高中英语语法重点难点回顾

高中英语语法重点难点回顾 主谓一致常考难题 1 Five minutes is enough to do this exercise Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future More than one student has seen the film Many a ship has been damaged in the storm More members than one are against your plan 一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时 谓语通常用 复数形式 glasses clothes trousers shoes compasses chopsticks scissors 等 但如果主语用 a kind of a pair of a series of 等加名词构成时 谓语动词一般用单数形式 A pair of shoes was on the desk 并列主语如果指的是同一个人 同一事物或同一概念时 谓语动词 用单数形式 这时 and 后面的名词没有冠词 例如 Truth and honesty is the best policy The girl s teacher and friend is a young doctor To love and to be loved is the great happiness Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit A knife and fork is on the table 当主语后面跟有 as well as as much as no less than along with with like rather than together with but except besides including in addition to 等引导的词组时 其 谓语动词的单 复数按主语的单 复数而定 例如 The teacher as well as the students was excited The room with its furniture was rented 2 A great number of 修饰可数复数名词 谓语动词用复数 a great deal of a large amount of 修饰不可数名词 其短语作主语 时 谓语动词用单数 3 关系代词 who that which 等在定语从句中作主语时 其谓语 动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致 例如 Those who want to go please sign your names here Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun 4 季节 月份 星期 节日 假日 一日三餐 学科名称 球类 棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词 1 2 one a half 1 4 one a quarter 5 形容词的顺序 系动词 be grow get become feel appear prove seem look keep smell taste sound turn remain 限定词 数量形容词 序数词在 前 基数词在后 性状形容词 大小 长短 高低等形体 新旧 颜色 国藉 材料 Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table 6 某些以 a 开首的形容词例如 afraid alike alone asleep awake alive 等只能作表语 不能 作定语 某些以 ly 结尾的词是形容词而不是副词 friendly lively lovely lonely likely deadly silly orderly timely 等 7 bad ill badly worse worst little less least 表示一方不及 另一方时 用 less 原级 than 的结构表示 This room is less beautiful than that one 表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时 可在比较级前加表示程度的 状语 如 even a lot a bit a little still much far yet by far 等修饰 He works even harder than before 注意 by far 通常用于强调最高级 用于比较级时 一般放在比较 级的后面 如放在前面 应在二者中间加 the He is taller by far than his brother He is by far the taller of the two brothers 某些以 or 结尾的形容词进行比较时 用 to 代替 than superior junior senior 等 He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics 在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用 that those one ones 代替 前面出现的名词 that 指物 one 既可指人 也可指物 that 可代替 可数名词单数和不可数名词 而 one 只能代替可数名词 例如 The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood 8 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型 A is three four etc times the size height length width etc of B The new building is four times the size the height of the old one 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大 四倍高 高三倍 A is three four etc times as big high long wide etc as B Asia is four times as large as Europe 亚洲是欧洲 的四倍大 A is three four etc times bigger higher longer wider than B 例如 Your school is three times bigger than ours 你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍 表示两倍可以用 twice 或 double 9 表示 最高程度 的形容词 如 excellent extreme perfect 等 没有最高级 也不能用比较级 如果复数名词前有 many few 不可数名词前有 much little 等 表示量的形容词时 该用 so 而不用 such 如 I ve had so many falls that I m black and blue all over Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together 但 little 不表示数量而表示 小 的意思时 仍用 such 如 They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves 10 almost 与 nearly 在 very pretty not 后用 nearly 不用 almost 例如 I m not nearly ready 在 any no none never 前用 almost 不用 nearly 例如 I almost never see her 11 need 表示 需要 或 必须 作情态动词时 仅用于否定句 或疑问句中 在肯定句中一般用 must have to ought to 或 should 代替 例如 You needn t come so early Need I finish the work today Yes you must 注意 needn t have done 表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某 事 例如 You needn t have waited for me should have done 表示应该做到而实际上没有做到 You should have started earlier ought to have done 表示过去应做某事而实际未做 You ought to have helped him but you didn t 书报的标题 小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时 表示感觉 愿望和状态的某些动词如 have be hear see like 等词一般不用进行时 有些动词形式上是主动结构 但表示被动的意思 常见的有可和 well easily 等副词连用的不及物动词 sell wash write read clean cook 等 例如 The cloth washes well 这布很经洗 The new product sells well 这新产品很畅销 The pen writes well 这支笔很好写 在动词 arrange command demand desire insist order propose request require suggest 等后面的宾语从句中用 should 动词原形 虚拟语气 例如 We suggested that we should have a meeting We insisted that they should go with us The doctor ordered that she should stay in bed for a few days He demanded that we should start right away 作 advice idea order demand plan proposal suggestion request 等名 词的表语从句和同位语从句 其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构 should 动词原形 例如 We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Beijing for sightseeing My idea is that we should do exercises first 在 feel hear notice observe see watch have let make 等词后的补足语中 不定式不带 to 但是这些句子如果变成被动 结构时 就必须带 to 例如 I often hear him sing the song He is often heard to sing the song 注意 不定式动词在介词 but except besides 后面时 如果这些 介词之前有行 为动词 do 的各种形式 那么 这些介词后的不定式不带 to 否则要带 to 如 She could do nothing but cry What do you like to do besides swim I have no choice but to go 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词 或者不定式所修饰的名词或代 词是不定式动作的地点 工具等 不定式后面须有相应的介词 例如 He is looking for a room to live in There is nothing to worry about Please give me a knife to cut with There It is no use good not any use good useless doing sth 动词后可以用动名词作宾语 但不能用不定式 admit appreciate avoid consider delay enjoy escape excuse feel like finish forgive give up imagine include keep mention mind miss practise put off resist risk suggest can t help can t stand 无法忍受 等 I tried not to go there 我设法不去那里 I tried doing it again 我试着又干了一次 mean to do 有意 mean doing 意味着 I mean to come early today 我打算今天早些来 Missing the train means waiting for another hour 误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时 allow advise forbid permit We don t allow smoking here We don t allow students to smoke 动词 need require want 作 需要 解 其后跟动词作它的宾语时 若表示的含义是被动的 必须用动名词 或不定式的被动式 例如 The window needs requires wants cleaning to be cleaned 在短语 devote to look forward to pay attention to stick to be used to object to thank you for excuse me for 等后的 动词也必须用动名词形式 I look forward to hearing from you soon Badly polluted the water cannot be drunk 原因 Being written in haste the composition is full of mistakes 原因 强调写的过程 故应用现在分词一般被动式 Having been deserted by his guide he couldn t find his way through the jungle 为了强调已完成的动作 Asked to stay I couldn t very well refuse 这里 asked 可能意味着 having been asked 也可能意味着 when since I was asked 但用了 having been asked 就不会有歧义 下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同 所以 不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式 例如 Covered with confusion I left the room 我很窘地离开了房间 United we stand divided we fall 团结则存 分裂则亡 He used to live in London use d n t he didn t he There used to be a cinema here before the war use d n t there didn t there Such things ought not to be allowed ought they He ought to be punished oughtn t he 但在正式文体中 用 ought we not 形式 例如 We ought to go ought we not 或 We ought to go should we not 含有情态动词 must 的句子表示推则 作 想必 解时 疑问部分不 可用 mustn t 若前句强调对现在情况的推测 疑问部分用 aren t isn t 十主语 例如 You must be tired aren t you 若陈述 部分的 must 表示 有必要 时 附加疑问句部分则用 needn t 例如 You must go home right now needn t you 当 mustn t 表示禁止时 附 加疑问部分一般用 must 如 You mustn t walk on grass must you 前句谓语动词是 must have 过去分词时 若前句强调对过去情况 的推测 一般有过去时间状语 疑问部分的谓语动词用 didn t 主语 若前句强调动作的完成 疑问部分的谓语动词用 haven t hasn t 主 语 例如 He must have met her yesterday didn t he You must have seen the film haven t you 陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时 前缀或后缀 疑问部分仍用否定 结构 例如 He is unfit for his office isn t he 如果陈述部分包含有 no never hardly seldom few little nowhere nothing 等否定或半否定词时 疑问部分用肯定形式 例如 He is hardly 14 years old is he 如果陈述部分的主语为 everyone someone no one 等不定代词 其 疑问部分的主语可用 he 也可用 they Everyone knows his job doesn t he Everyone knows their job don t they No one was hurt were they I m late aren t I One can t be too careful can one you Have a cup of tea will you Let s go there shall we Let us go there will you 同位语从句跟在名词后面 进一步说明该名词的具体内容 引导同 位语从句的名词主要有 fact news promise idea truth 等 连接 词用 that 不用 which 及连接副词 how when where why 等 例如 His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway The news that our team has won the match is true She asked the reason why there was a delay 关联词只能用 whether 不能用 if 表示 是否 的情况如下 A 在表语从句和同位语从句中 例如 The question is whether the film is worth seeing The news whether our team has won the match is unknown B 在主语从句中 只有用 it 作形式主语时 whether 和 if 都能引导 主语从句 否则 也只能用 whether 例如 Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn t been decided yet It hasn t been decided whether if we shall attend the meeting C 在介词之后 介词往往可以省略 例如 It all depends on whether they will support us D 后面直接跟动词不定式时 He doesn t know whether to stay or not E 后面紧接 or not 时 We didn t know whether or not she was ready F 引导让步状语从句 只能用 whether Whether you like it or not you must do it well G 用 if 会引起歧义时 例如 Please let me know if you like it 该句有两个意思 请告诉我你是否喜欢 或 如果你喜欢 请告诉我 用了 whether 就可以避免 在下面几种情况下必须用 that 引导定语从句 1 先行词是不定代词 all few little much something nothing anything 等 All that we have to do is to practise every day 2 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰 The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten 3 先行词被 all any every each few little no some 等修饰 I have read all the book that you gave me 4 先行词被 the only the very the same the last 修饰时 He is the only person that I want to talk to 5 先行词既有人又有物时 They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school 先行词是表示地点时 要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物 的 如果是及物的就用 that which 否则用 where This is the house where he lived last year This is the house that which he visited last year 用 no sooner than 和 hardly when 引导的从句表示 刚 就 主句中的动词一般用过去完成时 从句用过去时 而且主句一般倒装 把 助动词 had 提到前面 例如 Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise 代词作主语时 主谓语序不变 Here it is Here he comes 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装 South of the city lies a big steel factory From the valley came a frightening sound 表语置于句首时 倒装结构为 表语 连系动词 主语 Present at the meeting were Professor White Professor Smith and many other guests Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people Among the goods are Christmas trees flowers candles and toys He has been to Beijing So have I Li Wei can t answer the question Neither can I 部分倒装 用于省略 if 的虚拟条件状语从句 Had you reviewed your lessons you might have passed the examination 3 用于 形容词 或名词 动词 as though 引导的让步状语从句 中 例如 Pretty as she is she is not clever Try as he would he might fail again 如果从句的表语是名词 其名词前不加 任何冠词 Child as he was he had to make a living 用于 no sooner than hardly when 和 not until 的句型中 Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework 用于 never hardly seldom scarcely barely little often at no time not only not once 等词开头的句子 Never shall I do this again Little did he know who the woman was 6 用于以 only 开头的句子 only 修饰副词 介词短语或状语从句时 Only in this way can you master English Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in 如果 only 后面的词组不是状语 则不用倒装 Only Wang Ling knows this 定语从句 用来说明主句中某一名词或代词 有时也可说明整个主句或主句中 一部分 而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句 一 词引导的定语从句 1 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词 句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句 代替人 代替物 代替人或物 主语 Who which that 主语 Whom which that 宾语 Whose of whom whose of which 例 This is the detective who came from London 例 The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy 例 The desk whose leg is broken is very old 例 This is the room that Shakespeare was born in 关系代词的用法 1 如果先行词是 all much anything something nothing everything little none 等不定代词 关系代词一般只用 that 不 用 which 例如 All the people that are present burst into tears 2 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及 first last any only few mush no some very 等词修饰 关系代词常用 that 不用 which who 或 whom 例如 3 非限制性定语从句中 不能用关系代词 that 作宾语用的关系 代词也不能省略 例如 There are about seven million people taking part in the election most of whom are well educated 4 which 还有一种特殊用法 它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主 句 代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念 在这种从句中 which 可 以作主语 也可以作宾语或表语 多数情况下意思是与 and this 相似 并可以指人 例如 He succeeded in the competition which made his parents very happy 5 that 可指人或物 在从句中作表语 指人作主语时多用 who 仅用于限制性定语从句中 6 which 可作表语 既可指人 以可指物 指人时 一般指从事 某种职业或是有种特征 品性或才能的人 Which 引导的定语从句可以 限制性的 也可以是非限制性的 7 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体 关系代词用 which 若是指集体中的各个成员 则用 who 8 先行词有两个 一个指人 一个指物 关系代词应该用 that 例如 The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely 9 如果先行词是 anyone anybody everyone everybody someone somebody 关系代词应该用 who 或 whom 不用 which 例如 Is there anyone here who will go with you 介词 关系代词 是一个普遍使用的结构 1 介词 关系代词 可以引导限制性定语从句 也可以引导非 限制性定语从句 介词 关系代词 结构中的介词可以是 in on about from for with to at of without 等 关系代词只可用 whom 或 which 不可用 that 2 from where 为 介词 关系副词 结构 但也可以引导定语 从句 例如 We stood at the top of the hill from where we can see the town 3 像 listen to look at depend on pay attention to ta ke care of 等固定短语动词 在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分 开 例如 This is the boy whom she has taken care of 二 关系副词引导的定语从句 1 关系副词也可以引导定语从句 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间 地点或原因 关系副词 when 在 从句中充当时间状语 where 充当地点状语 why 充当原因状语 2 that 可引导定语从句表示时间 地点或原因 That 有时可以代替关系副词 when where 或者 why 引导定语从句 表示时间 地点或原因 在 that 引导的这种定语从句中 that 也可 以省去 三 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1 二者差异比较 限制定语从句紧跟先行词 同先行词这间一般不加逗号 仅修饰先 行词 可以由关系代词 关系副词或 that 来引导 非限制性定语从句 仅作补充或说明 用逗号与主句隔开 既可修饰先行词 又可修饰整 个主句 不可用 that 引导 2 关系代词和关系副词的选择依据 1 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分 作状语的应选 用关系副词 作主语 宾语或表语的可选用关系代词 3 先行词与定语从句隔离 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后 但定语从句与先行词之间有时也 会插入别的成分 构成先行词与定语从句的隔离 例如 1 This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about 2 He was the only person in this country who was invited 四 As 在定语从句中的用法 1 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 as 多与 such 或 the same 连用 可以代替先行词是人或物 的名词 as 也可单独使用 引导非限制性定语从句 作用相 当于 which 例如 The elephant s nose is like a snake as an ybody can see the same that 与 the same as 在意思上是不同的 2 As 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 as 引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活 可以位于主句前面 中 间或后面 一般用逗号与主句隔开 但 which 所引导的非限制性定语 从句只能放在主句之后 例如 1 As is expected the England team won the football matc h 2 The earth runs around the sun as is known by everyone 冠词用法不用愁 巧记两段顺口溜 有些同学总感到冠词难用 尤其是不知或拿不准什么时候要 加冠 什么时候 免冠 这里着重介绍一下有关 定冠词的用法 和 不定冠词的几种情 第 8 12 页 况 的两段口诀 一 定冠词的用法 特指双熟悉 上文已提及 世上独无二 序数最高级 某些专有名 习语及乐器 以上口诀归纳了用定冠词的一般情况 即 特指某些人或物 谈话双方都熟悉的人或事 上文已经提到的 人或事 世界上独一无二的事物前 序数词回形容词最高级前 某 些专有名词前 一些习惯短语 如 in the day 等 中和乐器前 如 play the violin piano 二 不用冠词的集中情况 下列情况应免冠 代词限定名词前 专有名词不可数 学科球类三餐饭 复数名词表泛指 两节星期月份前 颜色语种和国名 称呼习语及头衔 以上口诀主要概括了一般应 免冠 的几种情况 即 名词前已有作定语用的 this that some any my 等限定词 专有名词和不可数名词前 表示学科的 如 maths Chinese physics 名词前 球类活动的名词前及三餐总称前 复数名词 表示泛指 一类人或事 时 节日 季节 星期 月份前 表 示颜色 如 It s red yellow 语种 如 speak English Jap anese 和国家的非全称名词 如 We live in China They come fr om America 在称呼或表示头衔的名词前 某些习惯短语中 如 in bed go to school 等 情态动词的推测性用法 1 Possibility may might can could a 在疑问句中表示 可能 须用 can 而不用 may b 在肯定陈述句中 用 can 表示 可能 与用 may 往往产生含义上 的微妙差别 用表示 可能 往往指逻辑上的 用表事实上的 Mr Reed is in poor health He can be ill at any time Mr Reed looks pale He may be ill c 用 can 表 可能 较多地用于否定句和疑问句 could 不受此 限 If you don t have a guide you could lose your way It cna t couldn t be true Can Could the news be true d 表过去的 可能 可用 may might 不定式完成体或不定完成进 行体 也可用 can could 不定式完成体 She may might have been expressing her true feelings at th at moment She can t couldn t have missed the train e 用 might could 不定式完成体 有式可以表本来可能发生但没 有发生 或本来可能完成却没有完成的动作 You might have killed yourself I could have reported you 使用半倒装的几种情况 1 当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时 第 9 12 页 Never have I found him in such a good mood No longer these days is it necessaryfor women to wear veil s Visit our stores Nowhere else will you find such manifice nt bargains 2 当句首状语由 only 副词 介词词组 状语分句时 Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get so me tickets in the end 以关联词 not only but also 开头的句子或成分 Not only did he complain about the food he also refused t o pay for it 3 以关联连词 so that 开头的句子 在这种结构中 so a 是主 语补语的前置 so ad 是状语的前置 So small was the mark that I could hardly see it So quickly did theworkmen finish their work that they were given a bonus 4 当方式状语 频度状语移至句首 Gladly would I pay more if I couild get better servece by doing so Many a time has Mike given me good advice 定语从句学习容易出错的几方面 1 在定语从句中加了多余的或缺少宾语成分 Some of the boys I invited the didn t come She told the wrongs had been done to her by the boss 2 把定语从句的主谓一致问题 Those who has finished may go now 3 当先行词为表示时间 地点的名词时 分不清关系词在定语从 句中所作的句子成分 Is this the school where Mr White visited last month 4 分不清限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 The naughty boy often knocked at the Wangs door that mad e the family unhappy 5 与强调句混淆 It was in the afternoon when I saw him in the park 应该为 It was in that afternoon that I saw him in the park 6 忽视只能用 that 不能用 which 的情况 W