unit 9 What makes a leader.ppt

Unit9Whatmakesaleader Asenseofhumorispartoftheartofleadership ofgettingalongwithpeople ofgettingthingsdone DwightD EisenhowerDiscussionIfyouareelectedthechairpersonofyourcountry whatisthefirstthingyouaregoingtodo Whyisitimportant 1 Whenyouselectapersontobeyourleaderatsomelevel say chairmanoftheStudents Union editorofthecollegetabloid whatsortofpersondoyouthinkhe sheoughttobe 2 Haveyoueverhadthewishtobealeaderofsomekind Doyoubelieveyouhavethequalitiesrequiredandthusyouwillturnouttobeacompetentleader IllustrationwithExamplesAnobviousfeatureofthetextistheabundantuseofexamplestoillustratethetopicsentenceorcentralideaofaparagraph EvidencefromTextPara 2Centralidea Leadershipisasmuchaquestionoftimingasanythingelse Illustrations ThreegreatstatesmenChurchill RooseveltandLeninatthetimewhentheirrolewascalledfor Para 3Topicsentence Greatleadersarealmostalwaysgreatsimplifiers Illustrations Thebriefbutforcefulmessagesthethreestatesmensenttotheirpeoplerespectively Para 4Centralidea Leaders musthavebigger than life commandingfeatures Atrademarkalsocomesinhandy Illustrations LGJ snoseandearlobes Ike sbroadgrin Lincoln sstovepipehat JFK srocker Para 5Topicsentence Italsohelpsforaleadertobeabletodosomethingmostofuscan t Illustration FDRovercamepolio MaoswamtheYangtzeRiverattheageof72 Para 6Topicsentence Eventelevision doesn taltogetherobscurethequalitiesofleadershipwerecognize ortheirabsence Illustrations TelevisionexposedNixon sinsecurityandHumphrey sfatalinfatuationwithhisownvoice Para 8Topicsentence Aleadershouldknowtoappearrelaxedandconfident Illustrations Heshouldbeable likeLincoln FDR Truman IkeandJFK togiveagood hearty bellylaugh insteadofthesicklygrinthatpassesforgoodhumorinNixonorCarter RonaldReagan strainingasanactorshowedtogoodeffectinthedebatewithCarter whenbyhiseasymannerandapparentaffability Para 9Centralidea Peoplecanonlybeledwheretheywanttogo Theleaderfollows thoughastepahead Illustrations AmericanswantedtoclimboutoftheDepressionandneededsomeonetotellthemtheycoulddoit andFDRdid TheBritishbelievedthattheycouldstillwinthewarafterthedefeatsof1940 andChurchilltoldthemtheywereright MainideasTheleadermustappearonthesceneatamomentwhenpeoplearelookingforleadership Greatleadersarealmostalwaysgreatsimplifiers Leadersmusthavebigger than life commandingfeaturesforpeopletoremember Leadersmustbeabletodosomethingmostofuscan t Leadersmustknowhowtousepowerandhaveawayofshowinghedoes Aleadershouldknowtoappearrelaxedandconfident Theleaderfollows thoughastepaside Aleaderridesthewaves moveswiththetides andunderstandsthedeepestyearningsofhispeople Agreatleadermusthaveinfectiousoptimism Agreatleadermusttransformourneedsandfearsintocoherentpoliciesandprogress Heis afterall merelythesumofus Noteverypresidentisaleader buteverytimeweelectapresidentwehopeforoneNoteverypresidentisaleaderinthetruesense buteverytimeweelectapresidentwehopewehaveelectedaleaderhopeforsth wantsth tobetrueortohappene g Heinvitedmetohisbirthdayparty thisiswhatIhadbeenhopingfor Whatwecandonowistohopeforthebestbutbepreparedfortheworst IneasytimesweareambivalentineasytimesintimeswhenwearefreefromdiscomfortorworryNotethatthiscontrastswith intimesofdoubtandcrisis intheprevioussentence ambivalentadj uncertainbecauseoftheinabilitytomakeachoice havingopposedorconflictingattitudes emotions etc e g Becauseofthebigdifferenceinfamilybackgroundsheremainedambivalentaboutthemarriage IfeelprettyambivalentaboutwhetherIshouldtakethejoboffer thepayisgenerousbutIhavetobeflyingallaroundtheworldmostofthetime shakesthingsupmakechangesinordertoimprovee g Theintroductionofdigitaltechnologyhasshakenmanyindustriesup Severalplayersfromoverseashavebeenbroughtintoshakeuptheteam TheleadermustappearonthesceneatamomentwhenpeoplearelookingforleadershipTheleaderappearsonlywhenthepeoplefeeltheneedforsomeonetrustworthywhocanleadthemtoattaintheirdesiredgoals RooseveltFranklinD Roosevelt abbreviatedasFDR 1882 1945 wasthe32ndpresidentoftheU S 1933 1945 Electedfourtimes heinstitutedmajorreformsknownastheNewDealtocountertheeconomiccrisisofthe1930sandwasaforcefulleaderduringWWII eloquentmessageclearandforcefulmessage amessagethatiseffectiveinpersuasion Leadershipisasmuchaquestionoftimingasanythingelse Theleadermustappearonthesceneatamomentwhenpeoplearelookingforleadership asChurchilldidin1940 asRooseveltdidin1933 asLenindidin1917 Andwhenhecomes hemustofferasimple eloquentmessage 译文 当领袖 掌握好时机很重要 领导者必须顺乎民心 应时上台 就像1940年上台的丘吉尔 1933年上台的罗斯福和1917年上台的列宁 一旦成为领袖 就必须发出简洁有力的信息 straightforwardbutpotentmessagesexplicitlystatedbutpowerfulmessagespotentadj strong powerful forcefuloreffectivee g Thisisapotentdrugtokillcancerouscellsbutithasunpleasantsideeffects Hemadeaverypotentargumentinhisspeechforincreasinginterestrate theymusthavebigger than life commandingfeaturestheymusthavecertainphysicalfeaturesthatareextraordinaryanddominant thusimpressiveLGJAbbreviationofLyndonG Johnson 1908 1973 the36thpresidentoftheU S 1963 1969 IkeDwightEisenhower 1890 1969 the34thpresidentoftheU S 1953 1961 AtrademarkalsocomesinhandyAtrademarkisthenameorothersymbolusedtoidentifythegoodsproducedbyaparticularmanufacturer However inthiscontextitreferstothedistinctivesignormarkofthepresenceofaperson suchasthestovepipehatLincolnworeandtherockerJFKlikedtositin Thephrasetocomeinhandymeans tobeusefulinaparticularsituation e g Keepthoseemptyglassbottles theymightcomeinhandysometime LincolnAbrahamLincoln 1809 1865 the16thpresidentoftheU S JFKAbbreviationofJohnFitzgeraldKennedy 1917 1963 the35thpresidentoftheU S 1961 1963 thefirstRomanCatholicandtheyoungestmanevertobepresidentFordGeraldFord 1913 2006 the38thpresidentoftheU S 1974 1977 AdlaiStevensonHereitreferstoAdlaiStevensonII 1900 1965 whowasanAmericanpoliticiannotedforhisintellectualdemeanor eloquentoratoryandpromotionofliberalcausesintheDemocraticParty HereceivedtheDemocraticParty snominationforpresidentin1952and1956 butwasdefeatedbothtimesbyRepublicanDwightD Eisenhower NelsonRockfeller 1908 1979 the41stvicepresidentoftheU S underGeraldFord Eventelevision whichcomesinforalotofknocksasanimage builderthatmagnifiesformoversubstance doesn taltogetherobscurethequalitiesofleadershipwerecognize ortheirabsence Televisionreceivesalotofcriticismasapowerfuldevicetopresenttothepublictheimageofapersonforemphasizinghisappearanceratherthanhisinnerqualities einforreceiveblameorcriticisme g Theplanhadcomeinforfiercecriticismevenbeforeitsimplementation Thedirectorofboardcameinforseverecriticismsformishandlingthedebtsofthecompany Eventelevision whichcomesinforalotofknocksasanimage builderthatmagnifiesformoversubstance doesn taltogetherobscurethequalitiesofleadershipwerecognize ortheirabsence 译文 即使很多人指责电视善于营造表面形象 令表象夸张失实 也无法歪曲 掩盖或凭空捏造我们认识的领导者的气质 HumphreyHubertHoratioHumphrey 1911 1978 vice presidentoftheU S underPresidentJohnsonfatalinfatuationwithhisownvoiceexcessiveadmirationforhisownvoice Physicalclumsiness CarterJimmyCarter bornin1924 the39thpresidentoftheU S 1977 1981 wastherecipientofthe2002NobelPeaceprize TrumanHarryS Truman 1884 1972 wasthe33rdpresidentoftheU S 1945 1952 HeapprovedthedroppingofthetwoatombombsonJapan 1945 thesicklygrinthatpassesforgoodhumorpassfor asbeacceptedasbeinge g WithherperfectcommandofGerman shepassedforanativeGermanlady Wearinghisbrother suniform hepassedforapoliceman RonaldReagan 1911 2004 the40thpresidentoftheU S 1981 1989 RonaldReagan strainingasanactorshowedtogoodeffectinthedebatewithCarter whenbyhiseasymannerandapparentaffability hemanagedtoconveytheimpressionthatinfacthewasthepresidentandCarterthechallenger 译文 罗纳德 里根曾经接受过演员的训练 这一点在他与卡特辩论时发挥了作用 在辩论时 他以轻松和蔼的形象让人感觉似乎他才是现任总统 卡特才是挑战者 Peoplecanonlybeledwheretheywanttogo Theleaderfollows thoughastepahead Peoplecanonlybeledtogowheretheythemselveschoose noonecanforcethemtogowherehewantsthemto Theleadershouldgowiththepeopleinthedirectiontheychoose butheisnotjustoneamongthem heleadsthem AmericanswantedtoclimboutoftheDepressionandneededsomeonetotellthemtheycoulddoit andFDRdid 译文 美国人想爬出经济萧条的泥潭 需要有人告诉他们能做到这一点 这个人就是罗斯福 1 WhatcanbeinferredfromPara 9abouttherelationshipbetweenthepeopleandaleader Aleadershouldbeoneofthepeoplewhoseektorealizetheirdesiredgoals butdifferentfromtheordinarypeople Hemustbetheonewhotakestheleadinsuchendeavours Aleaderridesthewaves moveswiththetidesThisisananalogy Thetwowords waves and tides areoriginallyusedtodescribethemovementofwatersofanocean heretheyareanalogouslyusedtorefertothedevelopmentofasituation Whatitmeansisthataleadershouldchoosetogointhedirectionthepeoplewishtotake dignifyourdesiresrespectourwishesbysheerrhetoricmerelybyusingpersuasivespeechrallyingcryawordoraphrasethatisusedtounitethepeopleinsupportofanidea Aleadermuststirourblood notappealtoourreason Aleadershouldstimulateourpassion notjusttrytoreasonwithus wecan tfakehimwecan tpretendthatwehavealeader How accordingtothetext wouldyouanswerthequestionraisedbytheauthorinthetitle whatmakesaleader Therearecertainqualitiesthatarerequiredofaleader butwhatisquintessentialinthemakingofaleaderisthetimeandthepeople Aleaderappearsonlywhenthetimecallsforone andwhatisevenmoreimportantisthatitisthepeoplewhocreatealeader Refertothelasttwoparagraphsofthetext Hewon tcomeuntilwe rereadyforhim ourstrengthmakeshimstrong ourdeterminationmakeshimdetermined ourcouragemakeshimahero heis inthefinalanalysis thesymbolofthebestinus shapedbyourownspiritandwill 1 Supposeyouareoneofseveralcandidatesrunningforthepositionof say chairmanoftheCollegeStudents Union captainofthecollegebasketballteam headofthedramagroup etc andyouaregoingtomakeaspeechtoyourfellowstudents whosevoteswilldecidetheoutcomeoftheelection Nowtrytoadvertiseyourselfinthespeech explainingwhyyouthinkyouarethemostsuitablepersonfortheposition 2 InthetextKordahasdiscussedcertainqualitieswhichhethinksaredesirableinaleader Healsopresentstheviewthataleaderiscreatedbythepeopleatatimewhenoneiscalledfor YoumayormaynotagreewitheverythingKordahassaidaboutaleader Presentyourviewsinagroupdiscussion exchangingyourideaswitheachotherandcomparingthemwithKorda s Hopefullyyourdiscussionwillleadtoyourownnotionof whatmakesaleader Paraphrasing1 Theabilitytoarrangeandcontrolovereventsandactionstoachievedesiredresultsisaqualitythatismostrequiredofaleader 2 Heshouldbegoodatexercisinghispower authoritywheredesired that saqualityaleadermusthave andheshoulddemonstratehimselftobeequaltosuchfunction 3 Theleadershouldbequickatnoticingwhatpeopleareinneedof andgetaheadtomeettheirdemandswhileguidinganddelegatingthemtowardaspecifieddirection 4 Strength determinationandcouragearemostimportantqualitieswemustacquire withoutwhichwecanhardlyhopetomakeagoodleaderofours Wecannotdeceiveourselvesbymakinghimappearwhatheisnot nomatterhowskilledweareinimprovinghispublicimage Wearewellawarethatheistherepresentativeofallofus 1 Theoutcomeofthegamedependsnotjustontheskillsofindividualplayersbutalsoonthetimingofalltheplayersoftheteam 2 WhatIwanttoasknextishowwecouldsustainaconstantself identity 3 Hefeltashamedofhimselfforthefoolishthingshehaddonewhenhisinfatuationwasover 4 Ski