定语从句 (3).doc

定语从句（Attributive Clause）一、定语从句是一种在句子中担当定语成份的句子，一般用来修饰名词（girl, thing, desk）、代词（it, these, who, them）及整个主句。1. The girl who I saw yesterday is my previous classmate.（划线部分为定语从句修饰名词the girl）2. These that I put on my desk are mine. （划线部分为定语从句，修饰代词these）3. He is a good man, which you know is what I want to say. （划线部分为定语从句，修饰前面整个句子）二、位置定语从句一般放在所修饰的名词、代词及整个句子之后，有时也位于句首或句末。1. As you know, he is a good man.（位于句首）2. He is a good man, which you know, I love him.（位于句中）3. He is a good man, I love him, which you know.（位于句末）三、结构定语从句的构成由：先行词 + 连接词 + 从句先行词就是被定语从句修饰的名词、代词及句子。连接词就是放在从句和先行词之间的把两者连接的词，并且由它来引导一个定语从句，它所引导的先行词还要在从句中担当一定成份。Anyone who goes there will be punished. Anyone在此句中为先行词，who为连接词，who goes there为从句，who引导的先行词anyone在从句中担当主语成份。四、连接词在定语从句中连接词大致分为两类。1 关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that, as）A. 关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that, as）的功能who用来代指人（它所代指的人一般在从句中作主语成份）This is a beautiful girl who came here yesterday.这是昨天才来的美女。whom用来代指人（它所代指的人一般在从句中作宾语成份，有时口语中也用who来替代）The man whom (who) I interviewed yesterday is a famous singer.我昨天采访的这个是个有名的歌手。whose用来代指人（它所指的人一般在从句中作定语成份，也可用of which来替换）The children climbed up the hill, on whose top they picnicked. 孩子们爬上了山，并在山上进行了野炊。There is a mountain of which the top is always covered with snow.这是一座山顶经常被雪覆盖的山。that既可用来代指人也可用来代指物（它所指代的人或物一般在从句中作主语或者宾语成份，有时也作表语，作宾语时可省掉that）A: This is the boy that sells eggs.This is the boy who sells eggs. 此处that所替代的先行词the boy在从句中担当主语成份，可用who来替换，用来代指人。B: This is the letter that I received yesterday.This is the letter which I received yesterday. 这就是我昨天收到的那封信。此处that所替代的先行词the letter在从句中担当宾语成份，可用which来替换，用来代指物。C: Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be. （that可以省掉）玛丽不再是以前的那个女孩了（玛丽变得和以前不一样了）。此处that指代的先行词the girl在从句中担当表语成份。which用来代指物（它所指代的物在从句中担当主语或宾语成份）A: I received a letter which my mother wrote to me.我收到了妈妈写给我的一封信。此处which在从句中担当宾语成份，可用that来替换。B: This is a letter which was written by my mother. 这是一封由我妈妈写的信。此处which在从句中担当主语成份，可用that来替换。B关系代词that和which之间的区别虽然that和which都可用来代指物，它们所指代的物又都能在从句中担当主、宾语成份，而且通常情况它们都能交替使用，但仍然有一些区别。碰到以下情况只能用that.当先行词为不定代词all, each, any (thing), every (thing), nothing, something, none, few, little, much, the one等时，关系代词只能用that.All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做了。I want the one that my father bought to me. 我要我父亲买给我的那个。当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时用that.This is one of the best films that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好看的电影之一。This is the second computer that Ive ever seen. 这是我见过的第二台电脑。当先行词被the very, the only, the last, any, every, the same等所修饰时用that。This is the very book that Im looking for.这正是我找的那本书。当先行词为数词时要用that.For each new inventions that works, there are at least ten that do not.对于每一个能够正常工作的新发明来说，至少有十个是失败的。当先行词既代指人又指物时用thatHe spoke of the men and the things that he had seen abroad.他讲述了他在国外见到的人和事。当先行词有疑问词who, what, which时用that.Who that has such a beautiful house doesnt love it?有这么一个漂亮的家，谁会不爱它呢？先行词在主句中作表语时用that（相当于It + be + that句型中）。Its a book that will help me a lot.这是一本对我很有帮助的书。Its a book 是主句，book在主句中作表语。关系代词所指代的先行词在从句中作表语时My home town is no longer the place that it used to be. 我的故乡已不再是从前的那般模样了。当主句以there be开头时There is a school that is the most beautiful in this town.碰到如下情况关系代词只能用which.在非限制性定语从句中只能用which来修饰物或整个句子。She went towards the fire, which was still smoking.她走向还在冒烟的火堆。Tom came back late, which made his parents very angry.汤姆回家晚了，这让他的父母很生气。由介词 + 关系代词构成作宾语时（此情况下which不能省略）This is the house in which I once lived.这就是我曾经住过的房子。He lives in the room, the window of which faces the south.先行词本身是that时The clock is that which tells us time.钟是用来告诉人们时间的。C关系代词that和who之间的区别虽然在定语从句中，that和who都可代指人，而且所代指的人也都可以在从句中担当主、宾成份，通常可交替使用，但碰到以下情况只能用who.当先行词是all, one, ones, anyone, everyone, these, those时，用who.All Who heard of the news must keep the secret. 所有听说这个消息的人都必须保密。在There be开头的句子中There is a beauty who come to see you this evening.今晚有个美女会来看你。在非限制性定语从句中，只能用who, whom 来修饰人。 She has a brother, who worked in our school.她有个哥哥，在我们学校上班。在分隔式定语从句中（即先行词和从句较远时）I met a foreigner in the city last week who speaks Chinese very well.上星期，在这座城市我见到了一个中文讲得很好的老外。D关系代词as的用法（1）as可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，as在定语从句中作主语，表语或宾语，这个定语从句是用来说明整个主句，可放在主句前，主句中或主句后，常用逗号与主句隔开。As is often the case, Mary was late again.和往常一样，玛丽又迟到了。As we all know, he studies very hard. （as作宾语）As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.as作为关系代词，同关系代词which一样，可用来引导非限定性定语从句，替代主句的整个或一部分意思，但二者的用法并非完全相同。1）在下列情况下，二者可通用。当as和which在非限定性定语从句中作主语，且从句的谓语是系表结构时。He married her, as/which was natural.当as和which在非限定性定语从句中作宾语时。He is a good comrade, as/which we all know.当as和which在非限定性定语从句中作表语时。It seems a nice book, as/which in fact it is.2）在下列情况下，只能用as，不能用which。当引导的非限定性定语从句用于句首时（which通常只能放在句中或句末）。As（不能用which）we all know, smoking is bad for health.As（不能用which）was usual with him, he was late for the meeting.当关系代词强调的是从句的意义时（而which强调的是主句的意义）。He is very poor, as we can judge from the clothes he wears.当非限定性定语从句的谓语是被动语态结构时。He must be from Africa, as（不能用which）can be seen from his skin.As（不能用which）is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.常用的这种结构有：as is known to all, as is well known, as can be seen, as has been said before, as has been pointed out, as was reported, as was expected, as it is等。此外，as还常用于as you know, as you see, as often happens, as is often the case等句式中，表示“正如”“正像”“这一点”等之意。3）在下列情况下只能用which，不能用as。如果非限定性定语从句表示的是否定意义时（as通常用在表示肯定意义的从句中）。He often laughs at me, which（不能用as）I cant bear.He doesnt like watching TV, which（可用as）is strange.如果非限定性定语从句的结构是“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”，且关系代词作从句的主语时。All the students passed the entrance examination, which（不能用as）delighted the teachers.I caught a bad cold yesterday, which（不能用as）stopped me from going to school.如果非限定性定语从句的结构是“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补”，且关系代词作从句的主语或宾语时。Her son died in the war, which（不能用as）made her very sad.We must learn English well, which（不能用as）we think necessary.（2）as也可以引导一个限制性定语从句，一般用于such as, the same as和as many (much) as的结构中，其中as为代词，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语。Such books as you bought are useless.像你买的这样的书是没什么用的。（作宾语）I like the same book as you do. （as作宾语）I shall do it in the same way as you did. （as作状语）I want to have such a dictionary as he has. （as作宾语）注意： He wears the same dress that he wore yesterday.（同一件衣服）（同类同物） I bought the same dress as she had bought. （同一类东西）（同类但不同物）2关系副词（where, when, why, how）关系副词所指代的先行词一律在从句中作状语成份。where可用in / on which来替换I grew up in the village where I was born.我在我出生的村庄长大的。The factory in which / where his brother works is in our city.他哥哥上班的工厂就在我们市。此处in which = where.when可用on which来替换The day when / on which I met him first is May 1st.我和他第一次见面是在5月1号。why可用for which，有时在口语中也可用that替代，但that常被省略。I dont know the reason why (for which) he didnt come. 或I dont know the reason that he didnt come.我不知道他为什么没来。3介词 + 关系代词有时在定语从句中，关系代词作介词的补足成份，通常介词要前置，在从句中用介词 + whom指人，用介词 + which指物。The girl with whom Im talking is my student.我正在和她谈话的这个女孩是我的学生。This is a box on which I can stand. 我能站在这个盒子上。但有时在非正式语中，也可用who / that指人，that指物，介词也不用提前。They are the boys who (that) I went to school with.他们都是和我一道上学的男孩子。五、分类定语从句又被分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种，有时还出现一种分隔定语从句。1限制性定语从句对先行词有限定及修饰作用，它与先行词有不可分割的联系。如果缺少了它，便对整个主句产生模糊不清的印象，通常紧跟先行词之后。Here is the boy who broke the window.打破窗户的男孩在这儿。2非限制性定语从句对先行词及整个主句起补充解释，说明的作用，可以省略，且不影响主句意义的完整性，常与先行词间用逗号隔开。先行词为专有名词，整个句子或世界上独一无二的物质名词时，一般用非限制性定语从句修饰。My cousin, who is very beautiful, is playing on the ground.我的表妹，一个漂亮的女孩，正在操场上玩。3分隔定语从句通常和先行词之间距离较远，被某一些成份隔开。I met a foreigner last week who can speak Chinese well. 上星期，我遇见了一个中文讲得很好的老外。六、学习定语从句应注意的几个问题定语从句又称为关系从句，是最常见的从句之一。每年高考题对之均有考查，下面谈一谈定语从句在教学中几个值得注意的问题，供大家参考。1定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性定语从句中关系代词一般应与它所指代的先行词的单复数保持主谓一致。例如：The students who were here just now are from No. 2 Senior Middle School.但注意下列一组句子：He is the only one of the students who was here just now. He is one of the students who were here just now.如果“one of + 复数名词”后跟有定语从句，一般情况下“one of”后的复数名词为先行词，但当one前有the only, the very, just the修饰时，先行词则为one。2定语从句与强调结构It is the place where they lived before.It is in the place that they lived before.第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place，在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place, that没有意义，把in the place放回后面句子，句子意思完整。Where is it that he found the lost watch?（强调句型，强调疑问副词where。）Where is the watch that he found yesterday?（定语从句，that指代the watch。）3定语从句与并列结构He has two sons, neither of whom looks like him.He has two sons, and neither of them looks like him.He has two sons, both look like him.Ive got two sisters. Both of them are in Shanghai.第一句子为定语从句，关系代词whom指代two sons，在定语从句中介词of的宾语。第二个句子为并列结构，由并列连词and连接，人称代词them指代two sons。第三个为两个独立的句子，两个句子中间用句号，两句开头的第一个字母都大写。4定语从句与状语从句He found the books where he had put.He found the books in the place where he had put.第一句子为状语从句，where he had put做主句He found the books的地点状语。第二个句子为定语从句，where引导从句修饰the place。This is such an interesting book that Id like to read it.This is such an interesting book as Id like to read.第一个句子为结果状语从句，在结果状语从句中，it指代book，作read的宾语。第二个句子为定语从句，关系代词as指代先行词book在定语从句中作read的宾语。5定语从句中的先行词Is this book the one that you bought yesterday?Is this the book that you bought yesterday?第一句子中，this book是主句的主语，the one是先行词。在第二个句子中this是主句的主语，the book是先行词。一定要避免出现：Is this book that you bought yesterday?6定语从句与同位语从句定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用，而同位语从句则相当于名词，它对其前面的词给予说明或作进一步解释，即说明该词所表示的具体内容。例如：The news that we heard is not true.（定语从句）The news that he won the prize is not true.（同位语从句）另：在“have no idea + 从句”结构中，其从句都作idea的同位语。例如：I have no idea when she will be back.七、定语从句典型错误例析 1我给他看了我上周在杭州拍的照片。误 I showed him the photos I took them in Hangzhou last week.正 I showed him the photos I took in Hangzhou last week.析 关系代词或关系副词既代替先行词，又在定语从句中充当一定的成分。例句为省略了关系代词（that / which）的定语从句，which / that指代the photos，在定语从句中充当took的宾语，故them多余，应去掉。2那个正在修理汽车的人是我叔叔。误 The man is mending the car is my uncle.正 The man who / that is mending the car is my uncle.析 关系代词在定语从句中充当主语时不可省略。本句还可以译为：The man mending the car is my uncle.（-ing形式短语mending the car作the man的后置定语。）3昨晚送你回家的那个人是谁？误 Who is the man who sent you home last night?正 Who is the man that sent you home last night?析 当主句为含有who的疑问词且先行词指人时，关系代词用that而不用who；同样，当主句是含有which的疑问词且先行词指物时，关系代词用that而不用which。如：Which is the book that you bought yesterday? 哪本书是你昨天买的？（此句中的关系代词在句中作宾语，可以省略。）4这只风筝是你父亲昨天为你扎的吗？误 Is this kite your father made for you yesterday?正 Is this kite the one (that) your father made for you yesterday?析 若把this看作kite的修饰语，短语this kite为主句的主语，这时我们可以看出主句中缺少表语，即定语从句的先行词，所以应加上代词the one。如果我们把this看作代词，作句子的主语，那么kite应为句子的表语，则可以看出先行词kite前缺少定冠词the。故本句还可改为：Is this the kite your father made for you yesterday?（句中省略了关系代词that/ which。）5他们谈了许多他们所知道的人和事。误 They talked about a lot of things and persons what / who / which they knew.正 They talked about a lot of things and persons that they knew.析 先行词既指人又指物时，应用that来引导定语从句。what 不可以用来引导定语从句。6她告诉我的就这些。误 This is all which she told me.正 This is all (that) she told me.析 当先行词为all, none, one, any, few, little, everything, anything, nothing等或名词前有序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词只能用that。另外，本句还可译为：This is what she told me. 不过此时what引导的是表语从句，而不是定语从句。7我还记得我在北京度过的日子。误 I still remember the days when I spent in Beijing.正 I still remember the days (which / that) I spent in Beijing.析 定语从句中引导词的选择关键是看先行词在定语从句中充当什么样的成分，或者说定语从句中缺少什么成分。如果从句缺少主语、表语、宾语，则引导词通常为which, that, who, whom, as；如果缺少定语，则用关系代词whose；如果缺少状语，则用关系副词when, where, why。分析例句的成分可知，从句中缺少谓语动词spent的宾语，故应用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句。若把例句变为：I still remember the days I enjoyed myself in Beijing. 则定语从句中缺少时间状语，故此时应用关系副词when。8这是我们明天要讨论的问题。误 This is the problem about that well talk tomorrow.正 This is the problem about which well talk tomorrow.析 “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；指物时，关系代词用which。另外，有些固定短语如look after, listen to等，一般也不能将介词提到关系代词之前。9从这儿可以看到屋顶的那幢建筑物是镇里最大的超市。误 The building, which roof can be seen here, is the biggest supermarket in town.正 The building, whose roof can be seen here, is the biggest supermarket in town.析 分析句意可知，building和roof之间存在所属关系，故应用whose, whose在引导定语从句时既可指人，又可指物，通常可与of which互换使用，因此本句还可以表示为：The building, the roof of which（或of which the roof）can be seen here, is the biggest supermarket in town.。10他们昨晚看了一部影片，影片讲述的是关于美国内战的故事。误 They saw a film last night, that tells about the American Civil War.正 They saw a film last night, which tells about the American Civil War.析 that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。11人没有空气就不能生存，这是很自然的。误 Which is very natural, man cant live without air.正 As is very natural, man cant live without air.析 which, as都可以引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语、表语、宾语。但which引导的从句只能放在主句之后，而as引导的从句位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句中或句末。12他是今天早晨迟到的学生之一。误 He was one of the students who was late this morning.正 He was one of the students who were late this morning.析 在“one of + 复数名词”结构中，定语从句的先行词是复数名词，故谓语动词应用复数；在“the only one of + 复数名词”的结构中，定语从句的先行词是one，故谓语动词应用单数。如：She is the only one of the students in our class who has ever been to Beijing. 她是我们班惟一去过北京的学生。13我的家乡已不再是十年前的样子了。误 My hometown is no longer the town which it used to be ten years ago.正 My hometown is no longer the town (that) it used to be ten years ago.析 当先行词在定语从句中充当表语时，关系代词一般只能用that。另外，先行词是there be结构中的主语时，关系代词也常用that，口语中这两种情况中的关系代词that也可省略。如：There is a park (that) we often visit on Sundays.练习、定语从句一、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句：1. The fan is on the desk. You want it.2. The man is in the next room. He brought our textbooks here yesterday.3. The magazine is mine. He has taken it away.4. The students will not pass the exam. They dont study hard.5. The woman is our geography teacher. You saw her in the park.6. The letter is from my sister. I received it yesterday.7. The play was wonderful. We saw it last night.8. The train was late. It was going to Nanning.9. The boy is my brother. He was here a minute ago.10. The tree is quite tall. He is climbing it.11. Here is the girl. Her brother works in this shop.12. Thats the child. We were looking at his drawing just now.13. This is the boy. His sister is a famous singer.14. I want to talk to the boys. Their homework havent been handed in.15. Is that the woman? Her daughter is in my class.16. He used to live in a big house. In front of it grew many banana trees.17. They passed a factory. At the back of the factory there were rice fields.18. The soldier ran to the building. On the top of it flew a flag.19. In the evening they arrived at a hill. At the foot of the hill there was a temple.20. She came into a big room. In the middle of it stood a large table.二、根据句子意思，在第一个空白处填入介词，在第二个填入关系代词whom或which:1. The person _ _ I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.2. The pencil _ _ he was writing broke.3. Wu Dong, _ _ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.4. The two things _ _ Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.5. Her bag, _ _ she put all her books, has not been found.6. The stories about the Long March, _ _ this is one example, are well written.7.October1，1949 is the day the Peoples Republic of China was founded.8.Ill never forget the time we worked on the farm.9.Do you remember the afternoon we first met three years ago?10.This is the place we first met.11.The hotel we stayed wasnt very clean.12.I recently went to the town I was born .13.Id like to live in a country there is plenty of sunshine .14.I didnt get a pay rise, but this wasnt the reason I left.15.The reason he was late was that he missed his train.三、选择填空：1. The man _ visited our school yesterday is from London.A. whoB. whichC. whomD. when2. The woman _ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.A. whoseB. whoC. whomD. which3. Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. as4. Do you remember those days _ we spent along the seashore very happily?A. whenB. where C. whichD. who5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera _ he lost last week.A. whichB. thatC. whomD. as6. Those _ want to go please sign their names here.A. whomB. whichC. whoD. when7. Where is the man _ I met this morning?A. whenB. whereC. whichD. who8. Who is the woman _ is sweeping the floor over there?A. whoB. /C. thatD. when9. The man _ you talked just now is a worker.A. whoB. whomC. to whomD. to who10. The man _ you are going to make friends is my fathers neighbor.A. with whomB. whenC. to whomD. which11. The doctor _ is leaving for Africa next month.A. the nurse is talking to himB. whom the nurse is talkingC. the nurse is talking toD. who the nurse is talking12. The man _ around our school is from America.A. which you showedB. you showed himC. you showedD. where you showed13. He talked about a hero _ no one had ever heard.A. of whomB. from whomC. about thatD. who14. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions _ were asked in French.A. whereB. whoC. in whichD. which15. Have you read the book _ I lent to you?A. thatB. whomC. whenD. whose16. Finally, the thief handed over everything _ he had stolen to the police.A. that B. which C. whateverD. all17. The foreign guests, _ were government officials, were w