STEM教案月球岩石-中英文.doc

Air and Space MuseumWelcome to STEM in 30! Join us right now for a 30 minute discussion about Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) from the Smithsonians National Air and Space Museum!Jennifer, Research FellowHello everyone, welcome to STEM in 30! My name is Jennifer Whitten and I am a researcher here at the National Air and Space Museum. Todays show is focused on the Moon, one of my favorite planetary bodies! Some of my research involves studying volcanic deposits on the Moon, but I enjoy talking about all aspects of lunar geology. I am looking forward to your questions.For two weeks in 2010, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter acquired about 1,300 images resulting in this spectacular mosaic of the near side of the Moon. Image credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Arizona State University.Did you know? Recent computer models indicate that the Moon could have been formed from the debris resulting from the Earth being struck a glancing blow by a planetary body about the size of Mars. The chemical composition of the Moon, derived from studies of lunar rocks, is compatible with this theory of the origin of the Moon. We have learned that a crust formed on the Moon 4.4 billion years ago.Learn more about the Moon from NASA.Which of the following is true?The Moon has no gravity. 0%The Moon does not rotate . 0%The Moon has a constant dark side. 0%None of the above.100%Comment From RozWhat is the name of the largest crater that I can see on the Moon?Jennifer, Research Fellow:The largest crater on the nearside of the Moon is the Imbrium Basin, but it doesnt look like a crater because it is almost entirely filled with mare (lava). Without all the mare, Imbrium Basin would look like Orientale Basin (see image below), with several interior rings.NASAs Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) recently captured a unique view of Earth from the spacecrafts vantage point in orbit around the moon. The image of the Earth evokes the famous Blue Marble image taken by Astronaut Harrison Schmitt during Apollo 17, 43 years ago, which also showed Africa prominently in the picture. Image credit: NASA.Learn more about the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO).Jennifer, Research FellowThis is the Orientale Basin on the western limb of the Moon. It is almost 1000 km across! The mare is confined to the very center of the basin, allowing the structure of the impact basin to be easily observed. Image credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State Univ./Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.Stereo images are used to create a high-resolution topographic model of Linn crater, a young, bowl-shaped impact crater. That model enables scientists to view the crater from any anglea powerful tool for interpreting an areas geology and planning future exploration. Image credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Arizona State University.This relief model of the crater was derived from 80 LROC Narrow Angle Camera images taken from different angles, so scientists could accurately determine the height and proportion of the crater features. The model was carved from a single large block of material and airbrushed to accurately depict the brightness of features. Model courtesy of NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University/Pflug GmbHComment From TakaylaWhen was the Moon made?Jennifer, Research Fellow:Scientists believe that the Moon was formed about 4.5 billion years ago, when a large impactor crashed into a proto-Earth. This impact event threw material into orbit that eventually gathered together to form the Moon.Restored Apollo 11 FootageAir and Space MuseumScientist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt, Apollo 17 lunar module pilot, collects lunar rake samples at Station 1 during the missions first spacewalk at the Taurus-Littrow landing site. The lunar rake, an Apollo lunar geology hand tool, is used to collect discrete samples of rocks and rock chips ranging in size from one-half inch to 1 inch. Image credit: NASA.Learn more about the Apollo missions.Did you know? Between 1969 and 1972 six Apollo missions brought back 842 pounds of lunar rocks, core samples, pebbles, sand and dust from the lunar surface. The six space flights returned 2,200 separate samples from six different exploration sites on the Moon. In addition, three automated Soviet spacecraft returned important samples totaling approximately 3/4 pound from three other lunar sites.On Nov. 14, 1969, Apollo 12 launched and became Americas second successful mission to the moon. This close-up view of astronaut Charles Conrad Jr., commander of the Apollo 12 lunar landing mission, was photographed during an extravehicular activity on the surface of the moon. A set of tongs, an Apollo Lunar Hand Tool (ALHT), is held in his right hand. Image credit: NASA.Learn more about the tools astronauts used to collect Moon rocks.Trick question! The answer to our trivia question is: None of the statements above are true. They are common misconceptions. There is, in fact, gravity on the Moon, but because the Moon has less mass than the Earth, it has 1/6 of Earths gravity at its surface. The Moon does spin on its axis, completing a rotation once every 27.3 days; the confusion is caused because it also takes the same period to orbit the Earth, so that it keeps the same side facing us. Even so, the Moon has no side that is constantly dark; the front and back are alternately lit by the sun as the Moon rotates. “Far side” is a more accurate term than “dark side” of the Moon.Discover more misconceptions about the Moon.LRO Revisits Apollo Landing SitesSea of Tranquility is where Apollo 11 astronauts landed on the Moon in 1969. The white lines on this image of the Moon, map the path that Apollo 11 astronauts took. LM marks the location of their Lunar Module. Image credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Arizona State University.Jennifer, Research FellowThe largest crater on the Moon is the South-Pole Aitken Basin, which is on the farside of the Moon. It is elliptical in shape, but has a diameter of 2700 km, which is about the distance between Miami, FL and Portland, ME!Did you know? There is a tiny piece of the moon in Washingtons National Cathedral, delivered there personally by the men who brought it back. Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins delivered the seven-gram sample from the lunar Sea of Tranquility during a ceremony at the Cathedral on July 21, 1974, five years after their history-making lunar landing. The stained glass window that houses the piece of moon rock has become known as the Space Window. In preparation for mounting the 3.6 billion-year-old sample collected by Armstrong and Aldrin, workers sealed a rock section two-and-one-half inches in diameter between two pieces of tempered glass circled with a band of stainless steel. The sealing was done in a nitrogen environment so that any void between the pieces of glass would be filled with nitrogen rather than air, preventing deterioration.The stained glass window at the National Cathedral that houses the piece of moon rock has become known as the Space Window. In preparation for mounting the 3.6 billion-year-old sample collected by Armstrong and Aldrin, workers sealed a rock section two-and-one-half inches in diameter sealed between two pieces of tempered glass circled with a band of stainless steel. Image credit: NASA.Jennifer, Research FellowThe South Pole-Aitken Basin is shown here in elevation data, where reds and browns are high in elevation and blues and purples are low elevation. This large basin is named after the two features that define its rim, the South Pole (at the bottom of the image) and the Aitken Crater (closer to the top of the image). Image credit:NASA/Goddard.What do you think moondust smells like?Soil0%Metal0%Wood0%Gunpowder50%Something else50%Astronauts took special thermos containers to the moon to hold the samples in vacuum. But the jagged edges of the dust unexpectedly cut the seals of the containers, allowing oxygen and water vapor to sneak in during the 3-day trip back to Earth. No one can say how much the dust was altered by that exposure. Apollo 12 astronaut Alan Bean displays a thermos for moondust-a.k.a. a Special Environmental Sample Container. Image credit: NASA.Air and Space MuseumArent spacesuits supposed to be white? Scientist-astronaut Harrison Schmitt, Apollo 17 lunar module pilot, is covered in moondust as he uses an adjustable sampling scoop to retrieve lunar samples during the second Apollo 17 extravehicular activity (EVA), at Station 5 at the Taurus-Littrow landing site. Image credit: NASA.Did you know? An early, persistent problem noted by Apollo astronauts on the Moon was dust. It got everywhere, including into their lungs. Oddly enough, that may be where future explorers get their next breath of air: The moons dusty layer of soil is nearly half oxygen. The trick is extracting it. Lunar soil is rich in oxides. The most common is silicon dioxide (SiO2), much like beach sand. Scientists are developing ways to provide astronauts oxygen theyll need on the Moon and Mars by heating lunar soils until they release oxygen.In response to our poll question: Apollo astronauts couldnt touch their noses to the lunar surface, but after every moonwalk they would tramp moondust back inside the lander. Moondust was incredibly clingy. More than one moonwalker described the dust as having the smell of spent gunpowder, although the two substances have little in common from a scientific perspective. No one quite knows why moondust has this peculiar odor.Have you ever touched a Moon rock?Yep! It was awesome!100%Not yet. (You should come to the National Air and Space Museum)0%Visitors can touch a rock from the Moon in the Boeing Milestones of Flight Hall at the National Air and Space Musuem in Washington, DC. Four other lunar samples are on display at the Museum. Image credit: National Air and Space Museum.A close-up view of astronaut Buzz Aldrins bootprint in the lunar soil, photographed with the 70mm lunar surface camera during Apollo 11s sojourn on the moon. Image credit: NASA.Neil Armstrong delivered the first words ever spoken by a human on another celestial body when he said this of stepping onto the surface of the Moon: Thats one small step for a man. One giant leap for mankind. What do you think should be the first words spoken on Mars?Jennifer, Research FellowDid you know that there is water on the Moon?! Scientists have found water in the Moon and water on the Moon. Recently, water has been found in ancient volcanic glasses which carried water from the mantle of the Moon to its surface. Water has also been found in permanently shadowed craters at the north and south poles. The lack of any sunlight hitting the floors of polar craters creates a cold environment were water molecules can collect. Despite the these discoveries of water on the Moon, the total amount of water is still very small. Astronauts wont be taking showers with lunar water any time soon!Because the Moons axis is tilted only slightly, the angle of the Suns rays does not change much, so the Moon has no seasons. These maps of the north (top) and south (bottom) poles, where the sunlight angle is lowest, were created from thousands of images taken throughout a lunar year. These areas of permanent shadow are very cold and may be where water ice has co