被动语态的总结.doc

被动语态（一）、 语态的基本概念和种类语态是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。所以英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。如：They built the bridge.（主动语态，built动作的发出者是they） The bridge was built by them.(主语bridge是动作built 的受动者)(二)、 被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。 1、一般现在时：amisaredone Rice is grown in the south of the states.这个国家的南方种植水稻。2、一般过去时：wasweredoneThe building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.上个月一个新的汽车生产工厂的兴建被同意。3、一般将来时：will（shall）/am/is /are going to +be+doneCars will be sent abroad by sea.汽车将会被用海上运输送到国外。4、过去将来时：would（should）/was/were going to + be + doneThe manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 经理说这项工程将会在年底完成。5、现在进行时：amisare beingdone The rooms are being painted.这个房间正在被粉刷。6、过去进行时：havehas beendoneTrees were being planted here this time last year.去年的这个时候树木正在被种植。7、现在完成时：havehas beendoneI have been told the sports meet might be put off.我被告知运动会可能会被推迟。8. 过去完成时： had + been + doneHe had been considered to be a great leader.他被认为是个伟大的领袖。(三) 、被动语态的用法 A. 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者 How is this word pronounced 这个单词怎么发音？ After war, everything had been destroyed. 战争结束后，一切都被毁坏了。 B. 强调动作的承受者 If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你违反校规，你将受到惩罚。强调you） A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我们家乡将开办一所新的希望学校。（强调a new Hope School） Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class. 小李被选为班长。 C. 动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物 The bridge was washed away by the flood. 桥被洪水冲走了。 We were shocked by the news of his death. 我们听到他的死讯极为震惊。 Many accidents were caused by careless driving. 许多事故都是开车不小心造成的。 D. 修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练、匀称 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出现在舞台上，受到了观众的热烈鼓掌。 The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received. 这位老教授作了一个有关美国历史的讲座，受到大家的热烈欢迎。 I was shown round the school campus by Sean. 肖恩带我参观了校园。 E. 为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己 Youve been told many times not to make the same mistake. 你已被多次告知不要犯同样的错误。 Everybody is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下规定。 The control room may not be entered without permission. 非经许可，勿入控制室。 F有些动词习惯上常用被动语态 He was born in this city. 他出生在这个城市。 The school is situated in the suburbs. 这所学校位于郊外。 注意： 被动语态中的by短语通常可以省去。但如果by短语是句子的重点所在，或者没有by短语全句的意思不完整时，则要保留by短语。 The vegetables didnt taste very good. They had been cooked too long. 蔬菜的味道不好，烧的时间太长了。（不需要动作的执行者） He arrived at the airport, where he was met by his friend. 他到达了机场并受到朋友的迎接。（没有by his friend，句子的意思不完整） Everybody was cast down by such news as that. 大家都被那种消息搞得很沮丧。（需要by短语）（四）、主动语态变被动语态的方法与注意事项 歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。(1) 通常的办法是：将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，将主动结构中的谓语动词变为“be / get +过去分词”形式，将主动结构中的主语变为介词by的宾语(若动作的执行者没有必要说明则可以省略该by短语)。如：Li Lei planted the tree last year. The tree was planted by Li Lei last year. 这棵树是李蕾去年栽的。Workers made the machines in Changsha. The machines were made in Changsha. 这些机器是长沙造的。(2) 将含有复合宾语的句子变为被动语态时，应将宾语变为被动结构的主语，而宾语的补足语则留在原处成为主语补足语。如：He painted the door green yesterday. The door was painted green yesterday. 昨天门被漆成绿色了。注意：表示“使、让”的动词make, have等，以及感官动词see, watch, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等，在主动语态中，接不定式做宾语补足语时，不定式前的 to 要省略，而变为被动语态时，成为主语补足语的不定式，则必须带to。如：I saw him go into the teachersoffice. He was seen to go into the teachersoffice. 看见他进入了教师办公室。(3) 带双宾语的句子变为被动语态时，既可将直接宾语变为被动语态的主语，而在间接宾语前加to 或for留在动词之后；也可将间接宾语变为被动结构的主语，而直接宾语留在动词之后。但一般采用后一种用法。如：He gave me the pen last year. I was given the pen last year. / The pen was given to me last year. 这支笔是去年给我的。说明：一般说来，间接宾语前带to的动词有：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, post, send, show, take, teach, tell, write, throw等；间接宾语前带for的动词有：book, buy, call, cook, do, get, make, save等。(4) 动词believe, consider, declare, expect, know, report, say, suppose, think等的被动语态，常有两种结构形式。如：He was said to get hurt in the car accident. 人们说他在车祸中受伤了。It was said that he got hurt in the car accident. 人们说他在车祸中受伤了。(5) 短语动词变被动语态时，短语动词后面的介词或副词不能省略。如：She has never been operated on before. 她从未动过手术。The baby was looked after by her sister. 这婴儿由她的姐姐照顾。His plan was laughed at by everyone. 他的计划大家都嘲笑。（6）动词不定式的被动语态：即把to do 变成to be done（五）、不用被动语态的情况1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：常见的不及物动词及动词短语：appear, die, disappear, end , fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand ,break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. 要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 3) 系动词无被动语态： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn It sounds good. 好极了。 4) 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个噩梦。 5) 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 (对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by her.六、被动语态练习题1._ a new library _ in our school last year? A. Is，builtB. Was , builtC. Does ; buildD . Did ; build2.An accident _ on this road last week. A. has been happenedB. was happenedC. is happened D. happened3.Cotton _ in the southeast of China. A. is grownB. are grownC. growsD. grow4.So far, the moon _ by man already. A. is visitedB. will be visitedC. has been visitedD. was visited5.A talk on Chinese history _ in the school hall next week. A. is givenB. has been givenC. will be givenD. gives6.A lot of things _ by people to save the little girl now. A. are doingB. are being doneC. has been done D. will be done7.The doctor _ for yet. A. isnt sentB. hasnt been sentC. wont be sentD. wasnt sent8.-When _ this kind of computers_? -Last year. A. did; useB. was; usedC .is; usedD. are; used9.Who _ this book _? A. did; writtenB. was; written byC. did; writtenD. was; written10.Mary _ show me her new dictionary. A. has asked toB. was asked toC. is askedD. asks to11.A story _ by Granny yesterday. A. was told usB. was told to usC. is told usD. told us12.The monkey was seen _ off the tree. A. jumpB. jumpsC. jumpedD. to jump13.Older people _ well. A. looks after B. must be looked after C. must look after D. looked after14.Our teacher _ carefully.A. should be listened toB. should be listenC. be listened D. is listened15. In some part of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served16. It was reported that the murderer _ arrested. A. has been B. had been C. has D. had17. Do you think that the bridge _ in a year? A. would be completedB. will be completed C. had been completedD. is being completed18. Great changes _ in China since the Peoples Republic