高考英语 定语从句2教案.doc

Grammar：Attributive Clause 定语从句1 相关名词解释1. 定语从句：一个句子作定语，就叫做定语从句。用来修饰名词、代词、或整个句子。位置一般放在被修饰的词(即：先行词)之后。2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词，就叫做先行词。 关系代词3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词，称为关系词。关系词分为： 关系副词 引导定语从句，在先行词于定语从句之间充当纽带的作用。 4.关系代词和关系副词的作用: 代替先行词。 在定语从句中充当一定的成分。 E.g.: The man who came first is Tom. 先行词 关系代词 定语从句 5.如何选用关系代词与关系副词? 取决于先行词在定语从句中所充当的成分。(因为关系代词/关系副词代替先行词)，若先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语时，就选用关系代词；若先行词在定语从句中充当状语，就选用关系副词。 E.g.: Ill never forget the days (that/which) we spent together in the countryside. 先行词 关系代词注：因为先行词the days在定语从句中充当spent(vt.)的宾语，所以就选用关系代词。 E.g.: Ill never forget the day when I joined the Party. 先行词 关系副词注：因为先行词the day在定语从句中充当时间状语，所以就选用关系副词when。2 1.限制性定语从句。 定语从句的种类： 2.非限制性定语从句。1. 限制性定语从句与先行词之间的关系密切，之间不用逗号隔开，若删去，剩下的部分意思就含糊不清。翻译成汉语时，常译成“的”E.g.: The is the man who spoke at the meeting. 翻译：这就是在会上发言的那个人。Cf.: Do you remember that afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace?分析：定语从句与先行词之间被ten years ago所隔开，原因是ten years ago是修饰that afternoon，若把它置于句子的末尾，就会给读者造成误解，认为是定语从句的时间状语。这样的定语从句称为分隔式定语从句。仍属于限制性定语从句。2. 非限制性定语从句，对先行词只起进一步说明的作用，如果删去它，不影响整个句子的基本意思，因此常用逗号把它与主句分开。翻译成汉语时，一般单独翻译成一句话。E.g.: I love Beijing, which is the capital of our country.翻译：我爱北京，它是祖国的首都。注：that不能引导非限制性定语从句。其他引导限制性定语从句的关系代词、关系副词均可引导非限制性定语从句，无论做任何成分，且不可省去。 E.g.: I love Beijing, where there are a lot of places of interest. Beijing, which we visited last year, has changed a lot.(尽管which作visited的宾语，但不能省)3 运用 who(that), whom, whose (指代人) （1） 关系代词： that, which (指代物) as (指代人/物)1. who：指代人，在定语从句中充当主语，可与that换用，但常用who. E.g.: The man who is speaking at the meeting is our teacher. He is one of the students who study hard. 先行词 He is the one of the students who studies hard. 先行词 I , who am your classmate, will share the work with you. 先行词 注：关系代词在定语从句中若充当主语，谓语动词应与先行词在人称与数的方面保持一致。 Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting yesterday? 2. 作及物动词宾语时，可以省，在口语中可用who代替whom. whom : 指代人，在定语从句中充当宾语： 作介词宾语时，介词不前置可以省。但若介词前置，只能用whom. E.g.: The man (whom/who) you went to see yesterday is in the room now. Vt. I dont know the man(who/whom) you spoke to just now. Prep. I dont know the man to whom you spoke just now. 注：在“含有介词的动词短语”时，不能拆开使用。E.g.: This is the man (whom) I am looking after.(固定短语)3. whose：在定语从句中充当定语，即可指人又可指物。 ：whose + n(指物)=the + n(指物) +of which = of which + the + n(指物) ：whose + n(指人)=the + n(指人) +of whom = of whom + the + n(指人)E.g.: Do you know the boy whose father is a worker? Do you know the boy the father of whom is a worker? Do you know the boy of whom the father is a worker? I live in the room whose window faces (to the) south. I live in the room of which the window faces (to the) south. I live in the room the window of which faces (to the) south.4. that：指代人/物：指代人时，可用who换用，(大多数情况下用who)。但当主句中已有who, 为了避免重复，只能用that。E.g.: Who is the man that is giving us a talk?指代物时，在限制性定语从句中，可与which换用，充当主语时，不能省；充当宾语时，可以省。E.g.: The money that/which is in the wallet is mine. The money (that/which) my father gave me has run out.注：如何区分that与who。 指人时用who, 在许多情况下，可以与that互换，但只用who的情况如下：先行词是he, one, ones, anyone, those时 He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man. One who has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth. Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. Anyone who fails to finish the task should be criticized.在there be结构中，主语为人时，其后的定语从句用who. E.g.: There is a gentleman who wants to see you. 有位绅士想见你。 但当主句中已有who, 为了避免重复，只能用that。(参照that用法1)5. which 指代物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，偶尔作定语。 指代物，在限制性定语从句中常与that互换。都可作主语或宾语，作宾语时均可省去。但若作介词的宾语，介词在句尾时可以省去，若介词前置，只能用which, 且不能省。 E.g.: (1) Hangzhou is a place (that/which) I visited last year. (2) This is the room (which/that) Lu Xun used to live in. This is the room in which Lu Xun used to live. This is the room where Lu Xun used to live. 在非限制性定语从句，充当主语、宾语，只能用which, 不能用that。充当宾语时不能省。 E.g.: Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city. Beijing, which everybody admires, is a very beautiful city. 作定语(其前必须有介词) 在定语从句中，有时用抽象名词case, point, situation, time 等来总结主句的内容时，可以用 介词 + which + 抽象名词，构成定语从句(which起到限定词this/that的作用)。 E.g.: He lost his temper,at which point I decided to go home.他发起脾气来，在这一时刻我决定回家。 注：at this/that point 表示“在特定的时候或时刻” E.g.: It rained all night, during which time the crops were damaged. His son insisted on joining the army, in which case he had to give in. Cf.: The boss in whose company my father works is a very kind man. 注：whose作定语，指代的先行词是一个词；而which作定语，指代的是主句的内容。 which引导非限制性定语从句时，可以用整个主句作为其先行词，指代上文所说的一件事。Which引导此类从句，对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明，表明事情引起的结果。这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系，可用and this/that来换用。 E.g.: He came late for class, which made the teacher angry. 注：which在定语从句中充当主语，指代He came late for class这件事(原因)，使得老师生气(结果)。 He came late for class, and this made the teacher angry.注：如何区分that与which： 共同点：指代物，在限制性定语从句中二者可以互换。都可作主语或宾语，作宾语时均可省去。 但以下四种情况只能用which: 在非限制性定语从句中 介词后面 作定语 指代先行词是整个主句内容(其例参照which用法-)在限制性定语从句中，只能用that的几种情况：先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。 E.g.: All that we have to do is to practice English.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。 E.g.: The first letter that I got from him will be kept.先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等所修饰。 E.g.: Ive eaten up all the food that you gave me.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last等所修饰。 E.g.: He is the only person that I want to talk with.先行词既有人又有物时。 E.g.: They talked about persons and things that they met.当句中已有who或者which时，为避免重复。 E.g.: Who is the man that is giving us the class? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?在“there + be”的句型中，主语为物时( 比较：“如何区分that与who”) E.g.: There are two novels that I want to read. 我要读的有两本小说。 There is no work that can be done now. 没有什么工作现在能做的了。 当先行词为主句的表语或者关系代词为从句的表语时。 E.g.: This is the book that was bought yesterday. 这就是昨天买的书。 Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的学校了。以here is(are) 开头的句子时。 E.g.: Here is a film that will move anyone. 这是一部将使任何人都受感动的电影。 Here are two books that I will buy. 这是我要买的两本书。It is (high) time that + 定语从句。 E.g.: It is high time that they started out. 他们该动身了。 It is (high) time that we should have a rest. 我们应该休息了。6. as：指代人/物，在定语从句中既可修是一个词，又可修饰整个句子；既可作主语、宾语，又可作表语。as引导的定语从句分为两种情况：() 在搭配上：先行词被such/the same所修饰，或先行词是such时。即： suchas 像一样的/像之类的 such as (such为代词，意思是这样的人或物) Cf.: suchthat 如此以致于(that引导结果状语从句) the sameas 和一样的 the samethat 和同一个 E.g.: Such people as you describe are short nowadays. 像你描绘的这样的人现在太少了。 The book is not such(代词) as I expect. 这本书不是我所期待的书。 He is such a good teacher as we like. 他像我们喜欢的好老师一样。 Cf.: He is such a good teacher that we like him. 他是如此好的一位老师，以致于我们都喜欢他。 (that从句是结果状语从句，句子完整。) I have the same bag as you (have). 我有和你一样的包。 He is the same teacher as you (are). 他和你是一样的老师。 注：as引导的定语从句可以省略形式。(但从句的谓语一般是be/have时) E.g.: She wears the same clothes as you do. 她穿的衣服和你穿的衣服是同样的。 This is the same pen that I lost. 这就是我丢失的那一支钢笔。(同一支笔) () as代替的先行词是主句整个一句话，且位置灵活，可以放在主句前、后或切割一主句。翻译：“这一点正如那样”。(表示说话人对事情的看法、态度或评论) E.g.: As everybody can see, great changes have taken place in China.(as在定语从句中充当see的宾语，并代替主句整个一句话：great changes have taken place in China) Great changes have taken place in China, as everybody can see. Great changes ,as everybody can see, have taken place . 中国发生了很大变化，这一点正如每个人所看到的那样。 Cf.: which引导定语从句，代替先行词也可以是主句一句话，但位置只能放在主句之后，且主句和从句之间存在逻辑上的因果关系。翻译：“这一点”，可用and this来代替。 E.g.: Tom came back, which made us happy. Tom came back, and this made us happy.（2） “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句。1. 先行词与定语从句之间没有直接的联系，须加上适当的介词。 I cant find my glasses, without which I cant see anything. He built a telescope, through which he could study the sky.2. 定语从句使用倒装语序，须前置介词短语(作状语) They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. (从句为倒装语序) There is a mountain, on top of which stands a temple. 3. 名词/数词/代词+ 介词 + 关系代词，表示整体与部分的关系。 I read many books, the covers of which have yellow with years. He has three sons, two of whom are workers. There are 70 students in our class,many of whom are League members. 4. 当定语从句含有最高级时。 There are 70 students in our class, the tallest of whom is Tom. 5. 根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配来确定，且介词可以前置。 I bought a computer, on which I spent 5000 yuan. He came to a farm, on which he finally settled. He has a box, in which he puts his books.（3） 关系副词引导定语从句：when, where, why, that。1. when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词须为时间名词，有时可用“介词 + which”来代替。E.g.: I still remember the day when I first came to the school. I still remember the day on which I first came to the school. Tell me the time when(=at which) the train leaves.Cf.: I still remember the days (that/which) we spent together in the countryside.注：当表示时间的先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语时，不能用when(即：时间名词充当先行词时不一定都用when)。有时根据需要when前也可以加介词。E.g.: They got married in 1990,since when they lived a happy life.Cf.: A good friend mine from when I was born showed up at my home. 2. Where可以用于两种情况：【1】指具体的地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。先行词须为地点名词，有时可用“介词+which”代替。(注意：地点名词作先行词时不一定都用where)E.g.: This is the school where I used to teach. This is the school at which I used to teach. This is the school (that/which) we visited last year. This is the school that/which has a lot of students. His head soon appeared out of one of the second story windows, from where he could see nothing but trees. 不一会儿，他从二楼的一个窗户探出头来，除了树林外，他从那儿什么也看不见了。 注：where可与from连用。 【2】where又可以指抽象的某一情况，如有situation, point, condition, case, position, stage, degree等作先行词，表示人与物所处的情况、发展阶段，或表达某个方面，在定语从句中充当状语，应当考虑用where。 E.g.: They have reach the point where they have to get separated. Its helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently. Cf.: Occasions are rare when I can spend a day with my daughter.3. why 指原因(通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词只有reason。why可用for which替换。 E.g.: I dont know the reason why/for which he left here. Cf.: The reason that he said is true. 注意：先行词是reason，不一定用why/for which, 若用先行词 the reason在定语从句中作主语、宾语时，就用关系代词that/which来引导定语从句。4. that作关系副词，常用在口语中或非正式场合，且可省略。 当先行词是way时，that可代替which。 E.g.: This is the way (that/in which/可省略)，he did it. 当先行词是place/reason/time时。 E.g.: This is the place that/where he works. This is the reason that/why he came late. This is the first time that/when he arrived.(时间) This/That/It is the time (that) he has been to Beijing.(这也是完成时的一个特定句型) (次数) He always forgot how many times that he had failed. 他几乎忘记失败多少次了。 Cf.: There was a time when he lived happily. (a time指“一段时间”) 【1】在定语从句中，“动词 + 名词 + 介词短语”构成的短语动词。（四）定语从句的其它用法： 【2】定语从句的插入语现象。 【1】在定语从句中，“动词 + 名词 + 介词短语”构成的短语动词。 例如：have difficulty (in) doing sth; make use of; take an active part in; take advantage of; play/perform a role in (doing) sth 等。 其中的名词作为先行词出现，下余的动词和介词构成定语从句的谓语部分。 E.g.: Do you know the difficulty they had (in) finding their missing child ? The important role he played in the project made him envied by others. 【2】定语从句的插入语现象。 定语从句中关系代词后有时会加入插入语，例如：I think/believe/guess/expect/am sure等。 E.g.: That is the girl, who I think is lovely. He finished work in three days, which I thought was impossible.4 定语从句与并列句注意：并列句用分号“；”或连接词and,but来连接。E.g.: 1. Mr.Li has three daughters, none of whom is a teacher.(定语从句) 2. Mr.Li has three daughters; none of them is a teacher. (并列句) 3. Mr.Li has three daughters, but none of them is a teacher. (并列句) It is/was + 名词+ that从句(定语从句)五区分定语从句与强调句： It is/was + 介词 + 名词+ that从句(强调句)E.g.: It is the place that he was born in. It is the place which he was born in. It is the place in which he was born . It is the place where he was born .Cf.: It is in the place that he was born.注：强调句中若去掉it isthat, 句子成立，that在句子中不充当成分。6 定语从句与同位语从句的区别。 1. that引导定语从句与同位语从句的区别。 根据that在从句中是否担任成分来判定。 E.g.: The news that the teacher told us is true. The news that hell come here is true. 分析：是定语从句，因为that代替先行词news，在从句中充当tell的宾语，且可以省。 是同位语从句，因为that在从句中不担任句子成分，也不代替其前名词the news,只起连 词的作用，且不能省略。 2. when, where, why引导的定语从句与其引导的同位语从句的区别。 注：共同点：它们所引导的两种从句时，都在从句中作状语。 不同点：当when, where, why引导的定语从句时，其意义与先行词有关，即代替它前面的先行词，没有疑问的意义。但当它们引导的同