debate来自别国的干涉.doc

Part1.美国米歇尔计划对欧洲战后重建的支持时代背景Time background在战争结束六年后，大半个欧洲依然难以从数百万人的死伤中平复。战火遍及了欧洲大陆的大部分，所涉及的地域面积远大于第一次世界大战。持续的轰炸使绝大多数大城市遭到了严重破坏，特别是它们的工业生产。欧洲大陆上的许多著名城市，例如华沙和柏林，已成为一片废墟。而其它城市，如伦敦与鹿特丹，也遭受了严重的破坏。这些地区与经济生产相关的建筑大多化为一片瓦砾，数百万人无家可归。虽然外援使1944年的荷兰饥荒有所缓解，但战争对农业的破坏还是导致了欧洲大陆许多地方出现了大面积的饥饿，而1946-1947年欧洲西北部罕见的寒冬又使这一情况进一步恶化。所受破坏最为严重的是交通运输设施，战争中铁路、桥梁以及道路都成为了对方空袭的目标，而进行运输的商船也常常被击沉。西欧的中小城镇和村庄所受的毁坏程度基本上较轻，但交通运输的破坏还是使这些地区的经济与外界的联系几近断绝。这些问题的解决都需要耗费大量财力，而此时大多数陷入战争的国家的国库已被消耗殆尽了。Six years later at the end of the war, the better part of a European is still difficult to calm from the millions of deaths. War throughout most of the continent, involved in the geographical area is far greater than the first world war. Continuous bombing of make the most of the city suffered serious damage, especially in the industrial production of them. The many famous city on the European continent, Warsaw, and Berlin, for example, has become the ruins. While other cities such as London and Rotterdam, also suffered serious damage. Most of these areas related to economic production building into piles of bricks and left millions homeless. Although foreign aid to ease the Dutch famine of 1944, but the war damage to the agriculture and led to many parts of the continent appeared widespread hunger, and in northwest Europe in 1946-1947 rare winter and makes the situation worse. Is the worst damage from the transportation infrastructure, railways, Bridges and roads in the war have become the target from the air, and transport ships also often was sunk. Western Europes small and medium-sized towns and villages were destroyed degree basically is lighter, but the destruction of the transportation or have enabled the economy of these regions cut off from the outside world is close. The solution of these problems requires a lot of money, at a time when most into the coffers of the war the country had been exhausted.一战后的欧洲经济也遭受了较大的破坏，大衰退一直持续到了1920年代，还造成了经济的不稳定和全球性的经济低迷。此时的美国虽然正经历孤立主义的苏醒，却还是试图促进欧洲经济的增长，特别是通过与美国几家主要银行的伙伴关系。当德国无法偿还他们的赔款时，美国通过大大增加对他们贷款数额进行了干预，这笔债务直到1941年双方正式交战为止都还没有偿还完毕。A post-war Europes economy also suffered great damage, the great recession continued in the 1920 s, also caused the instability of the economy and the global economic downturn. Although at this time of the United States is experiencing the resurgence of the isolationism, still trying to promote the growth of the European economy, especially through partnership with several major U.S. Banks. When unable to pay their reparations in Germany, the United States through the intervention has greatly increased lending to them, the debt until formal engagement in 1941 have not finished to repay.因此华府中的多数意见认为，一战后的这段历史不应重演。虽然哈利S杜鲁门及国务院依然继续着其务实的外交政策，认为有必要进行援助，但国会对此兴趣不大。起初，大家普遍认为欧洲，特别是英国和法国的重建并不需耗费过多，它们完全可以依靠自身的殖民地，快速恢复其经济。然而到1947年这些地区的经济依然不见起色。持续几年的寒冬又使情况进一步恶化。在不断增长的高失业率、因食品短缺导致的接连不断的罢工以及一些国家的社会动荡下，欧洲经济的增长几乎是不可能的。到1947年，欧洲经济依然徘徊在战前水平以下，并几乎看不到增长的迹象。农业生产是1938年水平的83%，工业生产为88%，出口总额则仅为59%。So most opinion in Washington, the first world war of this period of history should not repeat itself. Although Harry S. Truman and still continues its pragmatic foreign policy of the state council, think that there is a need for aid, but have little interest in congress. At first, it is generally believed that in Europe, especially the reconstruction of the British and French does not take too much, they can completely rely on their own colonies, fast recovery of its economy. However, by 1947 the regions economy still no improvement. Years of winter and to make things worse. In the growing might of high unemployment, because of food shortages caused by a succession of strikes and social unrest in some countries, Europes economic growth is almost impossible. By 1947, the European economy is still below pre-war levels, and almost cant see the signs of growth. Agricultural production is 83% of 1938 levels, industrial production was 88%, total exports are only 59%.横贯欧洲大陆的铁幕阻断了西欧从东欧的粮食进口线，加剧了战后西欧粮食短缺的局面。食品短缺成为了最为紧迫的问题。在战前，西欧的粮食供应很大程度上要依赖东欧出口的余粮，但这一贸易路径此时已被铁幕几乎完全阻断了。情况在德国尤其严重，那里1946-47年的人均热量摄入仅为每天1,800千卡，这个数值完全不能支持人体的长期健康。威廉 克莱顿在给华盛顿的报告中说，“数百万人正在慢慢饿死。”（millions of people are slowly starving.）而对于经济全局来说，最为致命的是煤的短缺，1946-1947年酷寒的冬天更使之雪上加霜。期间德国有许多家庭没有供暖，数百人被冻死。英国的情况虽然没有那么严重，但是为了满足国内的民用煤炭需求，工业生产不得不被停止。因此从人道主义出发的考虑也是提出这一计划的重要动机之一。Across the continent of the iron curtain to block the western European food imports from eastern Europe line, exacerbating the post-war western food shortages. The food shortage has become the most pressing problem. Before the war, the western European food supplies will largely depend on export surplus in eastern Europe, but it is a trade route at this time has been almost completely blocked the iron curtain. Situation is worst in Germany, where 1946-47 years of calories per person is 1800 kcal per day, this value completely unable to support the long-term health of the human body. William Clayton said in a report to Washington, hundreds of millions of people are slowly starve to death. ( sources people are slowly starving. ) for the global economy, the most deadly is the shortage of coal, 1946-1947 more compounded the depth of winter. During Germany have many families have no heating, hundreds of people freezing to death. The situation in the UK although not so serious, but in order to meet the demand of domestic civil coal, industrial production had to be stopped. Therefore starting from humanitarian consideration is also put forward the plan of one of the important motivation.而在战争中唯一一个基础设施没有遭到明显破坏的正是美国。它比大多数欧洲国家都要晚一些参战，而且本土所受的损失也比较有限。美国的官方黄金储备作为其农业和工业的坚固基石依然完好无损，其经济也仍然充满活力。战争期间美国的工业为本国和它的盟国的战争机器提供了支持，因此美国经济经历了自建国以来增长最快速的一段时期。战后，这些工厂又很快转入了民用生产，战争期间的物资供应短缺很快被消费开支的爆炸性增长所代替。不过经济的长期健康发展还要依赖贸易，长期的繁荣也需要有输出这些商品的市场。而马歇尔计划提供的援助中的很大一部分，正是被欧洲人用来进口来自美国的工业品和原料的。And the only one in the war of infrastructure is the United States was not obvious damage. It is later than most European countries are fighting, and the local loss is limited. Americas official gold reserves as solid cornerstone of its agriculture and industry is still intact, its economy is still full of vitality. During the war industry for domestic and its Allies in the United States war machine provides support, so the economy has experienced the most rapid growth since the founding of the period. After the war, these factories again quickly to civil production, during the war of goods supply shortage soon replaced by the explosive growth of consumer spending. But the long-term health of the economy development more dependent on trade, long-term prosperity also needs to have the output of these commodities market. A large part of the Marshall plan aid, it is by europeans used for imports of industrial products from the United States and raw materials.而对美国来说另一个重要因素，也是与一战后所面对情况的最大不同，就是冷战的开始。美国政府中的很多人士对苏联行动的怀疑情绪正日渐加深。马歇尔计划的倡导者之一乔治凯南在此时已预言了未来世界的两极格局。对他来说，马歇尔计划正是他的新理论对苏联的遏制政策的核心内容。需要强调的是，当马歇尔计划开始实施的时候，苏美的战时同盟关系还没有结束，冷战也没有真正开始。而对于那些马歇尔计划的起草者来说，他们对苏联的恐惧也并不像日后那么极端强烈，甚至到凌驾于其他一切因素之上的地步。But another important factor for the United States, is also facing with the first world war, the biggest different is the start of the cold war. Many people in the United States government action the doubts of the Soviet union is deepening. At the same time, the Marshall plan, one of the advocates of George Kennan had predicted the bipolar structure for the future of the world. The Marshall plan for him is his new theory - the core content of the containment policy of the Soviet union. Need to stress is that when the Marshall plan initiated, Sue beauty of wartime alliance is not over yet, also is not really of the cold war began. For the Marshall plan drafter, their fear of the Soviet union is not as extreme as in the future, even to the point of over all other considerations.解决方案The solution不过在马歇尔计划付诸实施之前，美国已经投入了大量资金用于欧洲重建。据估计在1945年到1947年间，美国在这方面的投入就达90亿美元。这些援助中的大多数都是以间接形式进行的，其中包括作为租借法案中一揽子协定的继续、或由美军出面重建当地的基础设施及帮助难民等不同途径。此外美国还与一些国家签定了正式的双边援助协定。其中最为重要的动作，要数“杜鲁门主义”所保证的给予希腊和土耳其军事协助的内容。此外，当时尚处于幼稚期的联合国所做的一系列救济以及减免债务等人道主义努力，其资金大多也来自于美国。这些努力也收到了一定成效，但由于它们缺乏系统的组织和完善的计划，反而忽视了欧洲重建的许多最基本的需求。But before the Marshall plan into practice, the United States has invested a lot of money for reconstruction of Europe. Estimates are between 1945 and 1947, the United States invested $9 billion in this respect. The great majority of the aid in the form of indirect, including as a package in the lend-lease agreements to continue, or by the U.S. to rebuild the local infrastructure and different approaches to help refugees, etc. In addition the United States and some countries signed a formal bilateral assistance agreement. One of the most important action, is the Truman doctrine guaranteed by the content of the military assistance to Greece and Turkey. In addition, at that time was still in the immature stage of the United Nations has done a series of benefits and debt relief and humanitarian efforts, most of its money from the United States. These efforts also got certain achievements, but due to their lack of system of organization and perfect plan, but neglected the European reconstruction of many of the most basic requirements.相关争论编辑Debate about editing早期研究马歇尔计划的学者大多把它看作美国式慷慨的又一成功范例。而对马歇尔计划的批评大多来自于受1960年代到1970年代间的修正主义学派影响的历史学家。他们认为马歇尔计划是美国经济帝国主义的表现。美国企图通过这一计划全方位控制西欧，正如苏联控制东欧一样。美国还试图利用马歇尔计划实现其地缘政治目标，因此这绝不是什么慷慨。Early studies of the Marshall plan most scholars see it as American generosity and a successful example. And most of the criticism of the Marshall plan from the 1960 s and 1970 s the revisionist school between the influence of the historian. They think that the Marshall plan is a manifestation of the American economic imperialism. The United States attempt to comprehensive control plan by the Western Europe, just as the Soviet control of eastern Europe. The United States is also trying to use the Marshall plan to achieve its geopolitical objectives, so this is no generosity.而其他一些历史学家所强调的则是此计划给美国带来的经济利益。正是由于两次世界大战给欧洲造成的破坏，才使美国的工业和农业占据了世界领先地位。从中成长起来的众多美国私人企业需要在贸易自由政策下开辟的新市场来获得利润。虽然此时的欧洲重建也正需要来自美国的产品，但还没有从二战的阴影中走出的欧洲人没有足够的美元来进口这些必需物资。这体现了一个基本的经济问题欧洲的资本主义本质上正为美元荒（dollar shortage）所困扰。而美国却积聚了大量的贸易顺差，其庞大的储备也在不断增长。与此同时，国际货币基金组织（IMF）和国际复兴开发银行（International Bank for Reconstruction and Development）的信贷机制已完全无法应付西欧的大额贸易赤字。前者只能够通过一些数目不是很大的贷款，帮助欧洲解决短期内的赤字问题。至于重要的财政和重建问题，他们就无能为力了。因此美国就开始通过多种途径向欧洲提供所谓的“美元信贷”（dollar credits），来帮助欧洲解决这些问题。而马歇尔计划正是这众多途径之一。In the 1980 s, a new idea that the Marshall plan is not, as previously held in the European Renaissance plays a decisive role in the process. Is the first proposed the idea of economic historian Allan mill ward (Alan s. Milward). German historian, hadad DE h (Gerd if in his 1994 book the Marshall Plan (Der Marshall Plan) in further expounds this idea. The historian, points out that as early as in before large-scale aid arrived in the United States, many European countries have moved on to the stage of economic growth. And some countries accept aid less, its development speed is quicker. Although did help the Marshall plan in Europe many difficulties in the process of reconstruction, and for the recovery of some key department plays an important role, but overall, Europe in the post-war economic growth after the trough and the Marshall plan was not close. In addition there are many European socialist thought, because many European rich during the second world war put their money to the security of the United States, European governments can completely by putting their hands nationalized enterprises shares to gain equally large number of reconstruction.Part2.苏联在五六十年代中对中国的经济援助及中国经济的稳定发展战后初期的十几年,是中苏两国两党关系发展的重要时期,在此期间两国两党关系发展迅速。新中国成立后宣布一边倒的外交政策,加入以苏联为首的社会主义阵营。经过多年战火的新中国急需修复战争的创伤,恢复经济,进行社会主义建设。苏联给予了中国大量的经济援助,派遣了众多专家帮助中国进行建设,在一定程度上解了我们的燃眉之急,体现了社会主义国家之间兄弟般的友谊。但是,苏联的援助也不是完全无私无偿的,更不是十全十美的,既有巨大的积极作用,也产生了一定的消极影响。At the early stage of the postwar years, is important in the development of sino-soviet relations between the two parties of the two countries, relations between the two parties of the two countries has developed rapidly during this period. After the founding of new China announced a one-sided diplomacy, to join the socialist camp headed by the Soviet union. After many years of the war of the new China urgently needs to repair the trauma of war, economic recovery, for the socialist construction. The Soviet union gave China a lot of economic aid, sent many experts to help China to build, in part over our urgency, embodies the socialist brotherly friendship between countries. The aid of the Soviet union, however, is not entirely selfless gratuitous, more is not perfect, both the enormous positive role, also has certain negative influence.1、朝鲜战争时期援助1, the Korean war朝鲜战争期间，苏方向中国提供了军事援助，包括一千架米格15型飞机以及对东北和中国运输系统的军事工业援助，由苏方援助中国的现代化和机械化武装部队，一直在朝鲜停留到停战之后，中国生产出模仿和复制的苏式重型大炮和坦克，在苏联许可下开始自行生产米格飞机，同时中国海军配备了由苏联提供后由中国仿制的潜艇。During the Korean war, Sue direction China provides military aid, including one thousand mig 15 aircraft as well as to the northeast aid and military industry of transportation system in China, the soviets aid and mechanization of the armed forces of modernization in China, has been to stay in north Korea after the armistice, China produces imitating and copying Soviet heavy artillery and tanks, permission to start production of mig itself of the Soviet union, at the same time after equipped with the Chinese navy is provided by the Soviet union by the Chinese imitation of submarines.2、建国初期援助2, in the early days after foundation of aid Soviet aid to China mainly concentrated in the early founding of the Soviet union in 1949 in the form of equipment, machinery and all kinds of material goods provided China with a $300 million loan,苏联对中国的援助主要集中在建国初期，1949年苏联以设备、机器和各种材料的商品形式向中国提供3亿美元贷款，3、156项基础工业设施建设3, 156 industrial infrastructure在中国第一、第二个五年计划时期，苏联援华的重点是称为“156项”的基础工业设施建设。这些项目的机器设备，主要是以货物贸易而不是以贷款交付的，而提供技术是免费的。First, the second five-year plan period in China, the Soviet union, China known as the 156 is the focus of the construction of infrastructure industry. The project machinery, mainly on trade in goods and not on loans to pay, and provide technical is free of charge.Part3.中国对外（非洲）援助的国际影响 中国总体上仍然是个发展中国家，国内还存在不少贫困地区和贫困人口，某些受援国后来对华关系发生变化，等等，都成为批评者抨击中国对外援助的理由.In general is still a developing country, China domestic there are a lot of poor areas and poor people, some recipients later change its relations with China, and so on, all be critics attacked reasons for Chinas foreign aid.很明显的中国从来