[毕业设计]超声波清洗机设计及制造(完美整理版)

1目录引言3第一章超声波清洗机原理与结构.4第一节超声波清洗的原理和特点.4第二节超声波清洗机的结构和参数设定.5第二章超声波发生器设计.6第一节超声波发生器的选择.6第二节超声波振荡器设计.7第三节超声波放大器设计8第四节高频驱动和匹配电路.10第三章超声波换能器计.11第一节换能器的选择.11第二节换能器设计计算（此处删除500字）.12第四章清洗槽计16参考献.17附录一：工艺规程制订与并行工程附录二：ProcessPlanningandConcurrentEngineering2超声波清洗机摘要：a1a0a2a3a4a5a6a8a7a10a9a12a7a13a11a14a16a17a15a18a19a20a21a22a23a24a25a26a27a28a30a31a29a32a33a34a36a24a35a37a38a37a39a40a41a42a43a44a45a46a47a39a48a42a37a38a49a50a48a42a51a52a37a53a42a54a37a39a42a55a56a57a58a59a39a60a61a62a63a40a41a64a24a35a43a44a65a66a42a67a68a42a69a70a69a71a72a48a42a73a69a74a58a39a42a75a76a77a78a79a62a63a50a48a16a28a80a81a82a62a77a46a83a84a48a16a85a80a86a87a50a48a61a88a80a89a90a57a91a92a39a63a93a94a24a35a43a44a95a96a97a98a42a99a98a77a100a42a91a24a101a102a39a103a42a104a49a57a86a19a39a105a60a61a106a107a108a109a20a110a111a59a43a44a62a112a113a23a24a35a114a115a64a116a105a57a117a118a119a44a20a120a121a24a105a30a122a123a124a125a117a96a62a37a123a124a16a126a74a127a37a128a129a130a131a132a133a20a110a111a59a134a135a39a136a110a111a137a37a138a139a140a141a133a62a63a138a82a16a142a143a47a64a123a120a110a111a59a138a82a21a144a43a44a30a145a24a110a111a59a146a147a148a97a149a47a150a151a152a153a154a155a43a44a156a151a138a82a157a123a120a158a159a160a161a16a122a43a44a93a162a163a164a165a120a121a24a105a166a167a142a43a44a166a168a20a169a170a16a171a43a44a172a173a174a175a176a177a30a178a96a179a117a11a180a181a114a37a16a135a182a153a183a184a185a186a187a20a114a188a189a82a64a190a191a192a193a30关键词：a110a111a59a61a43a44a62a61a134a135a393UltrasonicwasherAbstract:ultrasoniccleaningbeganintheearly1950s,withthedevelopmentoftechnologyapplicationwidening.Currentlyhasbeenwidelyusedinelectronicindustry,semiconductordevice,cleaningtubepartsandprintingcircuit,relays,switchesandfilter;etc.Mechanicalindustryforthecleaninggears,bearings,dieseloil,fuelfilter,valvesandothermechanicalparts,suchasengineandmissilecomponents,suchaswatchofsmallparts,Again,suchasopticalandmedicalequipmentusedforwashingvariousaspectslens,glassesandframe,glassware,medicalandsurgicalinstruments,etc.;adjustedThedesignofultrasoniccleaningmachineismainlyusedinthefamilyofkitchenutensilsandappliancesandsomedifficultlifewashing.Thisproductisakindofmechanicalandelectricalproducts,throughthepiezoelectricmaterialsmadeofultrasonictransducerwillexceedaudioelectricaloscillationintomechanicalvibration,ultrasonicvibrationinliquidincleaning.Usingultrasoniccanpenetratesolidmaterialandmakethecleaningmediumvibrationandproducecavitationbubbles,thecleaningmethodforanylifeappliancedoesnotexistinacorner,andnotcleanedcleancleanlinessisveryhigh.Thisnewgenerationoffashionablehomeappliance,canmakepeoplefromthehousework.Keywords:ultrasonic,Cleaner,transducer4引言超声波是一种超过人类听力频率范围的声波，具有频率高、方向性准、穿透能力强等特点，广泛应用于清洗、距离测量、医学等领域。超声清洗始于2O世纪5O年代初，开始主要用于电子、光学和医药等领域，作为一项实用性很强的技术，其应用场所广泛，涉及到大的机械零部件，小半导体器件的清洗等，常常称作g256g7092g2059清洗g257。超声波清洗的主要特点是g17907g5242g5567、g6940g7536g3921、g4493g7143实g10628g5049g1006g6523g2058等g19036g4557g3809g7446g5049件g15932g19766，g3926g12366g12360、g1997g1996处，g7234g17902清洗方g8873很g19602实g10628，g13792g18331用超声波g4613g2499g1209g14731g5483很g3921的g6940g7536。g19555g11540声g2282学的g1998g10628g994应用，g1889配g2524g1363用g17878g5415的g9354g9094，g16855节清洗g9094g18252g11909g5242等，清洗g6940g7536g7368g39215第一章超声波清洗机原理与结构1.1超声波清洗的原理和特点g3282g20是超声波清洗的原理g3282，换能器g4570超声频电能g17728换g6116机械振动g5194g17902过清洗g8145g3733向g11439g3324g8145g1025的清洗g9094g17764g4568超声波。g4396g3324于g9094体g1025的g5506g8680g8885g11称为g12366g2282g7692g12g3324声波的作用g991振动，g5415声g2399g6122声强g17810到一定g1552g7114，g8680g8885g17817g17907g3698g19283，g9994g2530g12373g9994g19393g2524。g3324g8680g8885g19393g2524g7114，g1147生g1926g1999波，g3324g8680g8885g2620围g1147生g20g19一g20g19g51g68的g2399力及g4628部高g9213，g17837种g10301理g10628g16949称为超声g12366g2282。g12366g2282所g1147生的g5052大g2399力能g11784g3363g993g9354性g8757g10301g13792g1363g4439g1216g2010g6967于g9354g9094g1025。g14988g8785g3423g12366g2282g4557g8757g3446g4630的g11464g6521g2465g3809g1926g1999，一方g19766g11784g3363g8757g10301g994清洗件g15932g19766的g2572g19480，g2490一方g19766g1075g1262g5353g17227g8757g10301g4630的g11142g2183g11784g3363g13792g14085离。g8680体g3423g8680g8885的振动g4557固体g15932g19766进行擦洗，g8757g4630一旦有缝g2499钻，g8680g8885还能g256钻入g257裂缝作振动，g1363g8757g3446g14085落。由于g12366g2282作用，两种g9094体g3324界g19766g17817g17907g2010g6967g13792乳g2282，g5415固体粒子被油g8757裹g11540g13792g19480g3324清洗件g15932g19766g7114，油被乳g2282，固体粒子自行g14085落。超声g3324清洗g9094g1025传播g7114g1262g1147生正负交变的声g2399，g1926g1999清洗件，同g7114由于非线形g6940应g1262g1147生声流和g5506声流，g13792超声g12366g2282g3324固体和g9094体界g19766上g1262g1147生高g17907的g5506声流，所有g17837些作用能够g11784g3363g8757g10301，除去g6122削弱边界g8757g4630，g3698加搅拌、扩g6967作用，加g17907g2499g9354性g8757g10301的g9354解，强g2282g2282学清洗剂的清洗作用。g3282g20超声波清洗机原理g3282由此g2499见，凡是g9094体能浸到声场g4396g3324的地方都有清洗作用，g13792且清洗g17907g5242g5567、质量高，特别g17878g2524于清洗件g15932g19766形状g3809g7446，g3926g12366g12360、狭缝等的细致清洗，g7143于实g10628清洗自动g2282。g4557一般的除油、防锈、磷g2282等g5049艺过程，g3324超声波作用g991只6需两三g2010钟即g2499完g6116，其g17907g5242比传统方g8873g2499提高几倍到几十倍，清洁g5242g1075g17810到高标准。g3324某些场g2524g991g2499g1209用水剂代替有机g9354剂进行清洗，g6122降低g18252g11909的浓g5242。g4557于一些有损人体健康的清洗，g3926清洗放g4568性g8757g10301g2499g1209实g10628遥g6523和自动g2282清洗。超声清洗也有其局限性，例如对声波反射强的材料如金属、陶瓷和玻璃等清洗效果好，而对声波吸收大的材料如布料、橡胶以及粘度大的污物清洗效果差。1.2超声波清洗机的结构和参数设定g11g20g12超声波清洗机结构设计超声波清洗机主要由超声波发生器、超声换能器和清洗g8145组g6116，其结构g3926g3282g20。超声波发生器g45705g19Hz的交流电g17728换g6116超声频电振荡信号g2530，g17902过电缆输送给超声换能器。清洗g8145是g11439放清洗g9094和被清洗零部件的g4493器。g112g12参数设定为了实g10628超声波清洗的高g6940率，应g5415选择最佳的声强、频率及清洗g8145声场g2010布等参数。g5049作频率选g33242g195g19kHz之间。低频声波的g12366g2282g8680g8885大、数量少，g7143于清洗较粗糙g10301品。高频声波g12366g2282g8680g8885小、数量多，g7143于清洗精细且形状g3809g7446的g10301品。本超声波清洗机用于清洗较粗糙的生活用具，所g1209g18331用低频2g19kHz。清洗g9094g18331用碳氢清洗g9094，碳氢清洗g9094具有g1209g991特点：清洗性能g3921，g14988发损失小，g7092毒，材料相g4493性g3921，g993g11784g3363环境，价格便宜。7第二章超声波发生器设计2.1超声波发生器的选择超声波发生器也称作超声电源，g4439是一种用g1209g1147生超声频电能g5194向超声换能器提供的装g13634。g6365g10043所g18331用的g5049作原理，g2499g1209g6238超声波发生器g2010为g8181g6323电路和数字电路两大类。g8181g6323电路超声波发生器g2460g2010为振荡一放大g3423和g17882变g3423两种。本设计g18331用振荡一放大g3423超声波发生器，其结构g7706g3282g3926g32822所g12046。g4439是一g1022g5114有振荡电路的放大器，由振荡、放大、匹配电路和电g9316组g6116。振荡器g1147生一定频率的信号，放大器g4570其放大到一定的g2163率输g1998。g17810到最佳负g17745g1552，g17902过输g1998变g2399器进行g19471g6251匹配，g5194g17902过g2163放输g1998。g32822振荡g16放大g3423超声波发生器结构g7706g3282振荡g7477件：g1186结构上g11487，正g5370波振荡器g4613是一g1022g8821有输入信号的、g5114选频g13605g13488的正g2465g20316放大器。g3282g22g15932g12046g6521正g2465g20316g7114放大器g3324输入信号1Xg32g19g7114的方g7706g3282，g12628g2282g991g5483g3282g23。由g3282g23g2499g11705，g3926g7536g3324放大器输入g12483g20g3818g6521一定频率，一定g5145g5242的正g5370波信号g59g68，g13475过g3534本放大器和g2465g20316g13605g13488所构g6116的环路输g1998g2530，g3324g2465g20316g13605g13488的输g1998g124832g5483到g2465g20316信号g59g73g994g59g68g3324大小和相g1313上都一致，g2029g2499g1209除去g3818g6521信号g59g68，g4570g20、a194a195a196a197a198a196a199a200a196a201a202a203a204a205a206a19682两g12483g17842g6521g3324一g17227g11g3926g3282g1025g15406线所g12046g12g13792形g6116g19393环g13007统，其输g1998g12483g2499g13499g13505g13512g6357g994开环g7114一g7691的输入信号，即fXg32aX。g3282g22正g5370波振荡器方g7706g3282g3282g23正g5370波振荡器方g7706g3282AFg729AFg7291振g5145g5191g15925g7477件AFa207a208a209a210a211a212Aa213a214a215a216a217a212Fa2139和ag14fg322g81pig81g32g19g15g20g152g15g22g258g258相g1313g5191g15925g7477件g17837两g1022g5347子是正g5370波振荡器g1147生g6357g13505振荡的两g1022g5529要g7477件。振荡器的振荡频率fg19是由相g1313g5191g15925g7477件g1927定的。一g1022正g5370波振荡器只g3324某一g1022频率g991g9397g17287相g1313g5191g15925g7477件，g17837g1022频率g4613是g73g19g15g17837g4613是要g8726g3324AF环路g1025g2265g2559一g1022具有选频特性的g13605g13488。g4439g2499g1209设g13634g3324放大器g36g1025，g1075g2499g1209设g13634g3324g2465g20316g13605g13488g41g1025，g4439g2499g1209用g53、g38g1815件组g6116，g1075g2499g1209用g47、g38g1815件组g6116。g8454g1363振荡器能自行g5326g12447振荡，g4613g5529g20047g9397g17287AFg730g20的g7477件。g17837g7691g3324g6521g17902电g9316g2530，振荡器g4613g2499g1209自行g17227振，最g2530g17247于g12295g5589g5191g15925。2.2超声波振荡器设计由于g55g47g23g28g23价格便宜g13792且性能g1260g17246，设计g18331用由开g1863g12295g2399g3371g55g47g23g28g23构g6116的振荡器。振荡器电路见g32825g32825振荡器电路g328210g4570g55g47g23g28g23的5g14062g11g38g55g12和g25g14062g11g53g55g12g6521定g7114g1815件电g19471g53和电g4493g70，即g2499g17227振，振荡器g5049作频率由g991g5347g1927定：fg32610.8171.4210RC+g11ZHg12由于频率选为2g19kZH由上g1856g5347g5483g53g38g32g19g175g285g27g1046101Sg15振荡器输g1998方波的g2356g12366比是换能器g1147生的超声波强g5242的g1927定g3252g13044。g17902过给g55g47g23g28g23的g23g14062加g1209一定的g11464流电g2399g4613g2499实g10628g2356g12366比g16855g6984。定g7114g1815件由电g4493g38、电g19471g53g20和电g1313器g532构g6116，g16855节电g1313器g532即g2499实g10628频率的g16855g6984。本机供电电g9316为g202g57，g18331用的是g6524g6417g5049作方g5347。电g19471g53g22g11g20g19kg52g12和电g1313器g53g23g11g20g19kg52g12构g6116g2010g2399电路，g8527g2318g7114间g6523g2058g12483的电g1313应界于2g7145g7945g57之间。g16855节电g1313器g53g23g1146g2499实g10628超声波的强g5242g16855节。2.3超声波放大器设计（g20）超声波放大器的选择超声波放大器的作用是g4570振荡信号放大g14279所需电g5191。放大部g2010g2499g1209是g2345g13435的，g1075g2499g1209是多g13435的，主要g11487输g1998g2163率的需要。g7101g7411的超声波发生器g1363用电子g12661g1582放大器件，g10628g3324g2029g7234g17953g18331用g7242体g12661（三g7509g12661、场g6940应g12661和g44g37g42g55器件）。g17829年g7481g17246g7481g17246多的g2390g4490g18331用g2163率g19610g6116电路g1582超声波发生器的放大器件。g11458g2081g5049g1006上广泛g1363用的超声波发生器g3534本上被g7242体g12661电路g3416g7041。g994电子g12661发生器相比，g7242体g12661发生器的g1260点g3324于体g12227小、g18337量轻、g6940率高。但g1186g2490一方g19766讲由于受到方向g1999穿电g2399、最大g19610电g7509电流、最大g19610电g7509耗g6967g2163率参数的限g2058，通常一对晶体管的最大输出功率只能达到百瓦级。要提高g7242体g12661发生器的输g1998能力，除了有赖于高性能器件g3818，还g5529g20047g18331用高g6940率的电路。传统的甲类、乙类、丙类放大器是g6238有g9316器件作为电流g9316g5049作。g3324g17837些放大器g1025，g7242体g12661g5049作g3324伏安特性曲线的有g9316g2318。g19610电g7509电流受g3534g7509激励信号g6523g2058作相应变g2282。g112g12低g2399驱动电路本机g18331用高g2399小电流g2163放电路，由两只三g7509g12661和耦g2524变g2399器构g6116，见g3282g25。为了避免两只g2163放g12661同g7114导g17902，导致内部g2163耗g3698加，两g12661的导g17902g7114间g5529g20047错开，g1363g4439g1216g3324交替g5049作g7114有一段同g7114截止的g7114间。为此，三g7509g12661g51g20和g512g4557振荡器的输g1998作g2465相处理，三g7509g12661选用g51Ng51g3423的g2755g19。低g2399驱动电路所用的电g9316是g11464流11g202g57，g13792g2163放电路的电g9316是交流22g19g57，g3324三g7509g12661g2530加入一g1022耦g2524变g2399器，完g6116高低g2399隔离的任务。g3282g25低g2399驱动电路g3282g11g22g12g2163放匹配电路g2163放电路g3926g32827所g12046。电路由两g1022g57MOSg2163率场g6940应g126612SK7g28g20构g6116。具有线性g5242高、频率响应g3921、开g1863g17907g5242g5567等g1260点，是理想的开g1863g1815件。但其g1863g7041特性g3324电流小g7114g5194g993理想，g991降沿有拖尾。12g32827g2163放电路2.4高频驱动和匹配电路超声发生器g994一般放大器的一g1022g18337要g2318别g3324于g4439的匹配电路部g2010。一般放大器g994负g17745之间的匹配只牵涉到g19471g6251变换，g13792超声波发生器g994负g17745之间的匹配g2029除了g19471g6251变换之g3818，还有一项很g18337要的内g4493g16855谐，即选用一定g1552的g19471g6251g1815件，g1363之g3324g5049作频率上g994负g17745g1025的电g6251g6116g2010谐振。只有g3324同g7114进行了g19471g6251变换和g16855谐之g2530，g6984g1022g13007统才算是g17810到了匹配，换能器才能正常g5049作。高频驱动和匹配电路g3926g3282g2713g3282g27高频驱动和匹配电路超声波清洗机g1025的匹配电路是g4570发生器输g1998的电能送往换能器的g17902道。匹配电路虽g9994结构g12628g2345g11g17902常只有一g1022匹配电感g12，却具有g18337要作用。相同g3423号的清洗机，匹配g16855g5483g3921的清洗g6940g7536g3921；匹配g16855g5483差的g2029清洗g6940g7536差。g4557同一台机器g13792言，g3926g7536g5049作一段g7114间g2530清洗g6940g7536变差，g6122者换能器g13475过g7368换，都需要g18337新g16855g6984匹配。g994一般电子设备的匹配有所g993同，超声清洗机的匹配除了要解g1927变g19471问题g11即变换负g17745的g19471g1552，g1363之g994发生器的最佳负g17745g1552相等g12g3818，还要解g1927g16855谐问题，即用匹配电感的感g6251抵消换能器的g4493g6251，g1363换能器呈纯g19471性。技术人员g17902常是根据各自的g13475验进行匹配。例g3926，有人g3324改变清洗g8145水g1313g7114观察电流的变g2282，g3926g7536电流变g2282处于一定范围之内，同g7114g12661子g993发热，g12366g2282声强，便认为匹配已g16855g3921。g1075有人让机器g12366g17745g7114稍，g5506呈电感性，g13792g3324加g17745g2530g17728变为纯g19471状g5589。g17837些g13475验都是g17878用的。但g3324已有g13475验的g3534础上，g1889掌握匹配的原理，g4613g2499g1209g3324匹配g7114有的放矢，g7368加主动，g1186g13792收到事半g2163倍的g6940g7536。14第三章超声波换能器设计3.1换能器的选择用于超声清洗的换能器有两种类g3423g714一是磁致伸缩换能器，g2490一种是g2399电换能器，磁致伸缩换能器g17837种换能器的电声g6940率比较低g714g13792且金属镍材料价格昂贵，g2058造g5049艺g3809g7446，所g1209g11458g2081很少g18331用。还有一种用铁氧体材料g1582g6116的磁致伸缩换能器，虽g9994其电声g6940率比较高，但机械强g5242低，所能承受的电g2163率g4493量小，g3252g13792g11458g2081我国g1075很少应用。g11458g2081我国主要g18331用g2399电换能器，g3252为g17837种换能器的电声g17728换g6940率高g714原材料价格便宜，g13792且便于g2058造g993同的结构，g1209g17878应g993同的清洗要g8726。g2399电换能器g2460有很多种g3926圆柱形、喇叭形等。g13475过g4557比最g2530确定选用喇叭形夹心g2399电换能器作为此次的换能器。换能器是用g7481进行能量g17728换的器件，是g4570一种形g5347的能量g17728换为g2490一种形g5347的能量的装g13634。g3324声学研究领域g1025，换能器主要是指电声换能器，g4439能实g10628电能和声能之间的此处删除500字1cossinNaN=222(1)(1)1sincosNNbjNN=+sincj=151cossinNd=+且1/212(/Nss=）a218kl=g19471g6251的g2465变换为dWbZcWa+=节g19766g3324g2081g2530盖板g19283g5242g9397g17287：322323tan()tan()wlwlZccZ=tan1NN=由上g5347g5483320lmm=210lmm=137.25lmm=17.5dmm=260S=mmg32829喇叭形换能器结构16g3282g20g19等截g19766细棒g19471g6251变换0000Zsc=LZ17第四章清洗槽设计清洗g8145由内g8145和g3818壳组g6116g714内g8145的g3818g15932g19766g11一般g3324g8145底g3818g15932g12粘结超声换能器，g8145内g11439清洗g9094g714g8145一般用耐腐蚀的g993锈钢板g2058g6116，过于厚g1262影响声的g17764g4568g714g8145的内g3733，尤其是粘有换能器的g17764g4568板要g5191g6984抛光，g993能有伤痕，否g2029g7143g1147生g12366g2282腐蚀，缩短g1363用寿命g714为避免被清洗g5049件g11464g6521g994g8145g3733板g6521触g13792划伤，一般用镂g12366吊篮g11g13605篮g12g6122g6915g7562g4570清洗件g5760吊g3324清洗g9094g1025g714g13605篮的g20604g7562应g4625g2499能地小g13792轻，一般用g993锈钢g1009g13546g6116g6122用其g4439g2465g4568声g14403g3921的材料g1582g6116g714结构上要使超声波受阻小而清洗液易于流动g714内g8145的g4622g4556要根据清洗件的大小和形状g13792定g714清洗件的g5647g15932g19766g12227g993应大于内g8145的体g12227g714粘有换能器的g17764g4568板g11g3926g8145底板g12所承受的电g2163率强g5242一般低于g20g7145g58g715g70g802g11用g2399电换能器g7114g714大多数应g3324g19g7145g794g20g90g715g70g802之间g12g714过高的强度会加速辐射板表面的空化腐蚀，同时由于过剧烈的空化所产生的气泡会影响能量传递，使远离辐射面的液体空间声强变弱而达不到均匀清洗的目的g714g3324g7234g17902的清洗g8145g1025，由于液面的反射，在清洗槽中会产生的驻波，g1363g5483g3324g9094体g12366间有些g2318域声g2399最小g11波节处g12，有些地方声g2399最大g11波g14157处g12g13792造g6116清洗g5190g1940程g5242g993g3355g2260g714为g1955少g20559波的形g6116，有g7114清洗g8145的形状要特别设计，g6122g18331g2474其g1194g6526g7057，例g3926g6207频g5049作方g5347g714清洗件g3324g8145g1025的g6502g2027要有一定的间隔，g13792最g12376小的g19766应g7409向换能器的g17764g4568g19766，g1209免g3964g11873声g17764g4568到g6984g1022清洗g8145g12366间内g8145g4622g4556为g23g19g19g104g22g25g19g1042g19g19g80g80，超声波g2163率为5g19g19g10938；g3818g8145g4622g4556为g232g19g104g23g28g19g104g22g27g19g80g80；超声波发生器电路g12677为22g23g104g20g19g19g104g20g225g80g80，由g1857g1022g11464g5464为g23g175g8639g12871的g15758g13453固定。18参考文献a219a220a221a222a223a224a225a226a227a228a229a230a231a219a232a221a225a233a234a229a235a236a237a238a239a240a241a241a242a243a220a244a219a240a221a245a246a247a248a226a227a249a250a251a230a231a219a252a221a248a253a254a255a36a0a1a239a240a241a241a240a243a23a244a219a43a221a44a2a3a47a4a5a225a50a6a228a229a230a231a219a232a221a225a52a7a8a229a235a9a234a236a237a238a239a240a241a241a23a243a220a244a219a56a221a57a10a11a60a12a13a225a50a6a228a229a14a15a219a232a221a225a65a16a229a235a9a234a236a237a238a239a240a241a241a17a243a68a244a219a242a221a69a18a19a225a72a20a230a231a2a21a219a232a221a225a75a22a24a25a236a237a238a239a220a68a26a17a243a23a244a219a23a221a80a27a28a248a83a224a229a235a250a251a29a30a31a32a33a34a35a37a38a39a219a232a221a248a32a254a87a40a239a240a241a241a56a243a240a244a219a17a221a96a41a42a245a45a46a225a101a48a49a248a104a72a51a53a54a55a51a53a54a58a219a232a221a248a110a59a237a112a65a16a9a234a236a237a238a239a240a241a241a242a243a68a24419附录一:工艺规程制订与并行工程a61a62a63a64a66a67a70a71a73a61a64a62a63a66a67a74a76a77a78a79a78a81a78a82a78a84a85a86a88a89a78a90a84a90a91a92a79a78a90a93a94a95a113a97a9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