文体学Surface-structure-Deviation.ppt

Chapter2Surface structureDeviation Fourtypesofdeviation phonological graphological lexical andsyntactic2 1PhonologicalDeviation I OmissionA Aphesis 字首音省略 theomissionofaninitialpartofaword e g Thouonwhosestream midthesteepsky scommotion Loosecloudslikeearth sdecayingleavesareshed Commotion disturbanceandturbulence hubbub steep sheer LearnthenwhatmoralscriticsoughttoshowFor tisbuthalfajudge stas toknow AlexanderPope AnEssayonCriticism B Syncope 字中音省略 theomissionofamedialpartofaword e g Avoicesothrillingne erwasheardInspring timefromthecuckoo bird BreakingthesilenceoftheseasAmongthefarthestHebrides Wordsworth TheSolitaryReaper Notes Hebrides hebridi z adeepislandofEngland 3 C Apocope 字尾音尾脱落 theomissionofafinalpartofaword e g Tilla theseasgangdry mydear Andtherocksmeltwi thesunIwilllovetheestill mydear Whilethesandso lifeshallran Notes a all wi with o of Iwanderthro eachcharter dstreet Nearwherethecharter dThamesdoesflow AndmarkineveryfaceImeetMarksofweakness marksofwoe WilliamBlake London Theomissionsdiscussedaboveareconventionallicensesofversecomposition Theychangethepronunciationsoftheoriginalwordssothatthepoetmaybetterandmoreeasilyarrangesoundpatternstoachievetheirintendedcommunicativeeffects II MispronunciationandSub standardPronunciation inordertovividlydescribeacharacter theliterarywritermaychoosetolethischaractermispronouncecertainwordsorsimplypronouncetheminsub standardways MayGodstarveyeyet yelledanoldIrishwomanwhonowthrewopenanearbywindowandstuckoutherhead Yes andyou sheadded catchingtheeyeofoneofthepolicemen Youbloodymurtheringthafe Crackmysonoverthehead willyou youhard hearted murtheringdivil Ah ye T Dreiser SisterCarrie theoldIrishwomanwasdepictedasspeakinginasub standardfashion yefor you murtheringfor murdering divilfor devil andthafefor thief Theemploymentofsuchdeviantphonologicalfeatureshere itseems addsvividnesstothehappeningasifitwasthelivetransmissionofthescene Heraccentalsorevealsthatsheisaworking classwoman 7 III SpecialpronunciationThetrumpetofaprophecy O Wind Ifwintercomes canspringbefarbehind IV ChangeofstressTheaimofitisforsomeemotionoraffection A BillandJane brokethebluevase B Really BillandJane Youmustbekidding 8 2 2Graphologicaldeviation Itismeanttheencodingofmeaninginvisualsymbols Subcategory shapeoftext thetypeofprintandgrammetrics A Shapeoftext theshapeofaliterarypoemcanbedesignedinanunconventionalwaysothatitmaybesuggestiveofacertainliterarytheme 1 AChristmasTreeStarIfyouareAlovecompassionate Youwillwalkwithusthisyear Wefaceaglacialdistance whoarehereHuddledAtyourfeet byW S Burford Apagoda shapepoeminTheScholar 聊斋志异 呆秀才吃常斋胡须满腮经书不揭开纸笔自己安排明年不请我自来 AFoolishscholarFastedsolongWhiskerscoveredhischeeksNeglectingtostudytheclassicsHeleftpenandpaperasideHe llcomewithoutbeinginvitednextyear TranslatedbyYangXianyi GladyYang EasterWingsGorgeHerbertLord whocreatedstmaninwealthandstore Thoughfoolishlyhelostthesame Decayingmoreandmore TillhebecameMostpoore WiththeeOhletmeriseAslarks harmoniously Andsingthisdaythyvictories Thenshallthefallfurthertheflightinme Theshapeofthepoemstrikesusasmostunusualbecauseitisnotlikethatofaconventionalpoem Whenwelookmorecloselyatthewording andusesomeimagination wemaybegintospeculateonwhythepoethasdesignedthepoeminthisway Webecomeabletoappreciatetheuniquenessandtheoriginalityofthepoet sdesign Thetextlooksverymuchlikeabull seyeoratargetwithaseriesofconcentriccircles Mostinterestingly thelexicalitemsinthepoemsupportthisinterpretation Eachcirclefromtheoutsidetotheinsiderepresentsaprogressioninthedegreeofseriousnessofinjury Theinterpretationofthistypeofpoetrydependsmuchonwhatthepoemlookslike 14 B Typeofprint Literarywriterschoosetoexpresstheirideasbymanipulatingthetypeofprintwhichincludeitalics boldprint capitalizationanddecapitalization etc MeupatdoesMeupatdoesoutofthefloorquietlyStareapoisonedmousestillwhoaliveisaskingwhathaveidonethatYouwouldn thave e e cummings apoisonedmousewhostillalivedoesStarequietlyoutofthefloorupatMeisaskingwhathaveIdonethatYouwouldn thave 16 Explain Accordingtotheconventionofversecomposition thefirstletterofeachlineshouldbecapitalized However CummingsherebreachestheconventionbyonlycapitalizingthefirstletteroftheopeninglineandthatoftheclosinglinesothatthetwowordsMEandYOUstandoutandbecomestylisticallyprominent MeandYouarealsoinstrongcontrastwithi 17 Thepoetmayintendtohavethereaderseethattheaddresserconsidershimselftobesuperiortothemouse However theaddresserdoesnotseemtobesocalmandsoberasthepoisonedmouse forthemousespeaksmuchmoregrammaticallythanhedoes Thisshowssatiricallythefactthatthosewhoappeartobeimportantandpowerfulandareinapositiontomanipulateother sdestiniesmayinfactbeveryweakinwardly 18 Inotherwords theydoevilagainsttheirownconscience theycannothelprevealingtheiruneasyfeelings Sinceiistheself addressofthemouse thedecapitalizationmaydemonstratethatthemousewishestoshowitshumbleness ThecapitalizationofYouontheotherhandmanifeststhatthemousepaysmuchrespecttotheaddresser thehumanbeing Me atleastoutwardly 19 C Grammetrics 语法单位嵌入诗歌单位 Bygrammetricsismeantthewaysinwhichgrammaticalunitsarefittedintometricalunitssuchaslinesandstanzas Example ThisIsJusttoSayWilliamCarlosWilliamsIhaveeatentheplumsthatwereintheice box 20 andwhichyouwereprobablysavingforbreakfastForgivemetheyweredelicioussosweetandsocold 21 Explanation 1 Thetitleofthepoemdoesnotstandonitsown asisusuallythecase Itisthemainclauseofthefirstsentencewhichrunsoverthefirsttwostanzasofthepoem 22 Itmayimplicatethatpoemcanbereadasawholeandstressedtheunityofthediscourse thearousalofthereader sexpectationandinterest Everylineofthepoemcreatesapulling forwardeffect thoughtheremaybedifferencesinthedegreeofstrength Theoverallpulling forwardeffectbringsgreatimmediacytothesensuousexperiencebeingdescribedinthepoem 23 Thetitleandthefirststanzaofthepoem byconstantlyarousingsyntacticexpectationfromthereader Williamsseemstotrytogetthereaderinvolvedimmediatelyandactivelyinreadingthepoemandtogivegreatimmediacytowhatisdescribed Inthelaststanza theslowingdownofthepaceallowsthereadertosharethetasteofthepluminaleisurelymannerwiththespeakerI thusshowingthathelaysgreatemphasisonimmediatesensuousexperience 40 Love 24 25 26 3 3SyntacticDeviation Itreferstodepartureformnormal surface grammar whichsubsumes unusualclausethemes unusualphrasestructures A unusualclausethemesB unusualphrasestructures 27 A Unusualclausethemes 主位 1 DefinitionofTheme theinitialpartoftheclauseiscalledtheme whichcanbesubdividedintounmarkedandmarkedtheme Theliterarywriteroftenusethelattertocreateastrongliteraryeffect 1 a Thediscreetdoorshutwithaclick b Withaclickthediscreetdoorshut c Thediscreetdoorclickedshut 2 Myopinionofthecoaltradeonthatriveris thatitmayrequiretalent butitcertainlyrequirescapital TalentMr Micawberhas capitalMr Micawberhasnot Dickens DavidCopperfield 3 YieldYieldNoParking UnlawfultoPass WaitforGreenLight YieldStop NarrowBridge MergingTrafficAhead Yield Yield RonaldGross 4 ThewandererW H AudenThereheadfallsforward fatiguedatevening Atdreamsofhome Wavingfromwindow spreadofwelcome Kissingofwifeundersinglesheet ButwakingseesBird flocksnamelesstohim throughdoorwayvoicesOfnewmenmakinganotherlove 30 31 2 AdiscussionoftheadverbialsintheinitialpositionTypicalexampleAloneshecutsandbindsthegrain Andsingsamelancholystrain Notes Theuseofalonefirstmakesitpossibleforthelinetorhymewiththenextone andbestowa musical qualitytothepoem Secondly thisfrontingoftheadjunctmakestheelementhighlynoticeableandreinforcethethemeofthepoem 3 Thematicfronting MoreinstancesOutoftheAir Outofthecloud foldsofhergarmentsshaken Overthewoodlandsbrownandbare Overtheharvest fieldsforsaken silent andsoft andslowDescendsthesnow H W Longfellow SnowflakesNotes Thethemeofthesixclausesiscomposedofsevenadverbials whichcanemphasizedthemannersandtheprocessofthesnowfalling 4 PeriodicalsentenceTobelieveyourownthought tobelievethatwhatistrueforyouinyourprivateheartistrueforallmen thatisgenius RalphEmerson Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofafortunemustbeinwantofawife J Austin PrideandPrejudice Outofhisotherproperty outofthethingshehadcollected hissilver hispictures hishouses hisinvestments hegotasecretandintimatefeeling outofherhegothome J Galsworthy TheForsyteSaga TheManofPropertyChapterV America Ifyou llstopandthinkforjustamoment you llfindwehavemoreofthegoodthingsinthiscountrythananywhereelseintheworld Thinkofthisland FromthesurfatBigSurtoaFloridasunrise Andalltheplacesinbetween TheGrandCanyon thewheatfieldsofKansas AutumninNewHampshire youcouldgoonforever ButAmericaismorethanaplaceofmuchbeauty It saplaceforgoodtimes It stheSaturdaynight It satripdownadirtroadinabeatupoldjalopy 破旧车 It syourteamwinning It salatenightmovieyoucouldenjoyathousandtimes And yes whenyou rethirsty it sthetasteofice coldCoca Cola It sarealthing Infact allofthegoodthingsinthiscountryarereal They reallaroundyou plainlyvisible Wepointtomanyoftheminouradvertising Butyoucandiscovermany manymorewithouteverseeingasinglecommercialforCoke SohaveabottleofCoke andstartlookingup TheCoca ColaCompany 5 Inversion 1 semi inversionThisresponsibilityweacceptwholly andwewouldwillinglybearitalone Saussure CourseinGeneralLinguistics 2 total inversionThere smokinghispipeintheoldplacebythekitchenfirelight ashaleandasstrongasever thoughalittlegrey satJoe andthere fencedintothecornerwithJoe sleg andsittingonmyownlittlestoollookingatthefire was Iagain CharlesDickens GreatExpectations 1 主谓倒置上哪儿找啊 你 疑问句 放心吧 爸爸妈妈 祈使句 终于过去了 中国最后一个王朝的统治 感叹句 已经去上课了 他们 陈述句 2 定语 状语后置许多外国人 到中国游历的 都特地赶来观礼这次大婚的盛况 定语后置 的 字短语 农民们 男的女的 老的少的 愁眉苦脸地清理着破烂的东西 定语后置 的 字短语 头上插着许多鲜花 横七竖八的 定语后置 的 字短语 他走上了领奖台 慢慢地 羞怯地 状语后置 形容词 她站在哪儿 静静地 状语后置 形容词 他醉熏熏地走着 摇摇摆摆地 状语后置形容词 同学们都来了 从祖国的四面八方 状语后置介词短语 他退休了吧 大概 状语后置副词 6 ellipticalsentence Ultrataste Never before silksmooth trulysatisfyingtaste inaultralowtarcigarette Constructionsite NoAdmittance Detour Fogeverywhere Foguptheriver where fogdowntheriver where Fogcreepinginto foglyingouton fogdroopingon Fogintheeyesandthroatsof foginstemsandbowlof CharlesDichens BleakHouse No notlikethat Abarrenland barewaste Volcaniclake thedeadsea nofish weedless sunkdeepintheearth Nowindliftthosewaves greymetal poisonouswater foggywaters Brimstonetheycalleditrainingdown thecitiesoftheplain Sodom Gomarrah Edom Alldeadnames JamesJoyce Ulysses 7 Simplesentence PeoplethinkIamfoolishandignorant butI mnot Ilisten Ihear Isee Ithink Iread Iwalkalongbymyself TaylorCaldwell TestimonyofTwoMen Leaveswiggle GrassSways Abirdchirps peckstheground WilliamGass IntheHearoftheHeartsoftheCountry 8 ClimaxThepoor thefoul thefalse lovecanAdmit butnotthebusiedman JohnDonne Wehavecometodedicateaportionofthatfieldasafinalresting placeforthosewhoheregavetheirlivesthatthenationmightlive Itisaltogetherfitandproperthatweshoulddothis Butinalargesensewecannotdedicate wecannotconsecrate wecannothallowthisground Thebravemen livinganddead whostruggledhere haveconsecrateditfaraboveourpoorpowertoaddordetract AbrahamLincoln GettysburgAddress Anearthquake alandslip anavalanche overtakeamanincidentally asitwere withoutpassion Afuriousgaleattackshimlikeapersonenemy triestograsphislimbs fastensuponhismind seekstorouthisveryspiritoutofhim JosephConrad Typhoon 9 anti climax Ifonceamanindulgeshimselfinmurder verysoonhecomestothinklittleofrobbing andfromrobbinghecomesnexttodrinkingandSabbath breaking andfromthattoincivility 粗鲁 andprocrastination 拖延 ThomasDeQuincy TitleofEssay SupplementaryPapers OnthetenthdayofCwthma Commonwealthmas theCommonwealthbroughttome TenSovereignNationsNineGovernorsGeneralEightFederationsSevenDisputedAreasSixTrustTerritoriesFiveOldRealmsFourpresentorprospectiverepublicsThreeHighCommissionTerritoriesTwoGhana GuineaFawl OneStirlingAreaOneDollarDominionOneSunThatNeverSetsOneMalteseCrossOneMarryleboneCricketClubOneTrans ArcticExpeditionAndaMotherCountryUpaGumTree APoliticalCarolFrom TheEconomist APieceofBurlesque 50 B DeviantPhraseStructure Toemployphrasethatarestructurallydeviantforthepurposeofcertaincommunicativeeffects Adiscussionof agriefago Hesanghisdidn tandhedancehisdid e g OWhatanoblemindishereo erthrown Thecourtier s soldier s scholar seye tongue sword Shakespere Hamlet ExplainThisisthespeechgivenbyOpheliawhoconsideredthatHamletwasmad Theirregularcollocation i e courtier seye solider stongue andscholar ssword highlightenedthemadnessofHamlet Furthermore eachpossessorisseparatedfromitspossessedsothatbothlogicandeverydayexpectationofspeechseemtobemixedupinthedisaster 52 Example2 DonotgogentleintothatgoodnightOldageshouldburnandrave 咆哮 atcloseofday Rage rageagainstthedyingofthelight Thoughwisemenattheirendknowdarkisright BecausetheirwordshadforkednolightningtheyDonotgogentleintothatgoodnight GoodnightheremeansdeathGentleheremeansoneshouldnotacceptdeathwithoutresistance Suchdeviantuseofgentleattractmuchattentiontothelineitselfandmakesthereaderpausetothinkseriouslyaboutthemeaningofthelineandmeaningofdeath 53 4 Lexicaldeviation Definition itrefersalmostexclusivelytoneologismorthecoinageofnewwords Andthenewwordthatliterarywriterinventsareusuallymadeupforuseonlyoneparticularoccasion andcanthereforebecalled nonce formations Categories affixation compound andconversionAffixation theadditionofaprefixorsuffixtoanitemwhichalreadyexistsinthelanguage 54 AndITiresiashaveforesufferedall Therewasabalconyfulofgentlemen Weleftthetownrefreshedandrehatted Foresuffer itispossibletoanticipatemysticallythesufferingofthefuture justasitispossibletoforeseeortohaveforeknowledgeofthefutureevents Balconyful itaffordsavividdescriptionofthenumberofpeoplestayingonthebalcony Rehatted itisphoneticharmonywithitsparalleledrefreshedandthusproducesahumorousandcomiceffect 55 Compounding thecombinationoftwoormoreitemstomakeasinglecompoundone 56 WhileI joy jumping empty eyedsangonthedaymyfatherdied BabeswakeOpen eyed Theywereelse mindedthen altogether themen Explain joy jumping tojumpbecauseofjoy Empty eyed therearenotearsintheeyeofthespeaker 57 Open eyed expressthesurpriseorastonishmentcausedbythemingledloudnoiseofshoutingorscreamingandbarkingwhenschoolisout else minded heisthinkingofsomethingotherthanwhatrequireshisattention Conversion theadaptationofanitemtoanewgrammaticalfunctionwithoutchangingitsform Forexample A ThatheartsThatspaniel dmeatheels towhomIgive 58 Theirwish dodiscandy melttheirsweetsOnblossomingCaesar andthispineisbark dThatovertoppedthemall B Don tbesuchaharshparent father Don tfatherme 59 C IwasexplainingtheGoldenBulltohisRoyalHighness I llGoldenBullyou yourascal roaredtheMajestyofPrussia ExplainingSpaniel disaconversionfrom spaniel referringtoaspaniellong hairedbreedofhuntingdogwithfloppyears asilkycoatandausuallydockedtail ThisgivesavividpictureofthosewhooncefollowedAntonycloselyandobedientlylikeaspanielfollowitsmaster 61 GoldenBull tofightlikeagoldenbull ItmanifeststheboorishnessoftheMajestyofPrussia Father don tcallmefather Don tspeaktomeasifyouweremyfather Butmenobuts 63 Outofsight outofmindItwasthebestoftimes itwastheworstoftimes itwastheageofwisdom itwastheageoffoolishness 64 Icame Isaw Iconquered Veni vidi vici Caesar 65 EuphemismsTogotoabetterworld togothewayofallflesh tojointhesilentmajority etc 66 Loveismoret