冠词和方位介词的讲解.doc

冠词（a,an,the）,方位介词的用法I、冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。一、不定冠词（a/an）的用法：a用于辅音前；an用于元音前。请注意以下2点：1. 拼写以辅音字母开头读音却以元音开头的单词hourn, honest, honor等单词的拼写虽然以辅音字母h开头，但其读音却以元音开头，因此，前面要用等单词的拼写虽然以辅音字母an。可熟记下面这句话：An hour ago, an honest man accepted an honorable task. (一小时前，一位诚实的人接受了一项光荣的任务。2.拼写以元音字母开头读音却以辅音开头的单词useful ju:sful, university, usual, European, united, one-eyedwnaid, one-way等单词的拼写虽然以元音字母开头，但其读音却以元音开头，因此，前面要用a等单词的拼写虽然以元音字母开头，但其读音却以辅音开头。可熟记下面这句话：In a university, a European and a one-eyed man walk along a one-way road with a usual tool. This is a usual thing. (在一所大学里，有一个欧洲人和一个独眼龙拿着有用的工具沿着一条单行道行走，这是件平常的事。1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.不定冠词的记忆口诀：冠词a, an两种帽，单数可数名词要；选帽只要听读音，不看字母能做到；元音因素来开头，一定需要选an帽；辅音因素带a帽，记住规律莫乱套。二、定冠词的用法：1表示特指的人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于西洋乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar，play the piano5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6在复数姓氏前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前I live on the third floor.8用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称，机关团体，阶级等专有名词前the United States, 美国the Communist Party of China,中国共产党 the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国9在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s10用于方位名词前Guangzhou lies in the south of China.11用于一些习惯用语中by the way顺便问一下，in the day 在白天 in the morning.在早上the day before yesterday前天, the next morning.第二天早上in the sky.在天空中 in the dark.在黑暗中in the end.在末尾，在结束 定冠词记忆口诀：特指双方熟悉，上文已经提及； 世上独一无二，方位西洋乐器；某些专有名词，外加复数姓氏；序数词最高级，习惯用语要特记。三、 零冠词的用法：1当专有名词为人名、地名、国家名，物质名词，抽象名词表示泛指时前不用冠词Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring3表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.4学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.5与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land6名词前面有物主代词，指示代词，不定代词或者名词的所有格修饰时His book is on the desk.7 表示不可数名词或泛指的复数名词前Rice is very important to our country.Horses are useful animals.零冠词记忆口诀：下列情况应免冠，代词限定名词前； 专有名词不可数，学科球类三餐饭； 复数名词表泛指，两节星期月份前； 颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。注意：当school, church, market, bed等表示“处所”的名词指的不是具体的地点时，前面通常不用加冠词，表目的go to school去上学 go to bed 去睡觉 go to church 去做礼拜 in hospital 住院in bed 生病卧床当加上定冠词the,意义就又不一样了go to the school 到学校去 go to the bed 到床边去 go to the church 去教堂 in the hospital 在医院 in the bed 睡在床上常见的这类名词有：bed，university，sea，class，school，hospital, home, town, market等。三、课堂针对训练1. 冠词的针对训练填入适当的冠词1.well make _ card for our English teacher.2. The bus is running about seventy miles_ hour.3. Mary is interested in _ science.4. Some people dont like to talk at _ table.5. Last night I went to_ bed very late.6. Dont worry. We still have _ little time left.7. What _ beautiful day! And what _ fine weather!8. In _ winter it is cold in _ Beijing and warm in _Shanghai.9. John is_ cleverest boy in his class.10. We cant live without _ water or _ air.II、 方位介词： 一、用in表时间的场合 （1）表示“在某年/月/季节”这个含义时，须用介词in。例如： She came to this city in 1980.他于1980年来到这个城市。 It often rains here in summer.夏天这里常常下雨。 （2）表示“从现在起一段时间以后”时，须用介词in。例如： They will go to see you in a week.他们将在一周后去看望你。I will be back in a month.我将在一个月后回来。 （3）表示“在某世纪”时，须用介词in.例如: This machine was invented in the eighteenth century.这台机器是在18世纪发明的. Great changes took place in the twenty-first century.21世纪发生了巨大变化. （4）表示“在某年代或特定世纪某年代”时，须用介词in。例如：This incident happened in the 1970s.该事件发生在20世纪70年代。 The Anti-Japanese War broke out in the 1930s.抗日战争爆发于20世纪30年代。 除此之外，morning / evening / afternoon 三个词也常跟介词in连用。例如： Dont watch TV too much in the evening.晚上看电视不要太多。 They sometimes play games in the afternoon.他们有时在下午做游戏。 二、用on表时间的场合 （1）表示“在具体的某一天”或“（在具体的某一天的）早上、中午、晚上”等，须用介词on。例如： Jack was born on May 10th,1982. 杰克生于1982年5月10日。 They left on a rainy morning.他们是在一个雨天的早上离开的。 He went back to America on a summer afternoon.他于一个夏天的下午返回了美国。 （2）表示“在星期几”或“在星期几的早上、中午、晚上”等，须用介词on。例如： We dont go to school on Saturday and Sunday.我们星期六和星期天不上学。 What time do you get up on weekdays? 你在平日什么时候起床？ I heard this story on Saturday morning.我是在星期六的早晨听到这个故事的。（3）表示“在某一节日”时，须用介词on。例如： We usually eat mooncakes on Mid-autumn Festival.我们通常在中秋节吃月饼。 Mr Hu received a card on Teachers Day.胡老师在教师节那天收到了一张卡片。 注意：当morning,evening,afternoon被of短语修饰，习惯上用in,而不用on.例如： in the early morning of September 10th 在9月10的清晨；in the late afternoon of September 12th 在9月12日的傍晚。三 用at 表时间的场合（1）时间的一点、时刻等。如： They came home at sunrise （at noon, at midnight, at ten oclock, at daybreak, at dawn）. （2）较短暂的一段时间。可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。如： He went home at Christmas （at New Year, at the Spring Festival, at night）. 注意：一、at，in，on的区别1. at表示地点： （1）用于指较小的地方。如： I shall wait for you at the station. （2）用于门牌号码前。如： He lives at 115 Zhongshan Road. 2. in表示地点： （1）用于指较大的地方。如： He lives in Shanghai. （2）虽然是很小的地方，如果说话人住在那里，也可用in。商店、学校、机关等，若看作一个地点（point）用at，若看作一个场所（place）用in。如： I met him at the post-office. Im now working in the post-office. 3. on表示地点，一般指与面或线接触，意为“在上；在旁”。如： The picture was hanging on the wall. New York is on the Hudson Rive二above, over, on, up表示“在上”之间的区别 1. above指“上方”，表示相对高度，不一定在正上方，其反义词为below。如：Were flying above the clouds. 2. over指“在正上方”，表示垂直上方，其反义词为under。如： The bridge is over the river. 3. on表示“在上面”，与物体表面接触，与beneath相对。如： There is a map on the wall. The earth felt soft beneath our feet. 4. up表示动作的方向往上，反义词为down。如： Please hang the picture up.三across与through的区别across是介词，有“横跨，横穿，穿越”之意。across与go/walk等动词连用表示“穿过，越过，横穿”的意思。与cross基本同义，也是表示从物体表面经过。如，The Great Green Wall is across the northwest ofChina.绿色长城横跨中国西北。Go across the road , you will find the post office on your left.横过这条公路，你会发现邮局就在你的左边。through是介词，“在.之中，透过”的意思，常与go,walk等动词连用，表示“穿越，横穿”等意思。主要表示从物体内部穿过。如穿过森林、隧洞等。例句，The two friends were walking through the forest.这两个朋友正沿着森林走。The sunlight comes through the glass.阳光透过玻璃。2.方位介词的针对训练选择填空( ) 1. Children get gifts _ Christmas and _ their birthdays.A. on; on B. at; on C. in; in D. in; on( ) 2 _ a cold winter morning, I met her in the street.A. In B. On C. At D. For( ) 3 .A lot of students in our school were born_March, 1981.A. in B. at C. on D. since( ) 4 .he suddenly returned_ a rainy night.A. on B. at C. in D. during( )5. The train is starting_five minutes.A. in B. at C. for D.still( ) 6 .Is the street too narrow for the bus to go _?A. through B. across C. on D. in( ) 7. Mike does his exercises _ seven _ the evening.A. on; to B. at; in C. by; of D. at; on( ) 8. A mother camel was walking _ her son _ the desert.A. without; along B. with; through C. next to; pass D. beside; through( ) 9 .The river runs_ the city.A. across B. through C. over D. from( ) 10. It took us over an hour to walk_ this street.A. from B. through C. over D. across复习巩固一、选择填空1. There is _ house in the picture. There is _old woman near_house. A. an; a; the B. a; an ; the C. the ; a; an D. a; the; an2. He has already worked for _ hour.A. the B. an C. a D. 不填3. Alice is fond of playing _ piano.A. the B. an C. a D. 不填4.- Where is Jack? - I think he is still in _ bed, but he might just be in _bathroom. A. 不填；不填 B. the; the C. the;不填 D. 不填; the5.When do you have _breakfast every day? A. a B. an C. the D. 不填6.There is _ apple on the desk.A. a B .the C. an D.不填7Granny took one look at us her glassesA by B through C on D in8. My brother joined the army A 1989， March B in March， 1989 C March，1989 D 1989， in March 9. People in the western countries enjoy a long holiday _ Christmas. A. at B. in D. for D. on10. There is an accident _ the crossroads _ midnight _ last night.A. atat不填 B. inatin C. onon不填 D. byonat11. The twins got on well their classmates.A to B in C with D about12 - When did Mr Green arrive in London?-He arrived there the evening of December 6th.A at B in C on D to13.Mr Black will go back to England_.A .by air B .by a plane C. by trains D. at a train14.There is “h” in the word “hour”， but “h”doesnt make a sound.A. a ，a B. a， the C. the，an D .an， the15.I want to try again. Please give me third chance again.A .a B. the C. an D. 不填二. 句子改错。每句中有一个错误，请改正。1. July is a seventh month of the year.2. We wait here for half a hour.3. Students often play the football after school.4. Its an European wolf.5. They often have a supper in a restaurant.6. Smiths are talking happily.7. Are you from the America?8. Panda live in China.9. On the Sunday we