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形容词和副词1.倍数问题(1) 倍数还包括分数,百分比,一半等范畴; (2) 倍数as(as)(如有名词,把名词放在as as 的中间);比较级the size (weight, number,height,)of 2. Much , far , rather, a little, a bit, a lot可修饰比较级时态和语态(1) 时间和条件状语从句里用一般现在时代替将来时(2) The last time I saw him, a) the first time / the last time / the moment/ every time引导状语从句b) this is the first time (that )(用完成时态)(3) 句子用什么时态,首先看时间状语(4) Make it clear that(5) In the past few years, so far. , 用现在完成时(6) Few houses remained after the earthquake.a) It remains a question / unknown/ to be seen/ a mystery wh- 从句。(7) It will be long before 很久以后才会(主将从现)a) it wont be long before 很快就会(主将从现)b) it was two hours before we came back. (时态:过去+过去)(8) Make sure (that) 后面的句子常用一般现在时虚拟语气(1) 表现形式: a) 用过去的某种时态b) 用should do sth ,should 可以省略的形式。(2) 用过去的某种时态a) if 非真实条件句If从句与现在相反过去时were/did与过去相反Had done与将来相反过去时were/did Should doWere to do主句与现在相反Would do 与过去相反Would have done与将来相反Would do 1.用过去的某时态来表示虚拟:wish that和现在或将来相反: 用过去时和过去相反: 用过去完成时as if would rather sb did/had done sth.It is (high) time thatdid2. 用should a. 表示建议的词: suggest / suggestion , advise/ advice , propose/ proposal recommend, insist (表示坚持主张,认为应该) b. 表示命令的词: order, command, demand, require, c. It is necessary/essential/ important thatshould do It is natural/ strange that should do 定语从句总结1.不变应万变方法:把先行词(名词和代词) 放进定语从句中,如果可以原封不动的放进去,指物就用which /that , 指人,就是who /whom; f反过来说, 定语从句中如果选了which/that, who/whom, 就要在定语从句中为它找到相应的位置.2. 什么情况下不用that 非限制性定语从句中,不用that ;定语从句中介词放在前面,不用that ;3. 什么情况下用that1) 先行词里有最高级2) 先行词里有序数词3) 先行词里有the only, the very4) 先行词里有人和物5) 先行词在定语从句里作表语6) 先行词里有不定代词如:all, much, few, little, anything, something7) 主句本身就是who引导的疑问句4. 什么情况下用as 1) 非限制性定语从句位于句首;as 表示 “ 如同” “正如” as is known to all, as is expected, 2) 限制性定语从句中,先行词里有such, as, the same的时候.5. 非限制性定语从句中, 涉及到 “of” 的结构 the hands of which, of which the hands, whose hands both of which both of whom 6. 先行词是case, situation, stage, instance 等用where point, occasion 用where or when 7. 先行词是时间,地点或者原因的时候,用which ,that 还是 when ,where, why ,要根据情况而定.8. 先行词是the way , 表示方法,方式时, 用that , / , in which9. 介词 + which + to do 10, by which time ; by when it 的强调句的用法1 基本形式:It is/was.that/who把 it is/was 和that/who 去掉的话,剩下的句子应该是通的,也就是说,被强调的部分应该能够原封不动的放到后面的句子里去。2倒装句和强调句的区分:It was not until a month later that I received a reply.Not until a month later did I receive a reply.It was only when I read his poem recently that I began to appreciate their beauty.Only when I read his poem did I begin to appreciate their beauty. 3 含有特殊疑问词的 it 强调句(1) 有问号的时候, was, is 或情态动词提前: Wh- + is/was+ that/who?When was it that you last saw Professor Miller ? (2) 是句号的时候, is/was 或情态动词就不用提前Wh-+ it is/was that?I wonder where it can be that the key is hidden. 4. 如果有两个空格,在被强调的部分都能放到后面句子里去的话,后面的空格用that ,前面的空格按照一般的定语从句来看。It was _ he talked to his friends _ made us believe his remarks. 5. 一问一答的情况下的it 强调句Where did you meet her this morning?It was in the hotel _ he was staying.6. 强调句和其它和时间有关的句子区分: (1) It was two years before he came back.(时态: 过去/过去, 一段时间) It will be two years before he comes back. (时态: 主将从现; 一段时间) (2) It is two years since he came back. (3) It was 1998 when he came back. (4) It was two years later that he came back. It was in 1998 that he came back. 祈使句的强调句Do devote yourself to it and finally youll succeed.Do be sure to bring the shampoo I want next time.助动词提出的强调句He did receive the news. I do get up early. There be 句型There is no need for sb to doThere is a great need for sb to do. There is no possibility that / of doingThere is no doubt that There is no denying thatThere is no proof thatThere is no point/sense in doingIt is句型It is no good /no use doingIt is a waste of time doingIt is fun doingIt is no wonder thatIt is high time thatdidIt is said (reported, believed, accepted)thatIt happens (seems, appears ) thatIt is/has been sinceIt was/will bebeforeIt is /was.when It takes sb to doIt is a pity thatIt is the first time thathas/have/had doneIt is necessary( essential, strange, natural)that should do 非谓语动词一 非谓语动词的一般形式: to do (有主动和被动,时态的变化) doing(有主动和被动,时态的变化) done l to do 动词不定式的变化: to do (主动,将来) (可放在句首表目的) to be done (被动,将来时) (将要被) to have been done (被动,已经发生) (不会单独使用,跟在某些词后固定搭配,意思指已经发生的事情) To have done (主动,已经发生) to be doing (主动,正在做某事)l doing 的变化doing /being done ,(1)如果单独使用,放在句首或句尾,是表示正在进行,被动 (2)做主语,表示被动的时候 (3)跟在介词或动词后面需要用动词的ing 形式having done/ having been done (不用于做定语)二 非谓语常见的位置,或在句子中所担当的成分(1) 非谓语动词短语, + 主句 或者是 主句, 非谓语动词短语这时的非谓语动词短语起到状语的作用 例如: influenced by the growing interest in nature, more people enjoy outdaoor activities. 在这种情况下,首先,找出主句的主语,然后以主句的主语为出发点,来判断非谓语动词是主动还是被动,如果已有的非谓语动词的主语和主句主语不一致,还要考虑独立主格结构,也就是把非谓语动词的自己的主语加上去: 例如: All flights having been cancelled , they decided to take the train. 其次,把非谓语动词和主句的动词比较,看是否同时发生还是有明显的先后。 (2) 跟在介词,动词或某些形容词的后面固定搭配介词后一定要加动词的-ing 形式;有些动词后加to do Afford , agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, choose, decide, determine, expect, fail happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, wish 等有些后面加-ing Admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up cant help, imagine, involve , mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, put off, resist risk, cant stand, suggest, understand, 等(3) 跟在名词后面做定语时, 一般不用having done/ having been done 结构(4) 放在句首做主语 , 一般用动词的ing 和to do 三 非谓语的解题步骤或思路(1)先判断空格部分所需的是主句,从句还是非谓语动词。 独立的句子, 从句或非谓语 独立的句子 加句号,分号或破折号的话,后再加一个独立的句子。 独立的句子,(逗号) 有and,but, so 等词 加独立的句子。 (3) 再根据主句的主语,来判断主动或被动;(4) 接下来再判断时态,(5) 如果是否定的话,not一定要放在非谓语的前面(6) 一定不要忘记主语一致的原则,如果不一致的话,要把非谓语的独 立主语加上。四 特殊的非谓语短语Generally speaking 一般来说Time/weather permitting 时间、天气允许的话Considering . 考虑到,鉴于Taing into account 考虑到Taking into consideration 考虑到Provided 假如Providing假如Suppose假如Supposing假如Juding from/ by根据判断Given sth 假如,如果;鉴于,考虑到Given that假如,如果;鉴于,考虑到谓语动词精讲及训练动词不定式、分词(现在分词,过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语,所以叫做非谓语动词。现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用,因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语,也就不受人称和数的限定,因为不是谓语,也就没有时态和语态,但这些词仍能表示动作和状态,所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系,因此也有表示主、被动的形式,同时也有自己的宾语和状语,一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语,分词短语,动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样,应用广泛,且在句中起着很活跃的作用,也是语法项目中的重点和难点,学好非谓语动词,才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。(一)动词不定式:动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”构成,如:to study, to play,动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用,但仍留着动词的特征,它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语,如:to study hard, to play table tennis。1. 动词不定式的形式变化:动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主 动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building被 动to be buildto have been build2. 动词不定式的基本用法:动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用,可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用,如:(1)作主语:To help each other is good.(动词不定式作主语时,一般可用it作形式主语,而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末,如:It is good to help each other.(2)作表语:My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语,与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别,如:Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的谓语动词为is,动词不定式to set up 为表语,主语为plan,但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语,即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语,主语为we,同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语,即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的)。(3)作宾语: 作及物动词的宾语,如:She wishes to be a musician.; 作某些形容词的宾语:可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如:I am determined to give up smoking.; 动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语,但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时,就可作介词的宾语,如:Can you give us some advice on what to do next? (4)作宾语补足语,如:Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去,如:I saw a little girl run across the street.(5)动词不定式在句中作宾语,如带有宾语补足语时,须先用it作形式宾语,而将该动词不定式后置,如:I dont think it right to do it that way. (6)作定语:动词不定式作定语时,须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后,如:Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词,不定式后面就要用必要的介词,如:He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way,不定式后面的介词,习惯上可以省去,如:The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.(7)作状语:动词不定式可以作下列的状语: 目的状语: Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加in order to或so as to(以便或为了),但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可,而so as to不能位于句首,如:She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首,也可强调目的的作用,如:To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. 结果状语:They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。 too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式,表示“足能”的结果,如:You are old enough to take care of yourself now.3. 复合结构不定式:由for + 名词(或代词宾格)+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语,这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语,如:It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时,就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语,这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等,如:It is very kind of you to help him every day.4. 疑问词 + 动词不定式:疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、表语或宾语,如:How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.5. 动词不定式的否定式:动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成,如:Its wrong of you not to attend the meeting.6. 动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系:(1)一般式:动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,但在多数情况下,是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生,如:We decided to plant more trees this spring.(其后),They often watch us play table tennis.(同时);(2)完成式:动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,如:I am sorryto have kept you waiting.(3)进行式:动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中,而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,如:She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.7. 动词不定式的被动语态用法:如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般就用被动语态形式,如:What is to be done next hasnt been decided yet.(二)动词-ing形式:动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征,可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。1. -ing的形式:-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态,而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例,将其-ing各种形式列表如下:动词 语态形式及物动词make不及物动词go主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式makingbeing madegoing完成式having madehaving been madehaving gone2. -ing形式的基本用法。(1)作主语:Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。Talking is easier than doing. ing作主语时,如果其结构较长,可用it作形式主语,而将作主语的-ing后置。如:It isnt much good writing to them again. Its no use waiting here.(2)作表语:Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps.(3)作宾语: 作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much; 作某些短语动词的宾语。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York; do+限定词(my, some, any, the等)+ -ing,表示“做事”之意,如:We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? 作介词的宾语:Her sister is good at learning physics; 作形容词worth, busy等的宾语:This book is well worth reading. ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时,要用it作为形式宾语,而将作宾语的-ing后置,如:We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?(4)作定语:The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注:-ing形式作定语用时,如果-ing只是一个单词,就位于其修饰的名词之前,如果是-ing短语,就位于其修饰的名词之后,-ing作定语时,被-ing所修饰的名词就是该-ing的逻辑主语。另外,-ing作定语用时,其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的,如果不是同时进行的,就不能用-ing作定语,要使用定语从句,如:The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well. (5)作宾语补足语:We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注:当-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用时,句中宾语就是这个-ing的逻辑主语,可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。(6)作状语: 时间状语:Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. 分词在句中作时间状语时,其前一般可加when或while,如:When crossing street, you must be careful. 原因状语:Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 方式或伴随状语:Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 3. 主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前,一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语,并且是它所表示的动作的执行者,如:Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel. 4. 被动语态-ing一般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作,而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如:The truck being repaired there is ours.5. 被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,在句中一般作状语用。如:Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.6. -ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语,如:Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口语中,这种结构如作宾语用,其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格,名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替,如:She insisted on Peters (or Peter)going there first.7. -ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来,表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时,多用动词不定式,如:Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to play it today.8. -ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。-ing形式作定语用时,其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生,而动词不定式作定语时,其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如:The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write.9. -ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。(1)不定式作宾补时,其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后,如:I have told them to come again tomorrow.(2)在see, watch, hear, feel等之后,如果用-ing形式作宾补,表示其动作正在进行中,而用不带to的不定式作宾补时,不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程,如:I hear her singing in the room.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。10. -ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况,而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时,一般是作目的或结果状语,如:Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.(三)过去分词:1. 过去分词的基本用法:过去分词只有一种形式,也没有主动语态,它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时,其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者,如:(1)作定语:过去分词作定语时,如果这个分词是一个单词,就位于其修饰的名词之前,如果是分词短语,就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词,就是该分词的逻辑主语,如:The stolen car was found by the police last week.(2)作表语:过去分词作表语时,表示其逻辑主语所处的状态,其逻辑主语就是句中的主语,如:The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。 注:过去分词作表语时,和动词的被动语态结构相似,但两者表达的意义不同,如:The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词,如:crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。 (3)作宾语补足语:过去分词作宾语补足语时,句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语,如:When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注:动词have后的复合宾语中,宾语补足语如为过去分词,常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的,如:I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我(找别人)把我的自行车给修了。(4)作状语:过去分词作状语时,相当于一个状语从句,该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语,是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确,常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词,如:Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.(we是该结构的逻辑主语,是give的逻辑宾语。) 独立主格:上述-ing和过去分词的用法中,-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语,但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语,这种独立的主语,一般为名词或代词,位于其前之前,和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。独立主格在句中一般只作状语用,而-ing和过去分词作用的形式,则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格中是使用-ing或是过去分词,则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定,如:The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注:The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. 独立结构中的being或having been常可省去,如:The meeting (being) over, all left the room. 作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替,如:She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.2. -ing形式与过去分词的区别:(1)语态不同:-ing形式表示主动概念,及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说;the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众。(2)时间关系不同:现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作,而过去分词所表示的动作,往往是已经完成的动作,如:The changing world正在发生的世界;the changed world已经起了变化的世界。重难点剖析:1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _ a good college.A. enter B. to enter C. entering D. entered陷阱:容易误选A。有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词 could 就断定此处应填动词原形 enter。分析:其实正确答案应是B。此句为省略句,即在 could 后省略了动词 do,若把句子补完整应为Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短语(to enter a good college)是用作目的状语的,而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。请再看类似例句:(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他们尽量安慰她。(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他们尽一切力量拯救她的性命。(3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命学习以便赶上他的同学。值得指出的是,这也并不是说今后只要遇到类似结构的题就一定选带to不定式。请看以下试题:(4) He ran as fast as he could _ to catch the early bus.A. to hope B. hope C. hoping D. hoped此题的答案是 C不是A,其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。(5) He spent every minute he could _ spoken English.A. practise B. to practice C. practising D. practised此题答案选 C,这与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关,即 spend (in) doing sth。若将此句补充完整,即为 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.(6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could _D_ his oral English.A. improve B. to improve C. improving D. to improving此题答案选D,注意两点:一是 devote to 是固定搭配,意为“把贡献给”;二是其中的 to 是介词,不是不定式符号,后接动词时要用动名词。2. He knows nothing about it, so he cant help _ any of your work. A. doing B. to do C. being doing D. to be done陷阱:容易误选B,根据 cant help doing sth 这一结构推出。分析:其实答案应选A。比较以下结构:cant help to do sth = 不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth = 禁不住做某事,情不自禁地做某事又如下面一题,答案也是 B:She cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake.A cleaning B. to clean C. cleaned D. being cleaned再请看以下试题:While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need.A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded此题应选C,句中的 cant help 意为“禁不住”(注意根据句意用被动形式)。3. All her time _ experiments, she has no time for films.A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing陷阱:几个干扰项均有可能误选。分析:此题最佳答案为B。现分析如下:(1) devote 意为“致力于,献身于”,主要用 devoteto或be devoted
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