingDC/DCconverterhasbeenincreasedto14.Usingthe14DC/DCconverterasthemaincomponentofswitchingpowersupply,whichcandesignfordifferentplacestomeetdifferentperformancerequirementsanduse,highperformance,highpowerdensityofpowerswitchingpowersupply.2.Theproducthasfollowingfeatures:1.Thisproductadoptsimportedfamousbrandcomponentsandfullbridgeinverterinternationaladvancedcommutationtechnologyofprecisionmachining,whichmakeperformanceofthewholemachinemorestableandthequalitymorereliable.2.Machinewiththefunctionofovervoltage,overcurrent,overheating,shortcircuit,thelackofautomaticprotectionalarmandsoftstartandcanaddtimecontrolandcomputerinterface.3.DCoutputwaveformfrequencyripplecoefficientFangBo,1%whichcanincreasethenumberofplating,refusedtopassivation,increasetheplatingsurfaceglossandplatingadarkcornerdrillcoredegree.Itcanalsoreducethelossofrawmaterialstoreachallkindsofspecialrequirementstotheelectroplatingindustry.4.Aircooleddesignusing4high-frequencyswitchingpowersupplyand第3页convenientinstallation.Witharemotecontroldevice,simpleoperation,youcanloadswitchmachineandreducethecumbersomeproceduresregulation.5.Ithastheadvantagesofsmallvolume,lightweight,theuseofthecorrosionprocessafullrangeenhancestheanticorrosionabilityofproductsandprolongstheservicelife.6.Ithashighefficiency,energysaving,workefficiencycanreachabove90%andanyvoltagecurrentratioisalwaysalinearmatching.Withoutlossoftraditionalrectifiervoltageregulatorandamaintransformer,energy-savinginmorethan35%andgreatlyreducethecostoftheplatingsurfacetreatmentindustry,thechoiceisthemostsensible3.Thereareavarietyofcircuitswitchingpowersupply:(1)bydrivingmethod,aself-excitedandhiswound.(2)accordingtoDC/DCconverterworkingmode:singleendforwardtypeandinverseexcitationtype,push-pull,halfbridge,fullbridge;thebuck,boostandbuckboosttypeetc.(3)accordingtothecircuit,aresonantandnonresonant.(4)accordingtothecontrolmode:pulsewidthmodulation(PWM);pulsefrequencymodulation(PFM);thePWMandPFMhybrid.(5)accordingtowhetherthepowersupplyisolationandfeedbackcontrolsignalcouplingmode,thereareisolated,nonisolatedandthetransformercoupling,photoelectriccouplingtypeetc.Combinationoftheabovewayswhichcanformaswitchregulatedpowersupplyinmanyways.Therefore,designersmusteffectivelycombinedaccordingtothecharacteristicsofeachwayandproducehighqualitytyperegulatedpowersupplyswitchneeded.4.Powersupplyprinciple(1)ThemaincircuitFromthewholeprocessofACpowerinput,output,including:1,Theinputfilter:itsroleistopowerthepresenceofclutterfiltering,butalsopreventthemachinegeneratedclutterfeedbacktothepublicgrid.2,rectifierandfilter:thegridACpowersupplydirectlyforasmoothDCrectifierandforthenextleveltransformation.3,Theinverter:therectifiedDCpowerchangeintohighfrequency第4页alternatingcurrent,whichisthecorepartofhighfrequencyswitchingpowersupply,thehigherthefrequency,size,weightandoutputaresmallerthan.4,Theoutputrectifierandfilter:accordingtotheneedofload,providingstableandreliableDCpowersupply.(2)ThecontrolcircuitOntheonehandwhileoutputfromthesample,withthesetstandards,andthentocontroltheinverter,changingitsfrequencyorpulsewidth,achieveoutputstability,ontheotherhand,accordingtothetestcircuit,theprotectioncircuitidentification,acontrolcircuitisprovidedtothevariousprotectivemeasures.(3)DetectioncircuitInadditiontothevariousparametersofrunningprotectioncircuit,butalsoprovideavarietyofdisplaydata.(4)AuxiliarypowersupplyProvidepowersupplytothedifferentrequirementsofallsinglecircuit.5.ControlmodeAccordingtotheTRCcontrolprinciple,therearethreeways:One,pulsewidthmodulation(abbreviatedasPWM)Switchingcycleconstantbychangingthepulsewidthtochangethedutyratiomode.Two,pulsefrequencymodulation(abbreviatedasPFM)Turn-onpulsewidthisconstant,bychangingtheswitchingfrequencytochangethedutyratiomode.Three,ahybridmodulationTurn-onpulsefrequencywidthandtheswitcharenotfixed,eachothercanchangetheway,itisamixtureoftheabovetwoways.Highfrequencyswitchingpowersupplydoesnotneedtogreatlyimprovetheswitchingspeedoftheswitchinglosscanbereducedtozerointheory,butalsolownoise.6.Mainfunctions(1)throughMODEMandtelephonenetworkcommunicationwiththemonitoringcenter,readthehigh-frequencyswitchingpowersupplyfromthecommunicationportinformation.第5页(2)outputcurrentandvoltageofthemeasurementmodule,DCbusvoltageandcurrent,poweroutputcurrentandvoltage,batterycharginganddischargingcurrentandvoltageetc.(3)theoutputcurrentandsteadycurrentcontrolpowersupply,controlpowersupplyswitchetc.(4)controlofhighfrequencyswitchingpowersupplyautomaticswitchingfloatonthebattery,chargingmode.(5)siliconcontrolledchainautomaticormanualswitch,ensuretheprecisionofvoltagecontrolbus,soastoensurethereliabilityofelectricityandtransistormicrocomputerprotection,preventtocauseprotectionmaloperation.(6)adjustthechargecurrentlimitingvalueandthetotaloutputcurrentflowvalue.(7)withlocalandremotecontrolmode,thepasswordtoalloworprohibittheoperationinordertoenhancethereliabilityofsystem.7.developmenttrendIntheapplicationandallkindsofpowersupplysystemofpowerelectronics,switchingpowersupplyareatthecoreoftechnology.Powersupplyforlargeelectrolyticplating,thetraditionalcircuitisverylargeandbulky,iftheGuntonswitchingpowersupplytechnology,thevolumeandtheweightwilldropdramaticallyandcangreatlyimprovethepowerefficiency,savematerial,reducecost.Electriccarsandinthevariablefrequencydrivecannotdowithoutswitchingpowersupplytechnology,theswitchingpowersupplypowertochangethefrequencysoastoachievenearidealmatchofloadanddrivecontrol.Highfrequencyswitchingpowersupplytechnologyiscoretechnologyofavarietyofhighpowerswitchingpowersupply(inverterweldingmachine,communicationpowersupply,high-frequencyheatingpower,laserpowersupply,powersupply).Theproducthasfollowingdevelopmenttrend：1.HighfrequencyThetheoreticalanalysisandtheexperienceindicated,squarerootvolumeweightandpowerfrequencytransformer,inductanceandcapacitanceisinverselyproportionaltotheelectricalproducts.Sowhenweputthefrequencyoffrequencyfrom50Hzto20kHz,increasedby400times,withthe第6页volumeweightofelectricalequipmentgenerallydowntothedesignoffrequency5l0%.Boththerectifierinverterweldingmachine,switchmoderectifierorcommunicationpowersupplyarebasedonthisprinciple.Similarly,thetraditionalrectificationindustryelectroplating,electrolysis,electrochemicalmachining,charge,floatingcharge,thepowerswitchwithavarietyofDCpowercanalsobemodifiedaccordingtothisprinciple,aswitchtypepowersupply,themainmaterialssave90%orhigher,butalsosaving30%ormore.Duetothegradualincreasetheoperatingfrequencyelectronicdevicepowerlimittoadoptmanyoftheoriginalstateoftraditionalhighfrequencyequipmentofelectrontubeandresultinsignificantenergysaving,watersaving,materialsavingeconomicbenefits,butalsoembodiesthevalueoftechnology.2.ModularizationThemodulehastwomeanings,oneisthemodularpowerdevices,thesecondreferstothemodularpowersupplyunit.Themostcommondevicemodulecontainsaunit,unittwo,unitsix,uptosevenyuanincludingtheswitchdevicesandwithantiparalleldiodeessentiallybelongingtothestandardpowermodule(SPM).Inrecentyears,somecompaniestoswitchthedevicedriverprotectioncircuitisalsofittedtothepowermodule,andconstitutesasmartpowermodule(IPM),notonlytoreducethesizeofthemachine,butmoreconvenientforthedesignandmanufactureofthemachine.Infact,asthefrequencyincreased,itresultsleadinfluenceofparasiticinductance,parasiticcapacitancetobemoreandmoreseriousandgreaterstressondevice(expressedasover-voltage,over-currentburr).Inordertoimprovethereliabilityofthesystem,somemanufacturersdevelopedauserspecificpowermodule(ASPM),whichalmostallthehardwaremachineareinstalledintheformofchipsintoasinglemodule,notraditionalwireconnectionbetweenthecomponents,thismoduledesignedstrictlyandwithreasonabledesignheat,electricity,mechanical,optimizetheperfectsituation.CustomerspecificintegratedcircuitwhichissimilartoinMicroelectronics(ASIC).Aslongasthecontrolsoftwarewaswrittenintothemicroprocessorchipmoduleandthenthewholemoduleinthecorrespondingfixedontheradiator,itconstitutesanewtypeofswitchingpowersupplydevice.Thus,第7页notonlyisthepurposeofmodularconvenientuse,smallvolume,butmoreimportantistheabolitionofthetraditionalconnectiontominimizetheparasiticparameters,whichbearthedevicetominimizetheelectricalstress,improvesystemreliability.Inaddition,duetocapacityconstraintsandtoincreasetheredundancytoimprovereliabilityconsiderations,theswitchingpowersupplyhighpowerdevicesgenerallyusesmultipleindependentparallelmoduleunit,thecurrentsharingtechnique,allthemodulessharetheloadcurrent,onceonemoduleisfailure,othermodulessharetheloadcurrent.Inthisway,notonlytoimprovethepowercapacityofthedevicesinalimitedcapacitytomeetthecircumstancesoftherequirementsofhighcurrentoutput,andthroughaddingredundantpowersupplymoduletherelativepowerofthewholesystemgreatlyimprovesthereliabilityofthesystem,eveniftheeventofasinglemodulefaults,itwillnotaffectthenormalworkofthesystem,butalsoprovidesufficienttimetorepair.3.DigitizationInthetraditionalpowerelectronictechnology,thecontrolpartistodesignandworkaccordingtotheanalogsignal.Inthesix,seventytime,powerelectronicstechnologyisbuiltonthebasisoftheanalogcircuit.However,nowthedigitalsignalanddigitalcircuitbecomeincreasinglyimportant,digitalsignalprocessingtechnologyisbecomingmoreandmoremature,itshowsthatanincreasingnumberofadvantages:beingconvenientforcomputerprocessingcontrol,avoidtheinterferencedistortionoftheanalogsignaldistortion,reducethespurioussignals(toimproveanti-interferenceability),beingeasytodebugsoftwarepackageandremotesensingremoteadjustment,itisalsoeasyfortheimplantationofselfdiagnosis,faulttoleranttechnology.So,intheeight,ninetytime,whenitcomestoalltypesofcircuitsandsystemsdesign,simulationtechnologyisuseful,inparticular:electromagneticlayout,suchastheprintedversioncompatibility(EMC)problemsandthepowerfactorcorrection(PFC)tosolvetheproblemcannotdowithoutsimulationtechnologyknowledge,butforswitchingpowersupplyintelligent,whenitneedscomputercontrol,itcannotdowithoutdigitaltechnology.4.Green第8页Greenpowersystemhastwomeanings:first,asignificantsaving,whichmeansthatthegeneratingcapacitysavingswhilethepowerisanimportantcauseofenvironmentalpollutionsothepowerwillbeabletoreduceenvironmentalpollution;thesecondofthesepowercannot(orless)producepollutiontothepowergrid,theInternationalElectro-technicalCommission(IEC)developaseriesofstandards,suchasIEC555,IEC917,IECl000etc.Infact,manypowerelectronicenergysavingequipmentoftenbecomethesourceofthepowergridharmonicinjectionwhichisserioustothegridleadingtothetotaldeclineinthepowerfactorandmanyburrcoupledvoltagespikesorevenlackofangleanddistortion.AttheendoftwentiethCentury,allkindsofactivepowerfilterandactivecompensatorprogramwasborn,therearemanymethodsofpowerfactorcorrection.These2lcentury,massproductionofvariousgreenswitchpowersupplyproductslaidthefoundation.Modernpowerelectronictechnologyisthefoundationofswitchpowertechnologydevelopment.Withthenewpowerelectronicdevicesandsuitableforhigherswitchingfrequencytopologycontinuingtoemerge,thepowerofmoderntechnologywilldeveloprapidlyintheactualneeds.Intraditionalappliedtechnology,theperformanceofswitchingpowersupplywasaffectedbytheperformancelimitationofthepowerdevices.Inordertomaximizethecharacteristicsofvariouspowerdevices,thedeviceperformanceimpactontheperformanceofswitchingpowersupplyisreducedtotheminimum,thenewpowersupplycircuittopologyandnewcontroltechnologycanmakethepowerswitchworkingstateatzerovoltageorzerocurrent,whichcangreatlyimprovetheworkingfrequencyofswitchpowersupplyandworkefficiencyanddesignexcellentperformanceswitchingpowersupply.Tomakealongstoryshort,thepowerelectronictechnologyandswitchingpowersupplyapplicationsduetotheconstantdevelopment,theemergenceofnewtechnologiesnotonlycanupgrademanyapplications,butalsoopenupnewfieldsofapplication.Implementationofhighfrequencyswitchingpowersupply,modular,digital,greenandsoonwillbemarkedasthesetechnologiesmatureandachievehighefficiencybyusingacombinationofelectricityandhighquality.Inrecentyears,withthedevelopmentofthecommunicationindustry,switchingpowersupplyforcommunicationwiththe第9页switchingpowersupplytechnologyservesasthecore,thereareonlyabout2000000000yuanofmarketdemand,butitattractsalargenumberofdomesticandforeignscientificandtechnologicalpersonnelfortheirresearchanddevelopment.Switchingpowersupplyinsteadoflinearpowersupplyandphasecontrolledpowersupplyisrepresentthegeneraltrend,therefore,operatingpowersupplysystemalsohasbillionsofvaluedemandofthedomesticmarketistostart,andwillsoonbedeveloped.Therearemanyotherspecialpowersupply,switchingpowersupplytechnologyasthecoreofindustrialpowersupplyiswaitingforpeopletodevelop.第10页中文翻译稿高频开关电源高频开关电源(也称为开关型整流器SMR)通过MOSFET或IGBT的高频工作，开关频率一般控制在50-100kHz范围内，实现高效率和小型化。一.诞生过程20世纪60年代大量应用的线性调节器式直流稳压电源，由于它存在着以下诸多的缺点，如体积重量大，很难实现小型化、损耗大、效率低、输出与输入之间有公共端，不易实现隔离，只能降压，不能升压，很难在输出大于5A的场合应用等，已开始被开关调节器式直流稳压电源所取代。1964年，日本NEO杂志发表了两篇具有指导性的文章：一篇为“用高频技术使AC变DC电源小型化”；另一篇为“脉冲调制用于电源小型化”。这两篇文章指明了开关调节器式直流稳压电源小型化的研究方向，即一是高频化，二是采用脉冲宽度调制技术。经过将近10年的研究、开发取得了良好的结果。1973年，美国摩托罗拉公司发表了一篇题为“触发起20kHz的革命”的文章，从此在世界范围内就掀起了高频开关电源的开发热潮，并将DC/DC转换器作为开关调节器用于开关电源，使电源的功率密度由14W/in3增加到4050W/in3。首先被采用的是Buck转换器。到20世纪80年代中期，Buck、Boost和BuckBoost转换器也应用到开关电源中。20世纪70年代中期，美国加州理工学院研制出一种新型开关转换器，称为Cuk转换器（是以发明人S1obodanCuk的姓来命名的）。Cuk转换器与Buck-Boost转换器互为对偶，也是一种升降压转换器。20世纪80年代中期以后逐渐被应用到开关电源中。1976年，美国P。W，Clarke研制出一种有变压器的“原边电感式转换器”（PrimaryInductanceConverter）简称PIC，获得专利，并且也应用到开关电源中。1977年，Bell实验室在PIC的基础上，研制出有变压器的“单端原边电感式转换器”（Single-EndedPrimaryInductanceConverter），简称（有变压器的）SEPIC电路，这是一种新的DC/DC单端PWM开关转换器，其对偶电路称为DualSEPIC，或Zeta转换器。到1989年，人们将SEPIC和Zeta也应用到了开关电源中，使开关电源所采用的DC/DC转换器，增加到6种。到目前为止，通过DC/DC转换器的演化与级联，开关电源所采用的DC/DC转换器已经增加到了14种。用这14种DC/DC转换器作为开关电源第11页的主要组成部分，就可以设计出使用于不同场所、满足于不同性能要求和用途的、高性能、高功率密度的各种功率的开关电源。二、产品有如下特点：（1）本产品采用进口名牌元器件和国际先进的全桥逆变换流技术精密加工而成，使整机的性能稳定，质量更加可靠。（2）整机具有过压，过流，超温，短路，缺相等自动保护报警功能和软启动功能。并可加装时间控制和计算机接口。（3）直流输出波形为高频方波，纹波系数1%，可提高镀数，拒绝钝化，增强镀层表面的光泽度和镀件暗角的钻芯度。并可减少原材料的损耗，达到电镀行业的各种特殊要求。（4）高频开关电源采用风冷式设计，安装方便。并配有远控装置，操作简单。可以带负载开关机，减少调节的繁琐程序。（5）体积小、重量轻，整机运用了全方位的防腐工艺制作，增强了产品的防腐蚀能力，延长了使用寿命。(6)高效，节能，工作效率达到90%以上，任意电压电流比始终成线性匹配。省去了传统整流器的调压器和主变的损耗，节能在35%以上，大大的减轻了电镀成本，实为表面处理行业最理智的选择。三、开关型稳压电源的电路结构有多种：(1)按驱动方式分，有自励式和他励式。(2)按DC/DC变换器的工作方式分：单端正励式和反励式、推挽式、半桥式、全桥式等;降压型、升压型和升降压型等。(3)按电路组成分，有谐振型和非谐振型。(4)按控制方式分：脉冲宽度调制(PWM)式;脉冲频率调制(PFM)式;PWM与PFM混合式。(5)按电源是否隔离和反馈控制信号耦合方式分，有隔离式、非隔离式和变压器耦合式、光电耦合式等。以上这些方式的组合可构成多种方式的开关型稳压电源。因此设计者需根据各种方式的特征进行有效地组合，制作出满足需要的高质量开关型稳压电源。四、电源原理主电路从交流电网输入、直流输出的全过程，包括：(1)、输入滤波器：其作用是将电网存在的杂波过滤掉，同时也防止本机产生的杂波反馈到公共电网。第12页(2)、整流与滤波：将电网交流电源直接整流为较平滑的直流电，以供下一级变换。(3)、逆变：将整流后的直流电变为高频交流电，这是高频开关电源的核心部分，频率越高，体积、重量与输出功率之比越小。(4)、输出整流与滤波：根据负载需要，提供稳定可靠的直流电源。控制电路一方面从输出端取样，经与设定标准进行比较，然后去控制逆变器，改变其频率或脉宽，达到输出稳定，另一方面，根据测试电路提供的资料，经保护电路鉴别，提供控制电路对整机进行各种保护措施。检测电路除了提供保护电路中正在运行中各种参数外，还提供各种显示仪表资料。辅助电源提供所有单一电路的不同要求电源。五、控制方式按TRC控制原理，有三种方式：一、脉冲宽度调制（PulseWidthModulation,缩写为PWM）开关周期恒定，通过改变脉冲宽度来改变占空比的方式。二、脉冲频率调制（PulseFrequencyModulation,缩写为PFM）导通脉冲宽度恒定，通过改变开关工作频率来改变占空比的方式。三、混合调制导通脉冲宽度和开关工作频率均不固定，彼此都能改变的方式，它是以上二种方式的混合。高频开关电源不需要大幅度提高开关速度就可以在理论上把开关损耗降到零，而且噪声也小。六、主要功能（1）通过MODEM和电话网与监控中心通信，从通信口读取高频开关电源的信息；（2）测量模块的输出电流和电压、直流母线电流和电压、电源的输出电流和电压、电池充放电电流和电压等；（3）控制电源的输出电流和稳流，控制电源的开关机等；（4）控制高频开关电源实现对蓄电池浮充、均充方式的自动转换；（5）控制硅链的自动或手动投切，保证控制母线的稳压精度，进而保证微机和晶体管保护用电的可靠性，防止造成保护误动；（6）调节充电限流值和总输出电流稳流值；（7）具有本地和远程控制方式，采用密码允许或禁止方式操作，以增强系统运行第13页可靠性七、发展趋势在电力电子技术的应用及各种电源系统中，开关电源技术均处于核心地位。对于大型电解电镀电源,传统的电路非常庞大而笨重,如果采用高顿开关电源技术,其体积和重量都会大幅度下降,而且可极大提高电源利用效率、节省材料、降低成本。在电动汽车和变频传动中,更是离不开开关电源技术，通过开关电源改变用电频率,从而达到近于理想的负载匹配和驱动控制。高频开关电源技术,更是各种大功率开关电源(逆变焊机、通讯电源、高频加热电源、激光器电源、电力操作电源等)的核心技术。1.高频化理论分析和实践经验表明,电气产品的变压器、电感和电容的体积重量与供电频率的平方根成反比。所以当我们把频率从工频50Hz提高到20kHz,提高400倍的话,用电设备的体积重量大体下降至工频设计的5l0%。无论是逆变式整流焊机,还是通讯电源用的开关式整流器,都是基于这一原理。同样