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幻灯片1Lecture 4 Negation in Business Translation幻灯片2句法翻译之一:否定句式 就词汇而言,英语中表示否定的词语比汉语多,按词分类,有名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等;从意义上分,有完全否定、部分否定、含蓄否定、双重否定等其他否定形式。就表达方式而言,有用单词表示的,也有用特殊结构表示的。先举个简单的例子: 1)Chinas negotiation over its WTO membership was not an easy task. 中国入世谈判不是一件轻而易举的事情。(客观评价) 2)Chinas negotiation over its WTO membership was no easy task. 中国入世谈判决非一件轻而易举的事情。(主观强调) 幻灯片3句法翻译之一:否定句式 在汉语中,“不”、“非”、“没有”等这些否定词都是直接放在被否定的词语前面的,但是在英语里,和谓语在一起的not有时并不是否定谓语动词,而是否定句子中的其他成分,可它又没有直接放在被否定的词语前面。因此就产生了判别否定对象的问题。如果把否定对象搞错了,全句的意思也就会弄错,甚至把意思弄反。在这方面我们主要考虑有这样几种情况: l 1)完全否定 2)部分否定l 3)形式否定 4)含蓄否定l 5)否定转移 6)双重否定 幻灯片4否定句式(1):完全否定 英语表示完全否定的词语有no, not, never, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neithernor等。含有这些词语的完全否定句一般情况下意思都是一目了然的,只要注意译文的表达,符合现代汉语习惯就行了。例如:There is no denying the fact that marketing research is an important factor in the success of a business. 不能否认市场调研是企业成功的一个主要因素。幻灯片5否定句式(2):部分否定 部分否定就是指整个句子所表达的意思或概念不是全部否定,而是既含有部分否定的意思,又含有部分肯定的意思。用在部分否定中的词语有:not every, not all, not both, not much, not many, not always等,部分否定句式常常译成“不都”、“并非”。而这类句子很容易被翻译成汉语的全部否定句。例如:* All that glitters is not gold. * We both cannot go.* You can not sell the cow and milk it .*All of the trade issues were not settled under the WTO framework. 这句话很容易被翻译成“所有的问题都没有在世贸组织框架下得到解决。”其实它的含义是世贸组织只解决了一部分问题,还有一部分没有解决,即:“并非所有的问题都在世贸组织的框架下获得解决”。而中文的“所有的问题都没有在世贸组织的框架下得到解决”应当翻译成 “None of the trade issues were settled under the WTO framework.”幻灯片6比较句式(2):部分否定l The US dollar is not strong at all times. 美元并不是在任何时候都是坚挺的。l China does not accept every economic condition that the US imposes on it.中国并不都接受美国施加的所有经济条件。 l European countries did not wholly join the euro zone. 欧洲国家并不完全加入了欧元区。幻灯片7l 带有不定代词或形容词all, both, each, every, everybody, everyone, everything等在否定句中做主语时,这种句子不是全部否定,而是表示部分否定,常常译成汉语的“不都是”、“并非都”。 l 副词always, wholly, entirely, completely, totally, altogether, everywhere, often, quite, enough, 以及 hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, few, little等在否定句中,表示部分否定。 a. Dialogs are seldom held between the two parities due to a lack of sincerity on the part of one party. b. Few of the countries have responded positively to the US trade policy.a. 因一方缺乏诚意,双方很少进行对话。b. 没有几个国家对美国的贸易政策做出积极反应。幻灯片8否定句式(3):形式否定 1.The importance of market research cannot be overstated. 市场调研的重要性无论怎样强调都不为过。 2. Our company could not get enough capital on this project. 在这个项目上,我们公司无论如何也得不到足够的资金。 3. Its a good workman that never blunders(犯大错). 智者千虑,必有一失。 * cannottoo; cannotover-;cannot enough等表示“无论怎样也不为过”,“越越好”,其意义是肯定的。 You cannot be too careful in your work. You cannot overestimate its importance.* It is a (an)形容词名词否定从句,这种结构表示肯定,往往翻译成“再也会”。 It is a good horse that never stumbles. 幻灯片9否定句式(3):形式否定 l How often have they not complained about the high prices we offer! 他们经常抱怨我方报价太高! l Manufacturers spend not a little on advertisements of products. (cf: not a bit)制造商在产品广告方面投入很多。 * 某些带not的疑问句、感叹句、陈述句同样表示肯定的含义。 * not () a little, no little, not () slightly的句子也表示肯定意义,可以译成“很多”,“非常”。幻灯片10否定句式(3):形式否定 6. He is old, none the less he works like a young man. 他虽然上了年纪,但是干起活来还像个年轻人。 He will forget all about it as likely as notHe will succeed as likely as notAs often as not the buses are late in peak hoursMore often than not conservative people look backward rather than forward 他很可能会把它忘得一干二净。他很可能会成功。 公交车往往在高峰时间晚点。保守的人们往往不是向前看,而是往后看。 *含有否定词而又不表示否定的固定词组有很多,常见的有as likely as not (很可能),more often than not,as often as not(往往,经常),none the less(依然,依旧)。 幻灯片11l The applicant was too eager to know the result of interview. 这位求职者迫不及待地想知道面试结果。 l The board of directors are only too pleased with the new acquisition proposal.董事会对新的收购提议非常满意。 * Too + ready 【apt, eager, easy, anxious, willing, inclined等(表示心理趋向的)adj.】时,不表示否定,而表示very和extremely的意思。* only (but, all ) + too + pleased (willing, delighted, glad, happy, satisfied等) + to,这种结构同样表示肯定意义。幻灯片12l The managing director could not read the long sales report other than cursorily. 这份销售报告太长,总裁只能草草地看一看。We are not participating, as Bidders, in more than one Bid in this bidding process, other than alternative offers in accordance with the Bidding Document. 请选择:1.按投标文件规定,我们作为竞标方,在投标过程中,只能投标 一次,而不提供其他报价方案。2.按投标文件规定,我们作为竞标方,在投标过程中,只能投标一次,这与出几个报价供挑选有所不同。3.作为投标人,除了根据投标文件参加一些备选(方案)报价外,我们不会在本投标程序中进行(超过一次的)多次投标。 * Notother than: 这个句式的原意是“除了就不”,通常表示肯定的意义,一般翻译成“就”、“只能”。 幻灯片13其他的形式否定1)Dont lose time sending this email message to the marketing department. 2)The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 3)All the articles are untouchable in the museum. 4)He didnt half like the girl. 5)I couldnt feel better. 6)I couldnt agree with you more. 7)If that isnt what I want! 8)I cant wait to see you! 9)I cant see you quickly enough. 幻灯片14否定句式(4):含蓄否定 含蓄否定是指英语中有些词或短语不与否定词连用,同样也可以表示否定的意义。 1. Its too good a business opportunity to miss.不能错过这样一个好商机。l 1)too形容词动词不定式: 这种结构通常表示否定含义,常常翻译成“太以至于”。幻灯片15否定句式(4):含蓄否定 2. It is a silly fish that is caught twice. 再蠢的鱼也不会上钩两次。 3. It is a good divine(牧师) that follows his own instructions. 能说者未必能行。l *在一些习语或谚语中,It is a that /who结构可以表示含蓄否定意义,一般翻译成“再怎样也不会”,“未必”的意思。这种结构与强调句式不同。 幻灯片16否定句式(4):含蓄否定 l China would have successfully purchased two early-warning planes from Israel but for the US intervention. (=without) 如果不是美国从中干预的话,中国就会顺利地从以色列手中购买两架预警飞机的。l Japan has begun offering HDTV on a limited basis, and some European countries will start within two years. The United States, yet to choose an official HDTV system, may lag slightly. 日本已经开始在有限范围内提供高清晰度电视,有些欧洲国家也将在两年以内开始。美国至今尚未选定法定的高清晰度电视制式,因此可能会稍稍落后。l * But that与but for表示“如果不是的话”、“若非”。 l * (Have) yet to: 尚未,还没有。 幻灯片17否定句式(4):含蓄否定 l The beauty of Hangzhou is more than I can describe. 杭州景色优美,无法用语言形容。 l The production manager has bitten off more than he can chew by taking a bigger order. 生产经理接受了一大笔订单,有些贪多嚼不烂。 l A bigger payroll is more than such a small business as he can afford.员工队伍过大是他这样的小企业无法承担的。 l *More than后面虽然是肯定形式,却表示否定意义。幻灯片18否定句式(4):含蓄否定 l Sixty percent of the people polled said that snails are the last things they would like to eat. 在接受民意调查的人当中,百分之六十的人说他们最不爱吃的东西是蜗牛。 l Young people are most welcomed by an enterprise as they are the least conservative. 年轻人深受企业欢迎,因为他们最不保守。 l The boss made me do one thing after another, which was the limit. 老板要我做完这个又做那个,真受不了。l * 有些句子含有The last, the least, the limit等表示极限的词组具有否定的意义,通常翻译成“最不可能的”,“最不合适的”。幻灯片19否定句式(4):含蓄否定 l What is the good of the US imposition of trade sanctions on China? 美国对中国实施贸易制裁是没有用的。 l When have you lost your heart? 你什么时候气馁过? l *某些疑问句在特定语言环境下具有与字面相反的意义,即暗含否定的意味,而且其否定语气一般比较含蓄。幻灯片20否定句式(4):含蓄否定 14. Such high prices are really beyond our means. 15. It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 16. She is still in two minds as to the merger proposal. 17. The staff are off work today. 18. The price campaign is far from over. 19. The American trade delegation was strongly criticized for having left Beijing before saying goodbye. *介词表示否定:英语中介词的使用非常活跃,有些介词可以表达否定意义,这些介词有from, off, beyond, past, in, out of, against, beside, without 等。幻灯片21否定句式(4):含蓄否定 20. The Chinese textile goods were denied entry into the European ports. (没有获准 )21. Some small and medium-sized enterprises have turned their attention to the rural areas to avoid competition from more powerful rivals. (不 与竞争)22. We expected the order to be smaller. (没有想到 )23. Its been five years since the two firms had a business transaction. (没有 )24. A lot of businesses are blind to the damage they have done to the environment in their development. (熟视无睹 )幻灯片22否定句式(4):含蓄否定 25. Absence of honesty on the part of the American trade delegation has resulted in repeated failures of the Sino-US trade talks. (不能坦诚相见 )26. He studied business communication at the university to the exclusion of other subjects. (没有 )l * 词汇表示否定:除了某些明显表示否定意义的副词和连接词之外,英语中有些词汇或词组也同样可以表示否定含义,例如某些词语本身具有“缺陷”、“短少”、“脱落”、“排除”、“忽略”、“不知”等属于消极方面的词义,这些也都属于否定含义的范围,翻译成汉语时一般可以译成否定意义,比如译成:“不是、没有、未能、免受、不够、无法”等。还有某些抽象名词如absence, ignorance, exclusion等,某些形容词短语如free of, far from, inferior to等都可以进行否定处理。 幻灯片23否定句式(5):否定转移 一般来说,英语中的否定词总是紧紧出现在被否定部分的前面,对其后面的部分进行否定,但有时否定词所否定的并不是紧随其后的部分,而是后面的其它部分,这就是否定的转移。如果对否定的转移缺乏足够的认识,就会造成理解和翻译上的错误。 1. I have not come to you for money. 我来不是找你要钱的。 2. We havent called the meeting to discuss this issue. 我们召开这个会议不是来讨论这个问题的。 3. China does not believe that permitting the RMB to trade freely is a good idea.中国认为允许人民币自由兑换不是个好主意。 幻灯片24否定句式(5):否定转移 4. They did not part good friends. (Q: good friends 语法成分?) 他们分手时感情不好(闹得不愉快)。 5. The oceans do not divide the world so much as unite it. 与其说海洋把世界分割开来,不如说把世界连接起来。 6. She did not marry you because you were a billionaire. 这句话可能有两个意思:一是“因为你是个亿万富翁,所以她没有嫁给你”;二是“她并没有因为你是个亿万富翁才嫁给你”,或者说“她嫁给你,并没有因为你是个亿万富翁”。那么如何来正确判断not到底否定的是哪一部分?应根据上下文和逻辑来判断.请看下例:幻灯片25否定句式(5):否定转移 l The talks could not proceed because the parties involved had opposing views.会谈无法继续进行,因为有关各方意见分歧。 l Airline companies didnt stop operation because of the rising oil prices. 航空公司并没有因为油价上涨而停止运营。l He does not think he is superior to others because his father is a high-ranking official. *如果把这句话它理解成“He thinks he is superior to others not because his father is a high-ranking official.”(他认为自己高人一等,不是因为自己的父亲是个高干),则整个意思就改变了。但是,如果把because从句提到前面的话,就变成了 “Beca

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