初中英语语法口诀大全.doc

初中英语语法口诀大全清华大学英语系测试：为中学英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授50年研究成果、冠词基本用法 【速记口诀】 名词是秃子，常要戴帽子， 可数名词单，须用a或an， 辅音前用a， an在元音前， 若为特指时，则须用定冠， 复数不可数，泛指the不见， 碰到代词时，冠词均不现。 【妙语诠释】 冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一，也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：名词在一般情况下不单用，常常要和冠词连用；表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the；如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。二、名词单数变复数规则 【速记口诀】 单数变复数，规则要记住， 一般加s，特殊有几处： /s/结尾，es不离后， 末尾字母o，大多加s， 两人有两菜，es不离口， 词尾f、fe，s前有v和e； 没有规则词，必须单独记。 【妙语诠释】 大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s，但如果单词以/t?蘩/、/?蘩/、/s/发音结尾（也就是单词如果以ch，sh，s，x等结尾），则一般加es；以o结尾的单词除了两人（negro，hero）两菜（tomato，potato）加es外，其余一般加s；以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f，fe变为ve再加s；英语中还有些单词没有规则，需要特殊记忆，如childchildren，mousemice，deerdeer，sheepsheep，ChineseChinese，oxoxen，manmen，womanwomen，footfeet，toothteeth。三、名词所有格用法 【速记口诀】 名词所有格，表物是“谁的”， 若为生命词，加“s”即可行， 词尾有s，仅把逗号择； 并列名词后，各自和共有， 前者分别加，后者最后加； 若为无命词，of所有格， 前后须倒置，此是硬规则。 【妙语诠释】 有生命的名词所有格一般加s，但如果名词以s结尾，则只加“”；并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加“s”，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加“s”；如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格，这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同，A of B要翻译为B的A。四、接不定式作宾语的动词 【速记口诀】 三个希望两答应，两个要求莫拒绝； 设法学会做决定，不要假装在选择。 【妙语诠释】 三个希望两答应：hope，wish，want，agree，promise 两个要求莫拒绝：demand，ask，refuse 设法学会做决定：manage，learn，decide 不要假装在选择：petend，choose五、接动名词作宾语的动词 【速记口诀】 Mrs. P Black missed a beef bag. （布莱克夫人丢了一个牛肉袋。） 【妙语诠释】 该句话中每个字母代表了一个动词或短语，这些动词要求后面跟动名词作宾语。这些动词分别是： M=mind， r=risk， s=succeed in，P=practice，B=be busy， l=look forward to，a=admit，c=cant help， k=keep on， m=miss，i=insist on，s=suggest，s=stop，e=enjoy，d=delay，a=avoid，b=be worth，a=advise，g=give up。六、不定式作宾语补足语时省to的动词 【速记口诀】 一感，二听，三让，四看，半帮助 【妙语诠释】 一感：feel；二听：hear，listen to；三让：make，let，have；四看：see，notice，watch，ob-serve；半帮助：help。七、形容词和副词比较等级用法 【速记口诀】 1. 比较级与最高级：两者比较than相连，三者比较the在前。 2同级比较：同级比较用原形，asas永不离；asas加not，只言两者是同一，若是not soas，后强前弱不看齐。 【妙语诠释】 比较级通常和than连用，而最高级通常跟有定冠词the；同级比较一般用asas表示“与一样”，这时谁强谁弱不能比较出来，而not soas则表示后者比前者强，翻译为“不如”。八、反意疑问句用法 【速记口诀】 反意问句三要点，前后谓语正相反； 短句not如出现，必须缩写是习惯； 最后一点应注意，短句主语代词填。 【妙语诠释】 反意疑问句的构成应该是“肯定的陈述句+否定的疑问”或“否定的陈述句+肯定的疑问”；在短句中not必须与do，will，can等组成缩写形式；在简短问句中，疑问句的主语必须是代词，而不能用名词形式。九、感叹句用法 【速记口诀】 感叹句，并不难，what、how放句前； 强调名词用what，其余用how很简单。 【妙语诠释】 由what引导的感叹句一般修饰名词，而how引导的感叹句一般修饰形容词、副词或句子。 清华大学英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/ 清华大学英语教授50年研究成果哈佛大学英语系研究，美国布什推荐。专为中小学生英语量身定做。官方网站：/ 哈佛大学英语教授研究组提供初一英语阅读训练阅读理解1 I am Tony Smith. I am twelve. I am in No.101 Middle School. Im in Class 2, Grade 7. My good friend is Jim Green. He is an English boy. He is twelve, too. He is in my class. He can speak good Chinese. Jane is in Class 2, too. I think she is a good girl. My Chinese teacher is Mr. Wang. His students like him. He is very cool.根据短文填空，每空一词。1. Tony _ twelve. His last name is _.2. Tony and Jim are _ the same _. Jane is _ Class 2, too.3. Tony and Jim _ good _.4. Jims _ is very good.5. Mr. Wang is their _ teacher. He is _. His students him very much.阅读理解2Linda：Hello, Paul, is this your pencil?Paul：Yes, it is. Thank you.Linda：Is this your book?Paul：No, it isnt. Maybe（也许）its Marys.Linda：Mary, is this your book?Mary：No, it isnt. My book is here. Ask（问）Bill. Maybe its his.Linda：Bill, is this your book?Bill：Yes, it is.Linda：Here you are.Bill：Thank you very much. But where is my bag?根据对话判断正（T）误（F）。( )1. This is Lindas pencil.( )2. Bill is a student.( )3. The book is Bills.( )4. Mary cant find（找到）her book.( )5. Paul knows（认识）Linda and Mary.阅读理解3 Look at these things. This is Mr. Wangs ID card. And this is Jims watch, thats Marys key. Ginas notebook is over there. Look! Whats that on the floor? Oh, its gold ring. Its Jennys ring. Its very nice.根据短文选择最佳答案。1. This is Mr. Wangs _. A. notebook B. key C. ID card D. watch2. _ notebook is over there. A. Jims B. Ginas C. Jennys D. Marys3. Is this Jims watch? _ A. Yes, it is. B. No, it isnt. C. Yes, he is. D. No, he isnt.4. Is Jennys ring very nice? _ A. Yes, she is. B. No, she isnt. C. Yes, it is. D. No, it isnt.5. Mr. Wangs name is on his _. A. ring B. watch C. key D. ID card阅读理解4阅读短文，判断正（T）误(F)This is my friend John Wilson and his family. This is his grandfather. His name is Fritz. This is his grandmother. Her name is Evenly. This is his mother. Her name is Anna. This is his father. His name is Earl. These are his sisters, Christie and Carina. ( )1.Fritz is Johns grandfather.( )2.Anna is his grandmother.( )3.John has two sisters.( )4.Earl is his father.( )5.Christie is Annas daughter.阅读理解5判断正误，正确的写“T”，错误的写“F”。 This is a picture of the twins room. It is a nice room. Lucys books are on the desk. Her schoolbag is on the floor. Lilys pencils are on the books. Her bag is behind her chair. Their coats are behind the door. We cant see Lucy and Lily in the picture. They are not at home.( ) 1. This is a picture of Lily and Lucys room.( ) 2. Lucys schoolbag is behind the chair.( )3. Lucys and Lilys coats are on the chair.( )4. Lucy and Lily are not at home.( )5. Their room is nice.阅读理解6This is Jims room. Its not big, but its very clean. There is a bed in the room. Its near the door. Under（在下）the bed, there are two balls. There is a desk and a chair near the window. There is a bookcase beside the desk. On the bookcase, there are many books and newspaper（报纸）. There are two pictures in the room, too. They are on the wall.根据短文选择最佳答案。( ) 1. The balls are _.A. near the window B. on the desk C. under the bed D. beside the desk( ) 2. Jims bed is _.A. near the door B. near the window C. on the bookcase D. on the wall( ) 3. _ are on the wall of Jims room.A. The books B. The balls C. The newspapers D. The pictures( ) 4. Jims _ are on his bookcase.A. books B. newspaper C. pictures D. A and B( ) 5. Jims room is _.A. big B. not clean C. dirty（脏的） D. not big阅读理解7 I am a student. I go jogging every morning, and I go swimming twice a week. I spent a lot of time playing all kinds of ball games. I like football, volleyball, and ping pong. I am very good at football, so I play on the school team. After school, I like playing ping pong with my friend, Liu Ming. Liu Ming is not only good at sports but also good at his studies.阅读短文和句子，正确的写T，错误的写F。( ) 1. I often go jogging in the morning.( ) 2. I go swimming once a week.( ) 3. I spend very little time playing ball games.( ) 4. I like to go swimming in my free time.( ) 5. Liu Ming is interested in his studies but not good at sports.阅读理解8Namehave /hasdont（doesnt）havePaula baseball, a soccer balla tennis racketGinaa backpack, a watcha baseball batJima basketball, a TVa pair of baseball glovesKatean alarm clocka watch, a ballTommya math book, CDsa video cassette根据表格所提供信息，选择最佳答案。( ) 1. Gina has _, but she doesnt have _.A. a watch; a ball B. a clock; a watchC. a clock; a ball D. a watch; a baseball bat( ) 2. Kate has _, but she doesnt have _.A. a watch; a ball B. a ball; a clockC. a book; CDs D. a clock; a watch( ) 3. Paul and Jim have _.A. books B. CDs C. balls D. tennis rackets( ) 4. Tommy has a _ and some _.A. watch; balls B. book; CDs C. baseball; CDs D. video cassette; books阅读理解9 My name is Diana, my sister is Gina. We have a volleyball, and we like it very much. We play volleyball after school. And at night, we often watch it on TV. But my father doesnt like it. He is a writer, he likes to read books.回答问题：1. What is her sisters name?2. What do they like?3. Do they have a football?4. Do they watch TV?5. What does her father like?阅读理解10阅读短文，判断正误，在正确的写T， 在错误的写F。 My name is Mary and I have a brother and a sister, David and Helen. For breakfast, we all like hamburgers. Helen and I like milk, but David doesnt. I dont like eggs for breakfast, but David and Helen do. I like them for lunch. I like fruit for supper. We really like chicken and salad for dinner. I like fried chicken and salad with carrots. David likes salad with fruit. Helen thinks everything for salad is fine.( )1. Mary likes eggs for lunch. ( )2. David likes milk for breakfast. ( )3. Mary and Helen likes fried chicken. ( )4. David likes salad. ( )5. Helen doesnt like carrots for salad. 阅读理解11NameBobsalad, broccoli, orangesbananas, pearsJillsalad, bananas, pearsoranges, tomatoesBillhamburgers, broccolipears, ice creamJennyice cream, salad, pearstomatoes, French fries根据表格所提供的信息，选择最佳答案。( )1. _ likes pears, but doesnt like tomatoes or oranges.A. Jill B. Jill or Jenny C. Bob D. Bill( )2. _ likes salad, but doesnt like pears.A. Jill B. Jenny C. Bob D. Bill( )3. _ likes oranges. _ likes hamburgers. They dislike pears.A. Bob; jenny B. Bob; Bill C. Jenny; Jill D. Bill; Jill( )4. _ likes broccoli, but doesnt like ice cream.A. Jill B. Jenny C. Bob D. Bill( )5. Bob and the two girls like _. A. ice cream B. salad C. pears D. broccoli阅读理解12 Everybody wants to be healthy. You know food is very important. There are many healthy foods. You can have more bananas, apples, oranges, tomatoes and lettuce because fruits and vegetables are good for you. But dont eat too much chocolate. Its not good for you. But dont eat too much chocolate. Its not good healthy food. Healthy food can make you grow and make you strong and happy. Remember there is a saying, “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” Sports can also keep you healthy. Get up early and do some sports every day. Dont be lazy! You will be healthy and happy.( )1. Which is right?_A. Everybody is healthy. B. We want to be healthy. C. We are important.( )2. What are healthy foods? _A. Fruits and vegetables. B. Bananas, apples and chocolate.C. Fruits and chocolate.( )3. Why are healthy foods good for you? _A. They make you happy. B. They make you grow strong.C. They make you grow and make you strong and happy.( )4. “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” means（意思是）：_A. The doctor goes away when he sees an apple.B. The doctor runs away when you give him an apple.C. You eat an apple every day and you can be healthy.( )5. What keeps you healthy? _A. Fruits and vegetables. B. Healthy food.C. Healthy food and sports.阅读理解13 Americans usually eat three meals a day. Breakfast usually comes before eight oclock in the morning. They usually have eggs, some meat, bread, fruit juice and coffee. Lunch is between twelve and one oclock. It is like a light meal and working people must take lunch with them or get it near workplace.Children in school take sandwiches, fruit, and cookies with them or eat in school. Supper, the main meal, is between six and eight in the evening. People cook it carefully. They may have meat or chicken, turkey and duck. They may all have potatoes or rice, vegetables or salad. The drink is coffee, tea or milk. Then comes the dessert.( )1. Americans have breakfast _.A. after eight oclock B. at eight oclockC. before eight oclock in the morning D. in the morning( )2. _ is the most important meal in a day.A. Breakfast B. Lunch C. Meals D. Supper( )3. What does “light” mean in Chinese? _A. 重的B. 有用的C. 轻的D. 不太重要的( )4. Americans usually have breakfast and supper at _.A. home B. office C. inn D. work place( )5. When Americans have supper, _ comes last.A. drink B. meat C. dessert D. Vegetables阅读理解14 The word for this summers new clothes is HAPPY. Colors are bright and sunny, with lots of yellow, red, and orange. You can also find some great bright patterns, such as striped and checked pants. In the stores this summer, youll see a lot of beautiful floral dresses. Long skirts are popular again, and so are jeans and shorts for vacations and sports. White is the new color for shoes and bags. So put away all of your boring black and dark colors-its time for summer! ( )1. Where would you find this reading passage?A. in an art magazine B. in a mens magazine C. in a sports magazine D. in a womens magazine( )2.What is the main idea of the passage? A. Bright colors are popular now. B. White is the new color for shoes and bags. C. Summer fashion is always happy. D. New clothes are very expensive to buy.( )3.On what kind of clothes will you see flower designs? A. shorts B. pants C. skirts D. dresses( )4.Which color is NOT mentioned in the passage? A. orange B. white C. green D. Black阅读理解15Masons Clothing StoreClothes（衣服）Color（颜色）Price（价格）sockswhite, blue$4pantsblack$11sweaterred, white$8T-shirtred, green, black$7hatblack, red$6( )1. Which is the cheapest（最便宜的）of all? _A. Hat. B. T-shirt. C. Pants. D. Socks.( )2. How much are two sweaters and a hat? _A. $14. B. $20. C. $21. D. $22.( )3. You can buy（买到）_.A. black pants B. a blue sweater C. a green hat D. red socks( )4. You like red and you only have $6. You can take_.A. a sweater B. a hat C. a T-shirt D. none（全无）( )5. You only have sixteen dollars. You can buy_.A. a sweater and a pair of pants（裤子）B. two T-shirts and a pair of socksC. a sweater and two pairs of socksD. a sweater and two hats阅读理解16 Hello. Im Meg. Im 12 years old. I have a brother and a sister. My brother is 9 and my sister is only 4 years old. I like hamburgers and salad. My brother likes tomatoes and my sister likes ice cream. We have a small sports collection. We all like tennis. Today is my mothers birthday. Today is January 21st. Theres a big birthday cake on the table. How much is it? Do you know? Its 7 dollars. Come to my mothers birthday party and have some cake.根据短文选择最佳答案。( )1. How old is Megs brother? _A. 12. B. 4. C. 9.( )2. What does Meg like? _A. Salad. B. Tomatoes. C. Ice cream.( )3. Does Megs sister like tennis? _A. Yes, they do. B. Yes, she does. C. Yes, he does.( )4. When is her mothers birthday? _A. January 21st. B. January 31st. C. February 21st.( )5. How much is the cake? _A. $12. B. $9. C. $7.( )6. Where is the birthday cake? _A. On the TV. B. On the table. C. On the sofa.哈佛大学英语系研究，美国布什推荐。专为中小学生英语量身定做。官方网站：/ 哈佛大学英语教授研究组提供学英语简单吗？肯定会有许多学生说：“难死了”。为什么有好多学生对英语的学习都感到头疼呢？答案只有一个：“不得法。” 英语与汉语一样都是一种语言，为什么你说汉语会如此流利？那是因为你置身于一个汉语环境中，如果你在伦敦呆上半年，保准说起英语来会非常流利。但很多中学生没有很好的英语环境，那么你可以自己设置一个英语环境，坚持“多说”、“多听”、“多读”、“多写”，那么你的英语成绩肯定会很出色。 一、多“说”。 自己多创造机会与英语教师多讲英语，见了同学，尤其是和好朋友在一起时尽量用英语去问候，谈心情这时候你需随身携带一个英汉互译小词典，遇到生词时查一下这些生词，也不用刻意去记，用的多了，这个单词自然而然就会记住。千万别把学英语当成负担，始终把它当成一件有趣的事情去做。 或许你有机会碰上外国人，你应大胆地上去跟他打招呼，和他谈天气、谈风景、谈学校只是别问及他的年纪，婚史等私人问题。尽量用一些你学过的词汇，句子去和他谈天说地。不久你会发现与老外聊天要比你与中国人谈英语容易的多。因为他和你交谈时会用许多简单词汇，而且不太看重说法，你只要发音准确，准能顺利地交流下去。只是你必须要有信心，敢于表达自己的思想。 如果没有合适的伙伴也没关系，你可以拿过一本书或其它什么东西做假想对象，对它谈你一天的所见所闻，谈你的快乐，你的悲伤等等，长此坚持下去你的口语肯定会有较大的提高。 二、多“听” 寻找一切可以听英语的机会。别人用英语交谈时，你应该大胆地去参与，多听听各种各样人的发音，男女老少，节奏快的慢的你都应该接触到，如果这样的机会少的话，你可以选择你不知内容的文章去听，这将会对你帮助很大，而你去听学过的课文的磁带，那将会对你的语言语调的学习有很大的帮助。 三、多“读”。 “读”可以分为两种。一种是“默读”。每天给予一定时间的练习将会对你提高阅读速度有很大的好处，读的内容可以是你的课本，但最好是一些有趣的小读物，因为现在的英语高考越来越重视阅读量和阅读速度。每道题的得分都与你的理解程度有很大关系，所以经过高中三年阅读的训练后，你必定会在高考中胜券在握。 另一种是“朗读”这是学语言必不可少的一种学习途径。 四、多“写” 有的同学总是抱怨时间紧，根本没时间写作文。其实“写”的形式很多，不一定就写作文才提高写作能力。比如写下你一天中发生的一些重要的事情，或当天学了某一个词组，你可以创设一个语境恰如其份地用上这个词。这样即可帮你记住这个词的用法，又可以锻炼你的写作能力，比如学“wish”一词时，可写一小段如下： The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,Im different .I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor. 只几句话：但wish的几种用法已跃然纸上，这样写下来印象会深刻得多，这样比死记硬背wish的用法也有趣轻松的多。 学习英语不用花大块的时间，10分钟的散步可以练说,吃完饭后可以读一会儿英语小说，睡前听几分钟英语，可以使你得到更好地休息只要你每天抽出一些时间来练英语，你的英语成绩肯定会很快提高的。 背英语单词技巧 1、循环记忆法 艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线 人的大脑是一个记忆的宝库，人脑经历过的事物，思考过的问题，体验过的情感和情绪，练习过的动作，都可以成为人们记忆的内容。例如英文的学习中单词、短语和句子，甚至文章的内容都是通过记忆完成的。从记到忆是有个过程的，这其中包括了识记、保持、再认和回忆。有很多 人在学习英语的过程中，只注重了学习当时的记忆效果，孰不知，要想做好学习的记忆工作，是要下一番工夫的，单纯的注重当时的记忆效果，而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达不到良好的效果的。 在信息的处理上，记忆是对输入信息的编码、贮存和提取的过程，从信息处理的角度上，英文的第一次学习和背诵只是一个输入编码的过程。人的记忆的能力从生理上讲是十分惊人的，它可以存贮1015比特(byte，字节)的信息，可是每个人的记忆宝库被挖掘的只占10%，还有更多的记忆发挥空间。这是因为，有些人只关注了记忆的当时效果，却忽视了记忆中的更大的问题-即记忆的牢固度问题，那就牵涉到心理学中常说的关于记忆遗忘的规律。 一、艾宾浩斯记忆规律曲线解释 德国有一位著名的心理学家名叫艾宾浩斯(Hermann Ebbinghaus，1850-1909)，他在1885年发表了他的实验报告后，记忆研究就成了心理学中被研究最多的领域之一，而艾宾浩斯正是发现记忆遗忘规律的第一人。 根据我们所知道的，记忆的保持在时间上是不同的，有短时的记忆和长时的记忆两种。而我们平时的记忆的过程是这样的： 输入的信息在经过人的注意过程的学习后，便成为了人的短时的记忆，但是如果不经过及时的复习，这些记住过的东西就会遗忘，而经过了及时的复习，这些短时的记忆就会成为了人的一种长时的记忆，从而在大脑中保持着很长的时间。那么，对于我们来讲，怎样才叫做遗忘呢，所谓遗忘就是我们对于曾经记忆过的东西不能再认起来，也不能回忆起来，或者是错误的再认和错误的回忆，这些都是遗忘。艾宾浩斯在做这个实验的时候是拿自己作为测试对象的，他得出了一些关于记忆的结论。他选用了一些根本没有意义的音节，也就是那些不能拼出单词来的众多字母的组合，比如asww，cfhhj，ijikmb，rfyjbc等等。他经过对自己的测试，得到了一些数据。 然后，艾宾浩斯又根据了这些点描绘出了一条曲线，这就是非常有名的揭示遗忘规律的曲线：艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，图中竖轴表示学习中记住的知识数量，横轴表示时间(天数)，曲线表示记忆量变化的规律。 这条曲线告诉人们在学习中的遗忘是有规律的，遗忘的进程不是均衡的，不是固定的一天丢掉几个，转天又丢几个的，而是在记忆的最初阶段遗忘的速度很快，后来就逐渐减慢了，到了相当长的时候后，几乎就不再遗忘了，这就是遗忘的发展规律，即先快后慢的原则。观察这条遗忘曲线，你会发现,学得的知识在一天后，如不抓紧复习,就只剩下原来的25%)。随着时间的推移,遗忘的速度减慢，遗忘的数量也就减少。有人做过一个实验，两组学生学习一段课文，甲组在学习后不