托福写作讲义--修改.doc

写作讲义l 八大功能段落：一， 对立观点引出段 When it refers to., peoples opinions are divergent on such a controversial issue. The overwhelming majority would support that, others, however, take the negative attitude. 多用情态动词 多用插入语二， 个人观点表达 From the personal perspective, I prefer A rather than B as my inclination. To choose A or choose B is something of a dilemma to the public, because they always confused by the seemingly good qualities of A and neglect the genuinely profound aspects of B.三， 原因概述 Among countless factors which influence, there are several conspicuous aspects as follows. There are numerous reasons why I advocate, and I would explore only a few of the most essential ones here.四， 原因列举 At the risk of something too simplistic, it seems to me that the main proposition for can be summarized in one saying that Another equally essential / crucial factor why I advocate accounting for my propensity to is that Beyond all these obvious reasons / causes, however, lies a deeper one.五， 利弊However, serves as a double-edged sword, in other words, the inferiorities of coexist its superiority.六， 例证(例子为什么支持自己的论点)History is replete with evidence to demonstrate this point. A notable case in point relates to in the realm of七， 影响分析Undoubtedly, will give rise to a multitude of profound / significant / positive effects on debasing / negative / harmful foreseeable future八， 结论 Weighing the pros and cons of such a new trend, we may predict that From what I have discussed above, we may safely come to the conclusion that.l 写作词汇1 事件现象Occurrence, event, incident, issue, phenomenon 2 面临，见证Confront, encounter, witness3 热头，流行，普遍Pressing, pervasive, prevalent, burning, rampant 4 棘手的Involved, intractable, troublesome, tough, stubborn 5 解决方案Scheme, solution, approach, recipe6 迅速有效Potent, effectual, efficacious, valid 7 Harmonious, promising, rewarding, cheerful, encouraging8I THINK Assume, I suppose, I insist, conceive, I acknowledge, I maintain that9SHOW Reveal, indicate, convey, reflect, confirm, demonstrate, imply10IMPORTANT Crucial, striking, significant, profound, vital, essential, play a key role11大多数 Widely, commonly, generally, universally, the vast majority of the considerable proportion12越来越多 A growing trend of, be on the rise, in increasing numbers, increasinglyl 四大句型一，1.表最高级 （重要、意义、必要 ）Nothing is + adj.-er + than to 2.也不We cannot emphasize too much (再怎么讲也不为过)3 It pays to in the long run.二， 不言自明/ 众所周知1. It is disputable that It is universally acknowledged that It is conceivable that 2. There is no denying that No one can deny the fact that It is no doubt that三， 影响、感受 1leave much to be desired 2. pose a great threat to 3. lead to a significant influence on 4. be closely related to one another四， 措施1. spare no efforts to = do ones utmost to do2. pour more investment into3. bring home to sb. sth.4. on no account can we ignore the value of l TWE写作常用论证方法1. 举例子（可编造）（1） One telling historical example involves. in the field of .While such cases are rare, they do occur occasionally. A case in point relates to . (2) 个人例子 This incident is not unique in the society because it has loomed up wide public concern.2. （1）引用名言 According to a well-known scientist.( and I paraphrase) “.” which is to say.(2) 引用数据 According to a recent survey, we can estimate that. A recent study will make this point clear and acceptable3. 引申法4反证法 l 开头段（任何开头应包括）1陈述命题背景 2.自己立场A OR B 题型 When it refers to ., the discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole, has come into vogue during the last decade. It is commonly accepted that., others, however, take the negative attitude. In my view, I prefer. rather than . as my inclination.AGREE OR DISAGREE 题型 The statement declares that. I partly agree with this claim and there are several reasons and instances as follows supporting my view To be specific./what amazed us most is that. Among countless factors which directly and indirectly influence. there are several conspicuous aspects as follows.l 正文(讨论口气)1 The main reason for my propensity to . is that .Moving on to wide themes, I agree with the statement that.(扩展1). without the reservation for the reason that .Naturally,.扩展2.Lets bring our discussion here to a more present and practical context. It can be given a concrete example that.2 Another equally essential factor why I advocate. involves the realm of . No one can deny that.扩展1.Obviously, it is imperative that .扩展2. Meanwhile, a recent survey will make this point clear and acceptable.3 However, we should concede that despite the merits of .mentioned above, overextended. will be indeed counterproductive, even harmful. The harm it produces is, in my view, both palpable and profound. For the individual, it has a debasing impact on .; for the society, it may promote a tendency toward .l 结尾Weighing the pros and cons of .,I strongly commit to the notion that., not only because. but also because.l 例文Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the presentWhen it comes to the value of history, the discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come into vogue during the last decade. The statement declares that “learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present.” I disagree with the .there is a thing you have to know. The main reason for my propensity to the importance of history is that in the business world, there is a saying that you have to know where you have been and where you are in order to know where you are going.Furthermore, I agree that business corporations find it critical to have regular views of the past business performance without reservations since each corporation has to see what mistakes were made in order to avoid repeating them. Naturally, they learn from the past mistakes which prepare them for the future.Lets bring our discussion to a more present and practical context. It can be given an example that Microsoft usually has regular views of its past performance, usually in the form of quarterly or annual review.Another equally essential aspect accounting for why I advocate the value of learning about the past involves the realm of politics and society. No one can deny that in the international arena, one must possess a thorough knowledge of history in order to understand the current dynamics and complex relationships among countries. Obviously, it is imperative that the politicians should learn from the past political mistakes. History is replete with evidence to demonstrate this point that the world community learned the great lesson from WWII that there must not be another world war thus we entered into 40 plus years of the cold war.However, we should concede that despite the merits of learning about the past, over extended referring to the past will be indeed counterproductive, even harmful. The harm it produces is, in my view, both palpable and profound. For the individual, it has a debasing impact on peoples originality; for the society, it may promote a tendency toward mechanism ossification.In sum, the advantages of referring to the past outweigh the disadvantages, but it is imperative to point out that whether historical information can actively affect our present life depends on whether we could take rational cognizance of the past and whether we could try to make breakthrough and whether we could learn from the past failures and success, especially from the failures.l 综合写作（规范。永远没有结尾段，第一段再次复述，听力引出！听力如何支持/反对阅读的。）l 支持类： “一一对应”支持、完全不就事论事ABC-DEF（补充）How does the information in the listening passage about xxx shed light on the information on xxx in the reading passage?类似问法：add to, expand on , complement, reinforce, supplement, sustain, boost, uphold, assent, endorse.l 反对类 “一一驳斥”。阅读：立论。听力；驳斥，首先观点，后面：为什么要驳斥 Oppose, argue against, controvert, combat, disprove, talk back, refute, re-examine, contradictl 听力笔记时 例：当听到earlier, traditionally, originally, previously, conventionally, before (转折) yet, but, however, in contrast, contrarily(反驳题) （出现反驳新观点）recently, recent study, new finding, alternative, now , re-examinel 次序层次1 Firstly, first of all, most of all, on the other hand, in the first place.2 Secondly, moreover, furthermore, in addition, whats more, on the other hand , in the second place3 Thirdly, eventually, lastly因果关系 therefore, because, for the reason that, for, as a result, cause, consequence, naturally.重要小信号词 factor, aspect, pointl 如何写一 OPPOSE第一段（1）In the lecture, the professor/ instructor made several points about.（2）On the other hand, the reading contends that.（3）The professors lecture casts doubt on the reading by using a number of points that are contrary to.第二段 The first point that the teacher uses to refute the reading is that.According to him,. However, this is different from the reading, which states that.第三段 Moreover, contrary to the belief in the passage that., the instructor asserts that. To be specific,.(按听力文中顺序陈述) Finally, the lecturer point out that. This is not what the reading says, the reading lists.二 SUPPORT一 In the lecture, the instructor focuses on .(topic). The professor declares that. The point made by the teacher accord with .(阅读中的main idea)二 The first point that professor uses to support the reading is that . According to the instructor,.Meanwhile, the reading illustrates that.三 Furthermore, the professor bolsters the reading by stating that. Synchronously,. This point is consistent with the truth of the reading because.l 从角度讲理由1方便convenience，2情感emotion，3经验experience，4成就achievement，5效率efficiency，6节约frugality，7健康health，8安全security，9性格personality，10乐趣happiness，11坚持durability耐久性，12环保environmental protection 新托福写作模板一、观点对比型1Some people like A; others like B. Which one do you preferA or B? (1) No doubt, I choose A, because there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages. But B on the other hand, has advantages no more than its disadvantages. The most important benefit of A is that_. To achieve the same effect, B will_. Another benefit of A, which B almost cannot achieve, is that_. Although B also has its seemingly profound advantages, it can only be achieved conditionally because_. After understanding the reasoning above, it is quite safe now to say: to choose A is a wise action. (2) Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, contradict A. Personally, I would prefer_ because I think A has more advantages. There are numerous reasons why_, and I would here explain a few of the most important ones. The main reason is that_. It can be given a concrete example_. Another reason why I advocate the attitude of A is that_. Take the case of a thing that_. One very strong argument for A is that_. This demonstrates the undeniable fact that_. Of course, choosing B also has advantages to some extent, _. But if all these factors are complicated, the advantages of A carry more weight than those of B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that_.新托福写作模板二、观点对比型2Some people believe that A while others consider B more appropriate. Give advantages and disadvantages of the two positions and explain which position you support. (1) Some people believe that_. Other people hold the opinion that_. While both methods may have their advantages and disadvantages, they can be applied under different circumstances. Afterwards, I will explain my opinions about it. For A, _. But this also demonstrates that_. Moreover, _. B, on the other hand, _. For example, _. In my opinion, the advantages of B are more than those of A because B fits me better in two ways: First, _. Second, _. (2) A and B are two totally different ideas that have caused a heated debate for a long period. Anyway, I agree with the idea of A. However, it is unfair to say which is better than the other if we do not see both sides of the story in the following paragraphs. Some people believe B because_. These people point out the fact that_. They also argue that_. However, other people stand on a very different ground, they believe that_. They firmly point out that_. An example can give the details of this argument: _. In addition, _. In a word, A is too temptating not to be chosen. A, as shown above, has_.新托福写作模板三、支持反对型Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? AAA. (1) There is no need for me to put any emphasis on what the advantages of AAA are. _. Many people believe that_. However, I disagree with the title statement because I consider_. On the other hand, one of the notorious disadvantages of AAA is that_. The modern example of this is_. So if this is prevalent, _. Another factor shows that_. So, as I see it, _. (2) Before rendering my opinion, I think it is important to take a glance at the arguments on both sides. People who support AAA usually give some, even all of the following reasons. The first is that_. The second is that_. Third, _. Generally, people who attack AAA claim that _. They also often say that there will be problems of _. As far as I am concerned, I come to the notion that there are three main reasons why I support AAA. Firstly, _. Secondly, _. Furthermore, _.新托福写作模板四、观点选择型A, B, C, D Which do you choose? (1) It appears, in so many aspects, very difficult to prefer one to another because all of them have their advantages and disadvantages to the extent that it is hard to distinguish. Yet that does not mean they are of the same to me. To be frank, I would prefer A if personal quality is considered as a criterion to choose things. Then why do I prefer A? I like it because it can _, thus makes me _. There is another reason why I choose A, in terms of _, _. No wonder, it again brings me convenience that I cannot get if I choose any one of the others. That last reason is that_. In conclusion, everybody wants to choose the one that fits him/her. So it is of great benefits f