浅谈网络技术在农业中的应用.doc

浅谈网络技术在农业中的应用随着系统理论和计算机技术的发展,农业进入信息时代,计算机网络作为促进农业生产管理科学化、农业生产过程远程控制自动化和农业信息资源共享的重要手段在农业中的作用越来越大。经过农业战线科研人员的不懈努力,计算机已普遍进入农业科学实验室,农业各主要学科,包括遗传育种学、作物栽培学、作物流行病学、农业生态学、农业经济学及农业气候学等,在近十几年相继开设了计算机网络技术应用研究课题,并广泛应用其他学科的概念、方法、交叉融合建立高效畅通的网络以探讨农业科学中的许多未知问题,计算机网络技术已发展成为农学研究基础技术。一 应用科学计算、数值试验和数据综合分析共享科学计算现在计算机的运算速度一般在每秒几十万次至千万次,巨型机可达每秒亿次以上。计算的位数也不断增加,常用的32位计算机能精确到有效数字十几位。因此在农业科研中用计算机进行繁杂的计算有显著效益,比如经常需要进行的代数与矩阵运算、微分与积分运算,或复杂的统计分析(如回归分析、聚类分析、变量分析、时序分析)和最佳选择等,用计算机就可大大节省时间。而且现代计算机多配有功能很强的科学与工程计算应用程序,在农业科研中广泛应用的这类程序包括GENSTAT、NAG Library和SAS等。此外,应用单位或个人还可结合自己需要编写专用的计算机程序,使用时只需按要求输入必要的参数,就会给出计算结果。数值试验数值试验需要采用线性规划、整数规划、动态规划等方法,而功能较强的计算机都配有进行这些计算的程序,因此通过电子计算机进行科学试验方案的设计、分析和比较,从许多设计中选取最佳方案,求得以较低的成本,获得较大的效益。比如在作物遗传与育种中,可用计算机对需要重复的试验进行随机排列等。计算机也被用于选择最佳方案和作物种植方案。用计算机指导制订畜禽配方的研究就是一个较突出的例子:根据饲料的库存量、畜禽对各种营养物质的需要量,以及市场价格变动等条件,将有关数据输入计算机,再提出一些约束条件,如规定某种饲料或添加剂的用量范围、高价或缺档饲料的控制量等,计算机即可给出多种混合饲料的配方,并能选出最佳配方。把科学研究中获得的各种统计数据和实验数据输入计算机进行分析并共享,一般不需要代写论文进行复杂的数学运算,但要求处理的数据数量大、速度快,符合贮存、编辑、对比等多种目的,然后输出数据分析的综合信息,供相关科研人员参考。农业中用计算机网络进行数据处理共享的主要有:环境和资源信息,包括水土资源信息、气象资源信息、动植物资源信息等。多属具有相对稳定性的基础资料,是编制规划、制订生产计划的重要信息来源。有的国家建立的计算机数据库或数据处理系统,可以贮存和管理多达数十万份的作物资源信息。许多国家已经建立了计算机数据库或数据处理系统,可以贮存和管理多达数十万份的作物资源信息。育种工作者依靠联机检索网络,可以在全国各地通过计算机终端随时向数据库输送新品种或亲本材料的信息,查找到自己需要的作物品种和向世界各地发放品种资源情报。科技情报资料。据联合国粮农组织1981年的统计,全世界每年平均产生的农业新资料多达25万份。为了提高这些资料的利用率,一些国家利用大型计算机建立了许多独立的科技信息中心,或由多台计算机构成的情报信息网络进行资料管理工作。这些网络有的是一个国家范围内的,有的是国家间的,通过网络向全国各地或有关国家提供农业科技资料。二 存在的问题尽管计算机网络技术在农业应用中已取得一定成就,但从世界范围看,我国仍处起步阶段,还存在一系列问题,有待研究。（一）农业基础条件不足,应用收效差任何一种计算机应用,都是把某类输入变换为输出。输入数据是重要的基础。农业科研分析,需要翔实可靠的统计数据,例如研究计算机配方施肥,需要作物地段准确的理化参数测定数据。应用网络系统仿真模型作病虫测报,需有早期病虫消长基础数据等等。满足一定精度和可靠性的基础输入数据是必要条件。在我国,这个条件往往不具备,或者是很差,如不少农业土地缺少基本的理化测定,或只有低质量的观测数据,且我国农业南北东西差异大，因此不能对有关应有系统进行有效性测试,谈不上网络系统的实际应用。（二）研究开发项目,内容比较单一,目标相对分散农业是一个综合性很强的产业,科研和生产实际通常需要综合配套技术,单项技术往往难以收到预想的效果,以计算机网络推荐施肥为例,施肥只是众多的作物生产管理措施之一。科学施肥,只有在充分掌握作物-土壤-大气系统的运动规律及有关信息之后,方能实现。（三）已建成的数据库系统,有不少尚未被充分利用当前用户还只能是少数专业科研技术人员;数据标准不统一;服务项目主要是提供原始数据,信息分析共享功能较差。三 结语语总之,我国计算机网络技术应用于农业起步较晚,同世界上发达国家相比还有很大的差距。为此,我们农业科技人员应当认真总结经验,减少盲目性,高度重视计算机在农业科研中的应用所存在的问题,切实研究如何使计算机网络技术这一日新月异的技术在农业科研和生产过程中发挥的积极作用,使我国农业再上一个新的台阶。为此，作为农业学子，我们应该尽力学好网络技术，让网络技术应用于农业发展中，更好的服务于农业，为我国农业尽我们的绵薄之力。Application of Network Technology in Agriculture窗体底端 With the development of the role of an important means of system theory and computer technology, agriculture has entered the information age, computer networks as the promotion of agricultural production and scientific management, agricultural production process automation and remote control of agricultural information resource sharing in agriculture is increasing. Through the tireless efforts of researchers agricultural front, the computer has generally enter agricultural science laboratories, agriculture the major disciplines, including genetics and breeding, crop cultivation, crop epidemiology, agricultural ecology, agricultural economics and agricultural climatology, etc. in the last decade have opened the computer network application technology research, and widely used concept in other disciplines, methods, establish a highly efficient and smooth cross-network integration to explore agricultural science many unknown problems, computer network technology has developed studies for farmers the underlying technology. One Application - scientific computing, numerical experiments and comprehensive analysis of data sharing Scientific Computing is now computer processing speed is generally hundreds of thousands of times per second to tens of millions of times, up to more than million times per second supercomputer. Bit computing is increasing, commonly used computer can be accurate to 32 significant digits dozen. Therefore, agricultural research using complex computer calculations have significant benefits, algebra and matrix operations, such as differential and integral calculation often need to make, or sophisticated statistical analysis (such as regression analysis, cluster analysis, multivariate analysis, time series analysis) and the best selection, use the computer can greatly save time. And with a more modern computer science and engineering highly functional computing applications, such procedures widely used in agricultural research, including GENSTAT, NAG Library and SAS.Furthermore, the application units or individuals may also need to prepare in conjunction with their dedicated computer program, simply enter the necessary parameters required to use, it will give results. Numerical experiments Numerical experiments require the use of linear programming, integer programming, dynamic programming and other methods, and more powerful computers are equipped with the calculation of these programs, so by computer science test program design, analysis and comparison, from many design Choose the best solution, and seek to lower costs and achieve greater efficiency. For example, in crop genetics and breeding, the available computer tests need to be repeated random arrangement like. Computer can also be used to choose the best option and crop planting program. Animal studies using a computer guide the development of formula is a more striking example: according to the conditions of feed stocks, livestock requirements of various nutrients, as well as changes in market prices and other relevant data into the computer, and then make some constraint condition requiring a certain amount in the range of feed or additives, or the lack of high-speed feed control amount, the computer can give a variety of mixed feed formula, and can select the best formula. The various statistical data obtained in scientific and experimental data into the computer for analysis and sharing, generally do not need to write complex math papers, but requires a large amount of data processing, fast, in line with the storage, editing, contrast, etc. a variety of purposes, and then outputs the data analysis, comprehensive information for related scientific officers. Agriculture using computer networks to share the main data processing:Environmental and resource information, including soil and water resources information, weather information resources, flora and fauna information. Important sources of information are mostly relative stability biography, it is the preparation of planning, development of production plans. Computer databases or data processing system set up in some countries, can store and manage up to several hundred thousand copies of crop resource information. Many countries have established a computer database or data processing system that can store and manage up to several hundred thousand copies of crop resource information. Breeders rely on online retrieval network, you can at any time delivery of new varieties or parental information of this material to the database via a computer terminal in the country and look to their own needs and issuance breed crop varieties intelligence resources around the world.Technology intelligence information. According to the UN FAO in 1981, the agricultural new information produced worldwide each year an average of up to 250,000 copies. In order to improve the utilization of these data, a number of countries use mainframe computers to establish a number of independent scientific and technical information center, or by the intelligence information network consisting of multiple computers perform data management. Some of these networks, providing information on agricultural science and technology to the country or the country within a country-wide through a network between some countries. Two Problems Although the computer network technology in agricultural applications has made certain achievements, but a global perspective, China is still the initial stage, there are still a series of problems to be studied.(A) lack of basic conditions for agriculture, applied with little difference Any kind of application, are the class of input into output. Input data is an important foundation. Agricultural research analysis requires detailed and reliable statistical data, such as Computer fertilization, crop needs lots of physical and chemical parameters and accurate measurement data. Application of network simulation model for pest forecasting, the need for early pest dynamics underlying data, and so on. Basic input data meets certain accuracy and reliability is essential. In China, this condition often do not have, or are poor, as a lot of agricultural land lacks basic physical measurement, or only a low-quality observational data, and large differences in Chinas agricultural north-south thing, and therefore should not be valid for the relevant system testing, not to mention the practical application of network system.窗体顶端(B) research and development projects, the content is relatively simple, relatively dispersed target Agriculture is a very complex industry, research and actual production typically requires comprehensive technology, individual technologies are often difficult to receive the desired results, computer network fertilizer recommendation, for example, fertilizer is just one of many crop production management measures. Scientific fertilization, only the full grasp of the crop - soil - after the movement of the atmospheric system and the relevant information will be achieved.(C) has been completed and a database system, many have not