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初中各年级重点知识汇编初一英语语法 Unit 1 名词英语的十大词类词类 英语名称 作用 例词名词 Noun(n.) 表示人或事物的名称 pen cake形容词 Adjective(a.) 表示人或事物的特征 bad small 副词 Adverb(ad.) 修饰动词、形容词或其它副词 very quickly 动词 Verbs 表示动作或状态 study be 代词 Pronouns(pron.) 代替名词、数词等 they one 数词 Numerals(num.) 表示数量或顺序 five ten冠词 Articles(art.) 限制名词的意义 a an the 介词 Prepositions(prep.) 表示名词、代词和其它词的关系 in for of 连词 Conjunction(conj.) 连结词与词或句与句 and because 感叹词 Interjection(interj.) 表示说话时的感情或口气 oh hey 名词的种类专有名词国名、地点、人名等 America 美国,Shanghai 上海,the Great Wall 长城,Jenney (珍妮) 团体、机构的名称等 the United Nations 联合国,the Communist Party of China 中国共产党 普通名词可数名词个体名词 doctor 医生,teacher 老师,orange 桔子,desk 课桌 集合名词 Police 警察,people 人民,family 家庭,army 军队 class 同学不可数名词抽象名词 Time 时间fun 玩笑,kindness 善意,idea 主意,youth 青春 , love 爱 , knowledge 知识动名词studying doing swimming物质名词 rice 大米,water 水,fire 火,air 空气 1.there are by the lakea.two German b. two Germen c. two Germans d. two germans2.September 10th is a. Teachers Day b. Teachers Day c. teachers Day d. Teachers day3.Where are you from?Im from a. America b. American c. america d. an America4.There is some on the plate a.breads b.bread c.breades d. milk一般名词复数构成法构成法例词一般情况下,在名词单数形式的词尾加sbool-books, day-days, desk-desks以s,x,,ch,sh,结尾的名词,在词尾加esclass-classes, box-boxes, match-matches, wish- wishes以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,将y变成i后加escity-cities, country-countries, factory-factories以f或fe结尾的名词,一般将f或fe变成v后,再加esleaf-leaves, wife-wives, life- lives, thief-thieves, knife-knivies, half-halves, shelf-shelves以辅音字母加o结尾的名词,一般在词尾加eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes1.绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式,是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。 读音变化:结尾是清辅音读s,结尾是浊辅音或元音读z。 例:friendfriends; catcats; stylestyles; sportsports; piecepieces比如:I have many friends in my childhood 2.凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。 读音变化:统一加读iz。 例:busbuses; quizquizzes; foxfoxes; matchmatches; flashflashesThere are many buses in the street3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改变为i,再加-es。 读音变化:加读z。citycities countrycountries factory-factories 4.去f,fe 加ves,如:halfhalvesknifeknivesleafleaves wolfwolveswifewives lifelives thiefthieves;5. 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:加es,如:potatopotatoestomatotomatoes hero-heroes negro-negroes1. turn green in springa.leaf b. leave c, leaves d, leafs2 are very useful to pupils.a. radio b. radios c. radioes d. a radio 它们是:photophotospianopianos radioradioszoozoos; c. 均可,如:zerozeros / zeroes以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如: Marys the Henrys(亨利的一家人) monkeymonkeys holidayholidays比较:层楼:storey storeys storystories 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时的一般情况的单词:加s,如 beliefbeliefsroofroofs safesafes gulfgulfs;c. 均可,如:handkerchief:handkerchiefs / handkerchieves某些名词的不规则复数形式构成法构成法例词变内部元音book-books, day-days, desk-desks词尾加(r)enclass-classes, box-boxes, match-matches, wish- wishes单复数同形city-cities, country-countries, factory-factories有些名词用于某一些含义时通常只有复数形式leaf-leaves, wife-wives, life- lives, thief-thieves, knife-knives, half-halves, shelf-shelves有些名词是单数形式,但一般作复数对待hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes1.变内部元音的单词:常见的主要有manmen womanwomen footfeet mousemice toothteeth注意:与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women.The are operating him on his leg a. woman doctor b. women doctor c. woman doctors d.women doctors2.词尾加ren 的复数形式childchildren 3.单复数同形的名词,deer,sheep,fish, work, Chinese,JapaneseThe farmer has ten a. sheeps b. deers c. cows d. chicken3)集合名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数,如:people、police、cattle 等本身就是复数,想说一个人,一个警察,一头牛,不能说a people a police a cattle但可以说:a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,Almost every family in the village a television.a. have b. having c. has d . have to All my family swimming 我全家都喜欢游泳a. like b,likes c. likeing d. like to4复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goodgoods货物,waterwaters水域,sweetsweets(糖果)等,比如electrical goods 电器商品. a goods train铁路货车等等。The English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。如:The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。如:an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans. li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar,two dollars;a meter,two meters4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。b. news是不可数名词。c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book.是一本非常有趣的故事书。5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜)、trousers若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双);suit(套);a pair of glasses;two pairs of trousers一、 名称 总称(谓语用复数)一个人 两个人中国人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人the Australiansa Australian two Australians 俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人the Greek a Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanese two Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadian two Canadians德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes表格(复合词复数)复合名词变复数时有三种情况通常只将里面所包含的主体名词变成复数passer-bypassers-by(过路人), looker-onlookers(旁观者); brother-in-lawbrothers-in-law(姐夫)无主体名词者,在最后一个词上加复数词尾grown-upgrown-ups(成年人)由man或woman加一个其他名词构成的复合名词时,两个都变复数woman doctor-women doctors(女医生); man servant-men servants(男服务员)A piece of paper -two pieces of paper 两张纸A glass of orange juice-two glasses of orange juice 两杯橙汁1.lucy has much and many .a.mutton ; pear b. muttons; pears c . mutton ; pears d. pear ; muttons 2.Id like a. three glasses of water b. three glass of waters c. three glass of water d. three glasses of waters1. 单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾加s构成所有格,主要用于有生命的东西。比如说the monkeys tail the boys toy the Childrens DAY比如:ten minutes walk Beijings map 等等,都是可以的阿。比如:for friendships sake(为了友情),at ones fingers tip(手头上有),等等2. 名词+ of +名词 比如说:The gate of the factory ,工厂的大门 the window of the room,房间的窗子。例如: The woman dressed in blue is Mary and Alices mother那个穿蓝衣服的妇女是玛丽和爱丽丝的母亲。 The women dressed in blue and Mary sand Alices mothers对比一下这两句话是什么意思呢3.双重所有格 所谓“双重所有格(double genitive)”,是指名词所有格或名词性物主代词同of构成的所有格,即“of名词所有格”。双重所有格有这样一个特征: “of名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人,不能表示事物。因此,我们可以说:a play ofShakespeares(莎士比亚的一个戏剧), a friend of my wifes(我妻子的一个朋友),但却不能说a funnel of the ships或 a leg of a tables,而且该名词必须是特指的,不能是泛指的。比如我们可以说,a friend of the doctors(这位医生的一个朋友),a novel of the writers(那位作者的一部小说),而不能说a friend of a doctors或 a novel of a writers。 好的,同学们接下来我们做一下题来练习一下:17. would you please show me the way to the _shop? A. shoes B. shoes C. shoe D. shoes18. whose room is this? Its _ A. Toms and Johns B. Tom and Johns C. Toms and John D. Tom and John19. Mr. smith is_ A. My fathers a friend B. a my fathers friend C. a friend of my father D. one friend my father20. It is _from the museum. A. five minutes walk B. five minutes walk C. a hours walk D. fivehours walkUnit 2 代词代替名词, 形容词或数词等的词我们就称之为代词。我们代词呢从大体上分为这么几大类:: 1) 人称代词5) 疑问代词 2) 物主代词6) 连接代词 3) 指示代词7) 关系代词 4) 反身代词8) 不定代词 9)复合代词 代词人称代词(主格)I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they (宾格)me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them物主代词(形容词性)my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their (名词性)mine, yours, his, its, ours, yours, theirs反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves指示代词this, that, these, those疑问代词what, who, whom, whose, which不定代词some,any,many,much,little,few,both,all,every,each,no,either,other,others,someone,anything,nothing复合代词 something, somebody, anything, nobodythis that , those, these指示代词在句中作主语, 宾语, 表语, 等等比如That is a red car.那是一辆红色汽车。 Which do you like? I like this.,你喜欢哪一个? 我喜欢这个 疑问代词:表示“谁(who),谁 (whom),谁的(whose),什么(what), 哪个或哪些 (which)”等词叫疑问代词。 疑问代词的用法: 疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中,疑问代词一般放在句子的最前面。Who is that in blue dress? 穿着蓝色裙子的那个人是谁? Whom are you looking for? 你在找谁。all, any, another, both, each, every, either, every, few, little, many, much, no, none, either, one, other, some以及由 some, any, no, every 和 body, one, thing 构成的复合词。比如说Thats all I know. 这就是我知道的。some any的主要用法Do you have any books? 你有书吗? I have some books。 You can come at any time. 你什么时候都可以来。sometimes some time sometime do you want some coffee? 喝点咖啡吗?或would you please give me some bread? 复合代词thingbodyonewhereeveryeverythingeverybodyeveryoneeverywheresomesomethingsomebodysomeonesomewhereanyanythinganybodyanyoneanywherenonothingnobodynonenowhere练习:5. The maths problem _ is wrong. A. himself B. ourselves C. itself D. herself 6. “Whos that at the door?” “ _ is John.” A. it B. he C. this D. she4.Wont you have _ tea? A. any B. a C. some D. every 5. Here are trees on _ sides of road. A. both B. either C. each D. every16. _ of us would agree with you. A. Someone B. No one C. Nobody D. None19. _ is knocking at the door.A. One B. Someone C. Anyone D. Something17. Dont eat _ food. A. too many B. too much C. much too D. many too18. _ of them is on the team. A. neither B. nobody C. both D. all人称代词人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Ime we us第二人称you you you you 第三人称hehimtheythemsheheritit可以作主语,举个例子:I like English very much 比如:It was he who went to Beijing last year. 去年去过北京的就是他大家可以记忆一下阿这些人称的宾格形式:比如 I can help you.比如who is it ?,its me !第一人称单数代词 I(我) 不论在什么地方都要大写。 比如:这个句子例:I study English every day. 我天天学习英语。 2.当第一人称与第二,第三人称同时用在句子中的时候,请大家注意一个常识要点:人称代词的排列顺序 英语中,当说话者(I或we)提到自己和别人时,习惯上常把自己摆在最后一个位置,以表示谦虚和礼貌。例如:You, she and I passed the exam.我、你和她都通过了考试。 在承认错误或自我批评时,说话者有时也把自己居于其他人称之前: I and he are to blame. 我和他都要受批评。 You and I是固定结构,即使在承认错误时,词序也不变化。例如: You and I are to blame. 我和你都要受批评。 we, they的特殊用法 we, they有时并非指特定的人,翻译时不必译出来。例如: We have a heavy snow today.昨天下了一场大雪。 They speak English in America. 在中国,人们说汉语。 she的特殊用法 she除了指女性外,还可以用来指月亮、大地、船只等自然界的东西。例如: The moon is shining brightly tonight. She looks like a cake. 今晚的月光很亮,她好像个月饼。 she 常常代替国家, 城市, 宠物等,表示一种亲密或爱抚的感情。 I live in China。 She is a great country. 我住在中国。 她是一个伟大的国家。 it的特殊用法 it表示人以外的单数东西或动物,意为“它”。例如: Wheres my pencil-box? 我的铅笔呢? Its over there. 它在那儿。 指代天气 Whats the weather like today? 今天天气如何? Its rainy. 有雨。 指代时间 What time is it ? 几点了? Its seven oclock. 七点了。 指代距离 How far is it from here? 离这儿多远? 作形式主语 Its good to take some exercise. 多锻炼有好处。 作形式宾语 I found it very easy to speak English.我发现讲英语很容易。 it 有时也可指人。 Who is it? Its me. Open the door, please. 是我,请开门。 反身代词数第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfhimself, herself, itself,复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves反身代词在句中的作用1. 作主语的同位语。 例:He himself wrote the words and music of the songs. 他自己作词谱曲。 2. 作动词的宾语。 例:I teach myself English. 我教我自己英语 3. 作表语 例:That poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我。 练习题:1. I look at _ in the mirror.A. me B. myself C. mine D. my own 2. _ books are on the desk.A. I B. His C. Mine D. Hers 3. The moon is high up in the sky. How beautiful _ is! A. we B. I C. she D. they 物主代词类别单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs汉语我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性物主代词具有形容词性,在句子中:1 不能做主语:2 作定语修饰名词:举例I love my parents.我爱我的父母。 Is this your pen? 这是你的汽车吗? Someone is waiting for you, his name is Xiaoming. 有人在等你,他的名字是小明。 注意:只有形容词性的物主代词与名词连用的时候才可以做句子中的主语成分,但他还是定语成分,修饰这个名词名词性的物主代词可用作主语,宾语,表语以及与of 连接的定语。 My bike is red, and yours is green. 我的自行车是红色,你的是绿色That car is mine, not yours. 那辆汽车是我的,不是你的。 These books are ours. 这些书是我们的。 Whose bag is it? Its hers. 这是谁的书包? 是她的。 His 的用法:名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词同型。注意这个形式,注意在句子中的用法,根据句意进行选择看题:1. Classroom is on the first floor ,and is on the second floor.a. yours ours b.your ours c.yours our d. you we2. This is cup. is over there.A. hers your B. my yours C. his I D. her you 3. He was a friend of A. I B. our C. mine D. my 4. I dont like A. his those friends B. those his friends C. those friends of him D. those friends of his疑问代词及在句中的成分: 疑问代词who谁、主格,问身份做主语、表语whom谁,宾格做宾语whose谁的,所有格做主语、宾语、表语、定语what什么,问物或职业同whosewhich哪个,有“选择”之意,单复数同whoseWhose what 主语,宾语,表语,定语疑问代词在句中的作用: who: 例:who told you that news? 谁告诉你那个消息?(做主语) who is that? 那时谁? (作表语) whom: 例:whom(who) did you see in the park? 你在公园里见了谁? (作宾语) 例:whose is better? 谁的好一些? (作主语) whose is it? 这是谁的? (作表语) what: 例:whats your father? 你父亲是干什么的? (作表语) what happened next? 接下来发生了什么事情? (作主语) what do you mean? 你是什么意思? (作宾语) what time shall we meet again? 我们几时再碰头? (作定语) Unit3 数词基数词one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, teneleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen等twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, eighty, ninety, one hundred, two hundred等序数词first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth等eleventh, twelfth, twentieth, twenty-firstthirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth等二基数词的讲解1112的基数词是独立的单词,即: one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight, nine,ten,eleven,twelve。 21319的基数词以-teen结尾。如: fourteen,seventeen等,但13,15,18较特殊, 13thirteen 15fifteen 18eighteen。 32090的整十位均以-ty结尾。如: sixty, ninety,但20,30,40,50,80较特殊, 20twenty 30thirty 40forty 50fifty 80eighty。 4十位数与个位数之间要加连字符号“-”,如:28twenty-eight,96ninety-six。 5百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and,如:148one hundred and forty-eight 4four hundred and six。 (108怎么说)6hundred(百),thousand(千),million(百万),billion(十亿)等前面即使有具体的数词,也不能在它们的后面加s。如:600six hundred,8百万eight million。 hundred,thousand,million用复数形式修饰名词时要用“of复数名词”,如:数以百计的年轻人hundreds of young people;数以千计的书thousands of books。注意:hundreds of thousands ofmillions of 复数名词,其前面不能加具体的数词,但可加several或 many。 71000以上的数字,从后往前数每三位加一个逗号“,”第一个逗号前为千(thousand),第二个逗号前为百万(million),第三个逗号前为billion(十亿)。英语中无“万”这个词,我们可以用“几十个千(thousand)”表示几万,“几百个千(thousand)”表示“几十万”。如:2,510two thousand five hundred and ten;84,296eight-four thousand twohundred and ninety-six;274,350two hundred and seventy-four thousand three hundred and fifty。翻译成英文的时候,十亿,百万,千之间直接连接,不用and,只有百和十位或个位之间用and,举例:1234567 9基数词单数名词形容词构成合成形容词。如:一个五岁的女孩a five-year-old girl. 女子800米接力girls800-metre relay race。 连词时,后面的名词无复数变化句型: The Changjiang River is 6,300 kilometres long 无连字符时 ,注意序数词的讲解: 口诀:“1,2,3”特殊记,加th从4起,8少t,9少e,千万别忘记,逢5逢12,ve变t;20道90,y要变ie;若是几十几,前基后序别忘记。 1. There are _in our school. A. a five hundred students B. five hundreds students C. five hundred students D. a five hundreds students2. Nineteen is smaller than _. A. eighteen B. forty C. eleven D. twelve3. Whats eight plus two? Its _ A. twelve B. eleven C. six D. ten4. Whats twelve minus nine? Its _ A. there B. twenty-one C. fifteen D. eleven5. In an hour there are _minutes. A. there hundred and sixty B. twenty-four C. sixty D. there hundreds and sixty8. The boy is_.A. the years six B. six year old C. sixth years D. six years old数词的应用:时间的数字表达法:1.几点钟,用基数词来表示:如:7点钟its seven oclock. 以此类推。表达非整点时间时,需要注意的事项:用到 to past 。 to 表示的是“差,不到”Past表示的是“过,多于”。例子: 7点过一刻:fifteen past seven ,还有一种表达方式:A quarter past seven . 差10分7点钟:ten minuts to seven to 和 past 应用时的注意事项:to 前的时间要小于30分钟,past 前的时间小于、等于30分钟。那么整半点的时候用half. 提问:7点20 分?7点半?7点45分? 2另外一种表达法:与汉语相同表示法:如八点一刻:at eight fifteen 六点四十五分:at six forty-five3.half 的用法:表示时间时,半个小时:half an hour, 一个半小时:两种说法:one hour and a half; one and a half hours.Half的其它用法:半公斤:half a kilo 半天: a half day 总结以下half的用法:half a ( an ) + 名词; a half +名词 表示一半年份的数字表达:1 单独使用年份时:用基数词来表达:如1897:eighteen ninety-seven. 1998nineteen ninety-eight读法:个位和十位都是零时:读成

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