电气工程专业英语

电路 electric circuit电气工程electrical engineering电机electric machine自然科学physical science电气设备 electrical device电器元件 electrical element正电荷positive charge负电荷negative charge直流direct current交流alternating current电压voltage导体conductor功work电动势electromotiveforce电势差potential difference功率power极性polarity能量守恒定律the law of conservation energy变量variable电阻 resistance 电阻率resistivity绝缘体insulator电阻器resistor 无源元件passive element常数constant电导conductance短路short circuit开路open circuit线性的linear串联series并联parallel电压降voltage drop等效电阻equivalent resistance电容器capacitor电感器inductor储能元件storage element电场electric field充电 charge放电discharge动态的dynamic电介质dielectric电容capacitance磁场magnetic field电源power supplu变压器transformer电机electric motor线圈coil电感inductance导线conducting wire绕组wingding漏电阻leakage resistance电子系统electronic system结构图block diagram功能模块functional block放大器amplifier滤波器filter整形电路wave-shaping circuit振荡器oscillator增益gain输入阻抗input impedance带宽bandwidth晶体管transistor集成电路integrated circuit电力电子power electronics数字信号处理digital signal-processing输出装置output device模拟信号analog signal数字信号digital signal传感器transducer采样值sample value模数转换器analog-to-digital converter频谱frequency content采样频率sampling rate or frequendy扰动disturbance分立电路discrete circuit数字化信号digitized signal运算放大器operational amplifier有源电路active circuit电子部件electronic unit封装package 管脚pin同相端noninverting terminal反相输入inverting input电路图circuit diagram压控电压源voltage-controlled voltage source开环增益open-loop gain闭环增益closed-loop gain负反馈negative feedback正饱和positive saturation线性区linear region电压跟随器voltage follower等效阻抗equivalent impedance逻辑变量logic variable位bit数字字digital word字节byte半字节nibble与运算AND operation真值表truth table与门AND gate非门NOT gate或门OR gate加号addition sign 与非门NANA gate异或运算XOR operation逻辑表达式logic expression二进制binary system正逻辑positive logic负逻辑negative logic参考方向reference direction理想变压器ideal transformer电气绝缘electrical isolation阻抗匹配impedance matching电力electrical pewer绝缘变压器isolating transformer电压互感器voltage transformer电流互感器current transformer原边绕组primary winding工作频率operating frequency配电变压器distribution transformer电力变压器power transformer磁通密度flux density磁场magnetic field铁芯变压器iron-core transformer大功率high-power空芯air-core磁耦合magnetic coupling小功率lower-power励磁损耗magnetizing loss磁滞损耗hysteresis loss涡流eddy current励磁电流exciting current漏磁通leakage flux互磁通 mutual flux线圈coil芯式core form壳式shell form高压绕组high-voltage winding磁链flux linkage电动势electromotive force有效值root mean square value匝数比turns ratio视在功率apparent power匝数the number of turns 升压变压器step-up transformer降压变压器step-down transformer电动机motor发电机generator机械能mechanical energy电能electrical energy电磁的electromagnetic 直线式电动机linear motor同步电机synchronous machine感应电机induction machine定子stator转子rotor气隙air gap轴shaft电枢armature励磁绕组field winding无功功率reactive power制动状态braking mode稳态steady-state相序phase sequence反响制动plugging滞后电流lagging current励磁电抗magnetizing reactance启动电流starting current变频器frequency changer感应电势induced voltage逆变器inverter周波变换器cycloconverter换向器commutator自动控制automatic control控制器controller扰动disturbance期望值desired value压力pressure液位liquid level被控变量controlled variable方框图block diagram传递函数transfer function工程控制process control伺服系统servomechanism流率flow rate加速度acceleration前向通路forward path补偿correction反馈通路feedback path闭环closed-loop开环open-loop输出output增益gain手动调节manual adjustment变送器transducer误差error控制方式control mode比例控制proportional control积分控制integral control微分控制derivative control执行元件manipulating element调节时间setting time残差residual error不确定度uncertainty观测数据observations采样sample算术平均arithmetic average期望值expected value标准偏差standard deviation下限lower range limit上限upper range limit跨度span分辨率resolution死区dead band灵敏度sensitivity阈值threshold可靠性reliability过量程overrange恢复时间recovery time过载overload过量程极限overrange limit漂移drift准确性accuracy误差error重复性repeatability系统误差systemic error再现性reproducibility校准calibration线速度linear velocity角速度angular velocity弧度radian测速仪tachometer增量式编码器incremental encoder定时计数器timed counter稳定性stability接口interface调节器conditioner开关switch执行器actuator电磁阀solenoid valve连续控制系统sequential control system触点contact常开normally open常闭normally closed限位开关limit switch继电器relay延时继电器time-delay relay接通电流pull-in current开断电流drop-out current电机启动器motor starter接触器contactor自锁触点holding contact整流器rectifier变流器converter逆变器inverter二极管diode阳极anode阴极cathode正向偏置forward biased反向偏置reverse biased阻断block稳压二极管zener diode晶体管transistor 集电极collector基极base发射极emitter共发射极common-emitter双向晶闸管triac正半周positive half-cycle触发电流trigger circuit功率容量power capability功率器件power device晶闸管thyristor导通conduction正向阻断 forward-blocking通态on-state关断状态off-state反向击穿电压reverse breakdown voltage漏电流leakage current电流额定值current rating漏极drain门极gate缓冲电路snubber circuit均流current sharing额定电压rated voltage可控开关controllable switch相控phase-controlled充电器charger工频line-frequency变换器converter整流rectification逆变inversion可逆调速revesible-speed再生制动regenerative barking关断时间turn-off time纯电阻负载pure resistive load脉动ripple感性负载inductance load周期time period带内部直流电动势的负载load witn an internal DC voltage波形waveform换相commutation稳态steady state交流侧AC-side延时角delay angle交点intersection电力系统power system发电厂generating plant发电机generator负荷load输电网transmission nerwork配电网distribution network电electricity天然气natural gas原理图schematic diagram锅炉boiler热效率thermal efficiency风力wind power断路器circuit breaker变电所substation故障fault过电压overvoltage击穿值breakdown value过电流over current可靠性reliability继电器relay触点contact电流互感器current transformer合闸线圈operating coil分闸线圈trip coilCircuit theory is also valuable to students specializing in other branches of the physical science because circuit are a good model for the study of energy system in general,and because of the applied mathematics,physics,and topology involved.电路理论对于专门研究自然科学其他分支的学生来说也十分有价值，因为电路一般可以很好地作为能量系统研究的模型，并且电路理论涉及应用数学、物理学和拓扑学的相关知识。Charge is an electrical property of the particles of which matter consists,measured in coulombs.电荷是组成物质的原子微粒所具有的电气属性，其单位为库仑。The common term signal is used for an electric quantity such as a current or a voltage when it is used for conveying information.当像电流或电压这样的电量用于传递信息时，常称这个电量为信号。These laws,known as Ohms Law and Kirchhoffs Laws, form the foundation upon which electric circuit analysis is built.欧姆定律和基尔霍夫定律是电路理论的基础，电路分析就建立在这些定律的基础之上。Georg Simon Ohm(1787-1854), a German physicist, is credited with formulating the current-voltage relationship for a resistor.德国物理学家乔治西蒙欧姆，因提出了电阻的电流电压关系而享誉世界。Such an equivalent resistance is the resistance between the designated terminals of the network and must exhibit the same i-u characteristics as the original network at the terminals.这样的一个电阻是在网络的指定两端等效，并且在这两端等效电阻具有与原网络相同的伏安特性。The unit of capacitance is the farad(F),in honor of the English physicist Michael Faraday(1791-1867).电容的单位是法拉（F），是为纪念英国物理学家迈克尔法拉第（1797-1878）而命名的。It takes power from the circuit when storing energy in its field and returns previously stored energy when delivering power to the circuit.当电容器在电场中储能时，它从电路中吸收功率；当电容器向电路提供功率时，它就释放先前存储的能量。But in order to enhance the inductive effect,a practical inductor is usually formed into a cylindrical coil with many turns of conducting wire.为了增加电感的感应作用，实际的电感器通常是由许多匝导线绕制成的圆柱形线圈构成的。The unit of inductance is the henry(H), named in honor of the American inventor Joseph Henry(1979-1878).电感的单位是亨利，是为纪念美国发明家约瑟夫亨利而命名的。Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the change of current flowing through it ,measured in henrys.（H）电感器具有与流经它的电流变化相反的特性，用电感来描述这一特性，其单位为亨【利】（H）.Electronic systems control fuel mixture and ignition timing to maximize performance and minimize undesirable emissions from automobile engines电子系统控制燃料混合和点火定时，以使汽车发动机的性能最佳、尾气排放量最少。By comparing the time of arrival of the signals and by using certain information contained in the received signals concerning the orbits of the satellites ,the position of the vehicle can be determined.通过比较信号到达的时间，采用包含在接收信号中的与卫星轨迹相关的信息来对交通工具进行定位。The amplitude of a typical analog signal is plotted against time in Fig.4.2(a)典型的模拟信号的幅值随时间变化的曲线如图4.2（a）所示Digital signals are binary ;however,more levels are sometimes useful.数字信号是二进制的；不过，有时也采用其他多进制。Each sample value is represented by a 3-bit code word corresponding to the amplitude zone into which the sample falls.每个采样值都可以用一个与采样所规定的幅值区域相对应的3位编码字来表示。Thus,when a DAC converts the code words to form the original analog waveform ,it is possible to reconstruct only an approximation to the original signal- the reconstructed voltage is in the middle of each zone .因此，当数模转换器将编码字转换为原模拟波形时，复现一个与原始信号相近的信号是可能的-复现的电压位于各自区域的中心。Op-amps are commercially available in integrated circuit packages in several forms.用集成电路封装的几种形式的运算放大器在实际中应用广泛。An input applied to the noninverting terminal will appear with the same polarity at the output,while an input applied to the inverting terminal will appear inverted at the output.输出与加到同相端的输入极性相同，而与加到反相端的输入极性相反。Although the power supplies are often ignored in op-amp circuit diagrams for the sake of simplicity ,the power supply currents must not be overlooked.为了简单起见，尽管在运算放大器的电路图中常省略了电源，但来自电源的电流一定不能忽略。Although we use the addition sign(+) to represent the OR operation ,manipulation of logic variables by the AND,OR,and NOT operations is different from ordinary algebra.尽管我们用加号来表示或运算，但是逻辑变量的与或非运算与普通的代数运算是不同的。If the inputs to a NAND are tied together ,an inverter results.如果将与非门的两个输入端连到一起，与非门就变成了反相器。The OR operation can be realized by inverting the input variable and combining the results in a NAND gate .将输入变量取反后再用与非门组合在一起就能实现或运算。In either case ,the magnetic cores are made up of stacks of laminations cut from silicon-steel sheets.无论哪种铁芯都是从硅钢片上剪下的铁芯叠片叠装而成的。Most laminated materials are cold rolled and often specially annealed to orient the grain or iron crystals.大多数叠片材料需要经过冷轧加工，而且经过特殊的退火处理后可使晶体获得各向异性。A large reduction in leakage flux can be obtained by further subdividing and sandwiching the primary and secondary turns,however,at considerable cost.进一步细分绕组 并增加原边和副边的匝数可以大大降低漏磁通，但成本却提高很多 。The coils employed in shell-form transformers are usually of a pancake form unlike the cylindrical forms used in the core-form transformer,where the coils are placed one on top of the other and the low-voltage winding is placed closer to the core with the high-voltage winding on top.芯式变压器的线圈采用圆柱结构，与之不同的是，壳式变压器的线圈通常采用饼形结构。芯式变压器中一个线圈位于另一个之上，并且高压线圈在上，低压线圈更靠近铁芯。Such conversion is facilitated through the action of a magnetic field.在磁场的作用下这样的转换变得更为方便。In the braking mode of operation,a three-phase induction motor running at a steady-state speed can be brought to a quick stop by interchanging two of its stator leads.运行在稳态转速的三相感应电机通过互换两根定子接线就可以运行在制动状态并快速停下来 。With a cylindrical rotor the reluctance of the magnetic circuit of the field is independent of its actual direction and relative to the direct axis.圆柱形转子的磁场 磁路的磁阻与直轴有关，而与磁场的实际方向无关。It is highest when the field is directly halfway between the poles ,that is .along the quadrature axis.当磁场正好处于磁极中间时，也就是沿着交轴方向时，磁阻 最大。Examples of small DC motors include those used for small control devices ,wind-shield -wiper motors,fan motors ,starter motors,and various servomotors.小型直流电机的例子包括小型控制装置中所用的电机、风档刮水电机、风扇电机、启动器电机及各种伺服电机。Application example for larger DC motors include industrial drive motors in conveyors,pumps,hoists,overhead cranes.forklifts.fans,steel and aluminum rolling mills, paper mills, textile mills, various other rolling mills, golf carts,electrical cars,street cars or trolleys,electric trains, electric elevators, and large earth-moving equipment.传送带、泵、起重机、高架起重机、铲车、风机、钢和铝轧机、造纸机、纺织机、其他各种轧钢机等工业拖动中所使用的电机，高尔夫球手推车、电动车、电车、电气火车、电梯以及大型运土设备中所用的电机都是大型电流电机的应用实例。Obviously, DC machine application are very significant ,but the advantages of the DC machine must be weighed against its greater initial investment cost and the maintenance problems associated with its brush-commutator system.显然，直流电机的应用非常有意义，但是也存在初期成本投入较高、由电刷-换向器而带来的维修困难，应用时一定要权衡其利弊。Many complex control systems are included among the functions of the human body.在人体的各种功能中包含许多复杂的控制系统。A block diagram consists of a block representing each component in a control system connected by lines that represent the signal paths.方框图由表示控制系统每个元件的模块组成，这些元件由代表信号通路的信号线连接。The process block represents everything performed in and by the equipment in which a variable is controlled.过程模块代表被控变量所在装置完成的每件任务和通过装置执行的每件任务。Finally ,the change in the manipulated variable drives the controlled variable back toward the set point .最后，控制变量的改变带动被控变量向设定值方向变化 。The mean gives us an estimate of the expected value of an observation ,but it gives no idea of the dispersion or variability of the observation.平均值给出了对观测数据期望值的估计，但不能指出观测数据的偏移和变化。Operating characteristics include details about the measurement by ,and operation of effects on the measuring instrument.运行特性详述了测量仪器的测量及测量仪器 所受影响的作用。Resolution ，dead band, and sensitivity are different characteristics that relate in different ways to an increment of measurement.分辨率、死区 和灵敏度以不同的方法描述了测量增量不同的特性。Repeatability and reproducibility deal in slightly different ways with the degree of closeness among repeated measurements of the same value of the measured variable .重复性和再现性以大同小异的方式论述被测变量在同一个值的重复测量中的接近程度 。A normally open switch will close the circuit path between the two terminals when the switch is actuated and will open the circuit path when the switch is deactuated.当驱动开关时，常开开关闭合两端子之间的电路通道；当撤除驱动后，开关断开电路通道。When an operator actuates a maintained-action switch,the contacts remain in the new position after the operator re