Carbon Alloys碳合金材料教程英文原版材料科学教程教材教案讲义

Carbon Alloys碳合金材料教程英文原版材料科学教程教材教案讲义 CARBON ALLOYSNOVEL CONCEPTSTO DEVELOPCARBON SCIENCEAND TECHNOLOGYE.YASUDA,M.INAGAKI,K.KANEKO,0,A.OYA&Y.TAN ELSEVIERCARBON ALLOYSNovel Conceptsto DevelopCarbon Scienceand TechnologyElsevier ScienceInter Homepage-:/hvww.elsevier. Consultthe Elscvierhomepage forfull catalogueinformation onall books,journals andelectronic productsand scrvices.Related JournalslProduetsFree specimencryygladly senton request.Elsevier Science Ltd,The Boulevard.Langford Lane,Kidlingtun,Oxford,OX5IGB,UK AppliedSurface ScienceCarbon ChemicalPhysics ChemicalPhysics LettcrsDiamond andRelatcd MaterialsJournal ofPower SoursSurface andCoatings TechnologySurfa ScienceThin SolidFilms ElsevierTitles ofRelated InterestBURCHELL Carbon Materials forAdvanced TechnologiesISBN:008-042683-2DRESSELHAUS&DRESSELHAUS Scienceof Fullercsand CarbonNanotubes:Their Properties and ApplicationsISBN:0122218205INAGAKl NewCarbons-Control ofStructure and Functions ISBN:008-043713-3MARSH ActivatcdCarbon CompendiumISBN:008-044030-4TANAKA,YAMABE&FUKUl TheSci and Technology of Carbon NanotubcsISBN:008-042696-4To Contactthe PublisherElscvicr Scienceweles enquiriesconcerning publishing proposals:books,journal specialissues,conference procdings,etc.All formatsand mediacan bonsidered.Should youhdvc apublishingproposalyou wish to discuss,please contact,without obligation,the publisherresponsible forElsevicrs materialschemistry programmc:lain CraigPublishing EditorElsevier ScienceLtd The Boulevard,Langford LanePhone:f441865843631Kidlington,Oxford Fax:+441865843920OX5IGB,UK E-mail:i.craigelsevicr. Generalenquiries,including placingordcrs,should bedirected toElscvicrs RcgionalSales Officesplease aessthe Elsevierhomcpage forfull contactdetails(homepage detailsat thctop of this page).CARBON ALLOYSNovel Conceptsto DevelopCarbon Scienceand TechnologyEdited byEi-ichi YASUDAMichio INAGAKIKatsumi KANEKOMorinobu END0Asao OYAYasuhiro TANABExxAMSTERDAM-BOSTON-LONDON-NEW YORK-OXFORD-PARIS SANDIEGO-SAN FRANCISCO-SINGAPORE-SYDNEY-TOKYO ELSEVIERSCIENCE LtdTheBoulevard,Langford LancKidlington,Oxford OX5IGB,UK0xxElsevier ScienceLtd.All rightsreserved.This workis prottedundcr copyrightby Elsevier Science,and thefollowing termsand conditionsapply toits use:Photocopying Singlephotocopies ofsinglc chaptersmay bcmade forpersonal useas allowcdby nationalcopyright laws.Permission of the Publishcrand paymentof afee is rcquired for all otherphotocopying,including multipleor systematiopying,copying foradvcrtising orpromotional purposcs,resale,and allforms ofdocumt dclivery.Special ratesare availablefor educationalinstitutions thatwishtomakc photocopiesfor non-profit cducationalclassroom use.Permissions maybe soughtdirtly fromElsevierSciencevia theirhomepagc(.clsevier.)by scltingCustomer supportand thenPermissions.Altcrnatively youcan sdan c-mail to:permissions(clscvier.,or faxto:(f44)1865853333.In theUSA,users mayclear pcrmissionsand makcpayments through the CopyrightClearance Center,Inc.,222Roscwood Drive,Danvcrs,MA01923,USA;phone:(+1) (978)7508400,fax:(+1) (1)definitions andapproaches to carbon alloys; (2)analyses ofresults in terms ofcontrolling thelocations ofother alloyingelements; (3)typical carbon alloys and their preparation; (4)characterization ofcarbon alloys;and (5)development andapplications ofcarbon alloys.Prior to the preparationof thisbook,and asa spin-off fromthe carbonalloy project,we publishedaCarbonDictionary(in Japanese)with thecollaboration ofProfessor K.Kobayashi,Professor S.Kimura,Mr.I.Natsume andAgune-shoufu-sha Co.,Ltd.The bookis publishedwith thesupport ofa Grant-in-Aid forPublication ofScientific ResearchResults (145309),provided bythe JapanSociety forPromotion of Science(JSPS).All workersinthisproject aregrateful forthe receiptof aidfromtheGrant-in-Aid forScientific Researchon PriorityArea(B)288,CarbonAlloys.We arealso gratefultothesixty-four researchers,eight projectleaders andthe evaluatingmembers ofthe teamwho promotedthe CarbonAlloys project(see overleaf).On apersonal note,I wouldlike toexpress mythanks toMs.K.Marui,Ms.M.Kimura,Ms.Y.Hayashi,Ms.Y.Kobayashi andMs.M.Sasaki fortheir secretarialroles.I mustalso thankProfessor M.Inagaki forreviewing themanuscripts andProfessor H.Marsh forcorrecting theEnglish ofall thirty-four chaptersofthisbook.I thankProfessor T.Iseki forhis centralrole leadingtothepublication ofthe book.Finally,my sincerethanks goto ElsevierScienceLtd.for publishingthisbookand forediting themanuscripts priorto publication.Ei-ichi YasudaProfessor ofMaterialsand Structures LaboratoryToo Institute of TechnologyXiV MembersoftheCarbonAlloysProject supportedby Grant-in-Aid forScientific Researchon PriorityArea(B)288:Masahiko Abe(Science Univ.of Tokyo),Kazuo Akashi(Science Univ.of Tokyo),Noboru Akuzawa(Tokyo Nut.College of Tech.),Norio Arai(Nagoya Univ.),Yong-Bo Chong(Res.Znst.for AppliedScience),Morinobu Endo(Shinshu Univ.),Toshiaki Enoki(Tokyo Znst.of Tech.),Mitsutaka Fujita(Univ.of Tsukuba),Hiroshi Hatta(The Znst.of SpaceandAstronaut.Science),Shojun Hino(Chiba Univ.),Hisako Hirai(Univ.of Tsukuba),Yoshihiro Hirata(Kagoshima Univ.),Yoshihiro Hishiyama(Musashi Inst.of Tech.),Masaki Hojo(Kyoto Univ.),Hideki Ichinose(The Univ.of Tokyo),MichioInagaki(Aichi Znst.of Tech.),Hiroo Inokuchi(Nut.Space Dev.Agency ofJapan),Masashi Inoue(Kyoto Univ.),Kunio Ito(The Univ.of Tokyo),Osamu Ito(Tohoku Univ.),Shigeru Ito(Science Univ.of Tokyo),Hiroshi Iwanaga(Nagasaki Univ.),YasuhiroIwasawa(The Univ.of Tokyo),Kiichi Kamimura(Shinshu Univ.),Katsumi Kaneko(Chiba Univ.),Tomokazu Kaneko(Tokai Univ.),Teiji Kat0(Utsunomiya Univ.),Yoshiya Kera(Kink Univ.),Masashi Kijima(Univ.of Tsukuba),Shiushichi Kimura(Yamanashi Univ.),Tokushi Kizuka(Nagoya Univ.),Kazuo Koba-yashi(Nagasaki Univ.),Akira Kojima(Gunma Collegeof Tech.),Yozo Korai(Kyushu Univ.),Shozo Koyama(Shinshu Univ.),Noriyuki Kurita(Toyohashi Univ.of Tech.),Katsuki Kusakabe(Kyushu Univ.),TakashiKyotani(Tohoku Univ.),Koji Maeda(The Univ.of Tokyo),Takeshi Masumoto(Tohoku Univ.),Takashi Matsuda(KitamiInst.of Tech.),Michio Matsuhashi(Tohi Univ.),Yohtaro Matsuo(Tokyo Inst.of Tech.),Michio Matsushita(Tokyo Metropol.Univ.),Yoshitaka Mitsuda(The Univ.of Tokyo),Kouichi Miura(Kyoto Univ.),Mikio Miyake(Japan Adv.Znst.ofScienceandTech.),Hiroshi Moriyama(Toho Univ.),Seiji Motojima(Gifu Univ.),Tsuyoshi Nakajima(Kyoto Univ./Aichi Znst.of Tech.),Yoshihiro Nakata(Hiroshima Univ.),Yusuke Naka-yama(Ehime Univ.),KeikoNishikawa(Chiba Univ.),Hirokazu Oda(Kansai Univ.),Zenpachi Ogumi(Kyoto Univ.),Kiyoto Okamura(Osaka PrefUniv.),Tatsuo Oku(Ibuuuki Univ.),Takehiko Ono(Osaka PreJUniv.),Chuhei Oshima(Waseda Univ.),Asao Oya(Gunma Univ.),Riichiro Saito(The Univ.of Electro-Commun.),Hidetoshi Saitoh(Nagaoka Univ.of Tech.),Hiroyasu Saka(Nagoya Univ.),Mototsugu Sakai(Toyohashi Univ.of Tech.),Makoto Sasaki(Muroran Znst.of Tech.),Shiro Shimada(Hokkaido Univ.),Minoru Shiraishi(Tokai Univ.),Takashi Sugino(Osaka Univ.),Kazuya Suzuki(Yokohama Nut.Univ.),Noboru Suzuki(Utsunomiya Univ.),Takashi Suzuki(Yamanashi Univ.),OsamuTakai(Nagoya Univ.),Yoshiyuki Takarada(Gun-ma Univ.),Yoshio Takasu(Shinshu Univ.),Tsutomu Takeichi(Toyohashi Univ.of Tech.),Hisashi Tamai(Hiroshima Univ.),Hajime Tamon(Kyoto Vniv.),Yasuhiro Tanabe(Tokyo Inst.of Tech.),Takayuki Terai(The Univ.of Tokyo),Akira Tomita(Tohoku Univ.),Hidekazu Touhara(Shinshu Univ.),Norio Tsubokawa(Niigata Univ.),Shinji Tsuneyuki(The Univ.of Tokyo),Yasuo Uchiyama(Nagasaki Univ.),Kazumi Yagi(Hokkaido Univ.),Tokio Yamabe(Kyoto Univ.),Osamu Yamamoto(Kanuguwa Znst.of Tech.),Takakazu Yamamoto(Tokyo Inst.of Tech.),Hiromi Yamashita(Osaka PrefUniv.),Toyohiko Yano(Tokyo Znst.of Tech.),Eiichi Yasuda(Tokyo Znst.ofTech.).Part1Introduction3Chapter1Introduction Ei-ichi Yasudaand MichioInagakib aMaterialsandStructuresLaboratoiy,Tokyo Instituteof Technology,Midori-ku,Yokohama226-8503,Japan bAichiInstituteofTechnology,Yakusa,Toyota470-0392,Japan Abstract:Carbon materialshaving awide rangeof structure,texture andproperties areclassified aordingto theirC-C bonding,based onsp,sp2orsp3hybrid orbitals.Ashort historyof thesecarbon materialsis dividedinto basicscience,materials developmentand technologydevelopment.The carbonfamily isposed ofdiamond,graphite,the fulierenesandthecarbynes,each memberbeing uniqueintermsof structureand texture,and alsotheir abilityto aeptforeign atomslpounds into theirstructures.Basedonthese considerations,a newstrategy forthe developmentofcarbon materials,called carbonalloys,hasbeenimplemented inJapan whichhas resultedin suessfor developmentsin carbonscience andtechnology.Keyword:Carbon materials,Classic carbons,New carbons,Carbon family,Carbon alloys.1A ShortHistory Carbon materials have attracted theattention ofhuman beingsfrom prehistorictimes.Carbon materialsinclude charcoalsused asheat sources,diamond crystalsused notonly asjewels butalso forcutting andabrasion,graphite aslubricants andelectrical conductors,and carbon blacks asblack printinginks.Graphite electrodes,essential formetal refining,are stillproduced intonnage quantities.Carbon blacksof differentsizes havemany applications:the smallones fortyres andthe largefor wetsuits,etc.Activated carbonsare importantmaterials forsupporting ourmodern lifestyle.These threecarbon materials(electrode graphites,carbon