双语报高中英语 Unit 3 Science and nature Grammar and usage课件 牛津版必修5.ppt

unit3scienceandnaturegrammarandusage objectives tofindouthowverb edformsareusedasadjectivestolearnthattheverb edformcanbefunctionedastheattributive predicativeandobjectcomplementtolearnhowtousetheverb edformandverb edphrasesindifferentsituation 非谓语动词 动名词 分词 不定式 现在分词 过去分词 observethesentencesfromthisunit 1 ifihadthechance iwouldhaveaclonedbaby 2 ithinkthescientificadvancesmentionedinyourarticleareinteresting 3 mygrandfatherwasdelightedtohearihadpassedmyexams 4 aftertheaccident theyfoundthefrontwindowsbroken 5 shelaytrappedunderthebuildingforthreedays 6 askedwhyhewasagainstcloninghumans thescientistexplainedthatitmightleadtodisaster 7 shockedbythearticle thewomanwrotealettertothenewspaper 8 treatedwithelectricity thecelltissuewilldivideintoseveralparts 基本形式和意义 过去分词是非谓语动词的一种 在句子中不能单独作谓语 过去分词兼有动词 副词和形容词的特征 可以带补语或受状语修饰 过去分词和补语或状语一起构成过去分词短语 过去分词的基本形式是 动词 ed 但也有不规则的形式 thepastparticiple verb edform phrases now it stimetoreadthepointsonpage48aboutverb edformandpage50aboutverb edphrase then payattentiontothefollowingexplanation pastparticipleas example somanythousandsofterrifiedpeopledied thehighlypraisedscientisttheretiredscientistsawell trainedsinger theattributive e g boiledwater开了的水 a单个的过去分词作定语时一般兼有被动和完成的意义 常作前置定语 注意 过去分词作定语时 有时只有被动意义 e g spokenenglish英语口语writtenexercises书面练习 过去分词作定语 afallenleaf一片落叶therisensun升起来的太阳thedevelopedcountries发达国家aretiredteacher一名退休教师by gonedays过去的岁月 少数表示位移或状态改变的不及物动词的过去分词只有完成的意义 e g howiregrettedthehourswastedinthewoods 我多懊悔在树林浪费的时光啊 ilikewearingclothesmadeofthiskindofcloth 我喜欢穿这种布料做的衣服 b过去分词作后置定语 表示被动和 或 完成意义 thebookswrittenbyluxunarepopular 鲁迅写的书很受欢迎 1 hetoldusofthegreatwrongdonetohim hetoldusofthegreatwrong tohim whichhadbeendone 注 过去分词作定语时可以转化为定语从句 本句中的过去分词作定语 既表被动又表完成 changethefollowingpastparticiplesintoclauses 2 theunitedstatesisadevelopedcountry theunitedstatesisacountry whichhasdeveloped 注 本句中的过去分词作定语 只表示完成 3 haveyounoticedthebridgebeingbuiltthere haveyounoticedthebridge there whichisbeingbuilt 注 本句中的过去分词作定语 表示被动的动作正在进行 过去分词短语有时亦可用作非限制性定语 前后常有逗号 someofthem bornandbroughtupinruralvillages hadneverseenatrain 他们当中有一些人 生长在农村 从未见过火车 过去分词短语用作定语时 其意义相当于一个定语从句 但比从句简洁 多用于笔语中 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物 变成所谓的转移形容语 这种过去分词在形式上不直接修饰人 但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关 thegeneralstaredathiminstartledadmiration 将军以惊讶而赞赏的眼光注视着他 我们已经学习了动词 ing形式作定语 这里就有一个问题了 动词 ed形式作定语和动词 ing形式作定语有什么区别呢 接下来我们就谈谈它们的区别 1 语态不同 ing表主动 进行 ed表被动 完成 ed作定语与 ing作定语的区别 正在变化的 变化了的 正在沸腾的 已经沸腾过的 正在凋谢的 已经凋谢的 发展中的 发达的 2 时间关系不同 ing表 正在进行 或 与谓语动词同时进行 或 经常性 ed表动作先于谓语动词表示的动作 doyouknowtheboylyingunderthebigtree can tyouread marysaid angrilypointingtothenotice theytooktheinjuredwomantothehospital 3 及物动词的过去分词与现在分词的被动式都可表示被动 但 ed表示一个完成了的动作 而beingdone多表示一个正在进行的动作 theproblemdiscussedyesterdayhassomethingtodowithus theproblembeingdiscussednowhassomethingtodowithus theolympicgames in776b c didn tincludewomenuntil1912 a firstplayingb tobefirstplayedc firstplayedd tobeplaying 考点点拨 简析 首先 根据语法分析可知 待选部分是一个作定语 修饰theolympicgames的后置分词短语 再根据theolympicgames对于动词play来说只能是被动承受 且已完成 in776b c 因此 该题应选c 2 what sthelanguage ingermany a speakingb spokenc bespokend tospeak 简析 该题应选b 测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动 等于定语从句whichisspoken 3 mostoftheartists tothepartywerefromsouthafrica a invitedb toinvitec beinginvitedd hadbeeninvited 简析 该题应选a 测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动 等于定语从句whowereinvited 4 thecomputercentre lastyear isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool a openb openingc havingopenedd opened 简析 该题应选d 测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后 可以用非限制性定语从句 whichwasopenedlastyear 代替 5 thefirsttextbooks forteachingenglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury a havingwrittenb tobewrittenc beingwrittend written 简析 该题应选d 测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动 等于定语从句thatwerewritten pastparticipleas example buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeople thelittleboywasveryexcitedwhenheheardthathecouldgototheparty thepredicative 1 过去分词作表语 表示主语的特点或所处的状态 其前的系动词有包括be在内的多种形式 everyonepresentwasveryinspiredathisspeech 听了他的发言 在场的所有人都很振奋 youseemfrightened 你似乎受了惊吓 过去分词作表语 强调主语的特点或所处的状态 而被动语态中 主语是动词所表示动作的承受者 thisshopisnowclosed 这家商店现在已经关门了 状态 thisshopisclosedat6pmeveryday 这家商店每天下午6点关门 动作 2 过去分词作表语 构成的系表结构与被动语态的区别 过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受或状态 系动词 过去分词 nowonderheisexcited predicative 可以用作表语的常见的过去分词有 delighted disappointed upset astonished excited frightened experienced interested qualified puzzled exhausted satisfied pastparticipleas example aftertherobbery theyfoundthefrontwindowsbroken s subject p predicate o object adv adverbial p o adv s objectcomplement objectcomplement 什么是宾语补足语 英语中有些及物动词 除有一个直接宾语以外 还要有一个宾语补足语 才能使句子的意义完整 这类常用的及物动词有 make consider cause see find call get have letetc wethinkhim whathesaidmademe weconsidertheanswer everyonecallshim clever angry correct tom choosethecorrectwordstocompletethesentencesbelow 宾语补足语的表现形式 带有宾语补足语的一般结构为 直接宾语 名词或代词 宾语补足语 宾语补足语的10种表示法 hisfathernamedhimjianguo theypaintedtheirhousewhite youmustn tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou 4 nobodynoticedhimentertheroom 5 wesawherenteringtheroom 名词 形容词 不定式 不定式短语 现在分词或其短语 6 wemustgettheworkfinishedby10o clock 7 wetakeenglishasausefultoolforresearchwork 8 wheneveryoumaygo youwillfindhimatwork 9 letthefreshairin 10 theplanthasitsownname youcannotcallitwhatyouwill 过去分词 用as引出 介词短语 副词 从句 作宾语补足语的过去分词一般来自及物动词 表示被动和完成意义 说明宾语所处的状态 一般跟它前面的宾语在逻辑上构成主谓关系 表被动 其结构形式为 主语 谓语动词 宾语 过去分词 1 过去分词用在表示状态的动词keep leave等的后面 1theykeptthedoorlockedforalongtime 2don tleavethewindowsbrokenlikethisallthetime 2 过去分词用在使役动词have make的后面 a注意 have 宾语 过去分词 的两种用法 表示让某人做某事如 1ihavehadmybikerepaired 2thevillagershadmanytreesplantedjustthen 1myeldersisterhadherwalletstolenonabuslastmonth 2theoldmanhadhiswristbrokenintheaccident 表示 遭遇到某种不幸 受到打击 等 b make 宾语 过去分词 在这种结构中 过去分词的动词必须是表示结果含义的 1iraisedmyvoicetomakemyselfheard 2theymanagedtomakethemselvesunderstoodusingverysimpleenglish 3 过去分词用在感官动词watch notice see hear listento feel find等的后面 当我们到学校时 我们看见门锁着 whenwegottotheschool wesawthedoorlocked hefoundhishousebrokenintowhenhegotbackhome 回到家他发现家被盗 4 过去分词用在want wish like expect order等表示 希望 愿望 命令 这一类动词的后面作宾语补足语 theteacherwouldn tliketheproblemdiscussedatthemoment 老师不想此刻讨论这个问题 iwantthesuitmadetohisownmeasure 我想要这套衣服照他自己的尺寸做 5 过去分词用在 with 宾语 宾补 这一结构中 过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系 withmanybrightly colouredflowersplantedaroundthebuilding hishouselookslikeabeautifulgarden 周围种了许多色彩鲜艳的花 他的房子看上去就像一座漂亮的花园 过去分词作状语 表示被动的动作或动作已经完成 过去分词通常可作 原因状语 时间状语 条件状语 让步状语 伴随状语等 通常过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语一致 pastparticipleastheadverbial whenitisseenfromthehill theparklooksverybeautiful seenfromthehill 时间状语可在过去分词前加上连词when while until等 don tspeakuntilyouarespokento don tspeakuntilspokento 1 时间状语 2 原因状语 becausetheboywasgreatlytouchedbyhisteacher swords hedidalotofthingstohelphisclassmates greatlytouchedbytheteacher swords ashewassurprisedatwhathappened tomdidn tknowwhattodo surprisedatwhathappened 3 条件状语 ifweweregivenmoretime wecoulddoitmuchbetter givenmoretime ifitisheatedtoahightemperature waterwillchangeintovapor heatedtoahightemperature 4 让步状语 thoughtheyhadbeenwarnedofthestorm thefarmerswerestillworkinginthefields thoughwarnedofthestorm evenifi minvited iwon ttakepartintheparty evenifinvited 5 方式 伴随状语 theteacherenteredtheclassroom andhewasfollowedbyagroupofstudents theteacherenteredtheclassroomfollowedbyagroupofstudents theteacherstoodthereandwassurroundedbythestudents theteacherstoodthere surroundedbythestudents 前面我们说过过去分词作状语时 其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语通常是一致的 还有一种情况是分词作状语时 其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致 这时需要独立主格结构或with复合结构来替代 此时 也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语 例 themurdererwasbroughtin withhishands behindhisback a beingtiedb havingtiedc tobetiedd tied 简析 很显然 待选部分的逻辑主语是hishands 而不是句子的主语themurderer 而hishands对于动词tie来说 只能是被动承受 因此 该题应选d exercises page49 disappointedpuzzledexcitedinterestedbored answerstoparta answerstopartb 2 theproblemscreatedbycloningwillsoonbeclear 3 wedon twantbeastsproducedbyscientiststoreplaceusoneday 4 thetechnologyusedisamazing 5 theonlythingneededisacellfromyouroldpet exercises page51 2 encouragedbyherteachers rosedidwellatschool 3 inspiredbyhisgrandfather thechildwrotemorepoems 4 boredwiththegame thedogwillnotplayitanymore answerstoparta answerstopartb 1 tired2 burnt3 bored4 disappointing5 pleased6 challenging7 relaxed exercises 1 isagoodexerciseforboththeyoungandtheold a thewalkb walkingc towalkd walk2 whenandwheretobuildthenewpowerstation yet a isnotdecidedb arenotdecidedc hasnotdecidedd havenotdecided b a 3 whenihandedthereporttojohn hesaidthatgeorgewastheperson a tosendb forsendingitc tosendittod forsendingitto4 ourfatheroftentoldusinthepastthat isbelieving a toseeb seeingc seed tobeseen c b 5 shepretended theletteriwrotethedaybeforeyesterday nottoreceiveb havingnotreceivedc nottohearfromd notreceiving6 therewasaterriblenoise thesuddenburstoflight a followedb followingc tobefollowedd beingfollowed d b 7 shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped onarockbythesideofthepath a tohaverestedb restingc torestd rest8 peoplecouldn thelp thefunnyvillager a laughatb tolaughatc laughingatd laughingon c c 9 ican thelp thehousebecausei mbusymakingacake a tocleanb cleaningc cleanedd beingcleaned10 theyknewherverywell theyhadseenher upfromchildhood a growb grewc wasgrowingd togrow a a 11 thefirsttextbooks forteachingenglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury a havingwrittenb tobewrittenc beingwrittend written12 believeitornot hewasseen upstairsjustnow a togob togoingc havinggoned go d a 13 itwassocoldthattheykeptthefire allnight a toburnb burnc burningd burned14 thesalesmanscoldedthegirlcaught andletheroff a tohavestolenb tobestealingc tosteald stealing c d 15 hewasdisappointedtofindhissuggestion a turningdownb turneddownc tobeturneddownd toturndown16 tomasteraforeignlanguage a alotofpracticeisneededb itneedsalotofpracticec practiceisinneedofd oneneedsalotofpractice b d 17 themurdererwasbroughtin withhishands behindhisback a beingtiedb havingtiedc tobetiedd tied18 tomkeptquietabouttheaccident losehisjob a notinordertob soasnottoc inordertonotd notsoasto d b 19 thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight alongspeechforthepresident a toprepareb preparingc preparedd waspreparing20 moreattention theworkwouldhavebeendonebetter a givenb togivec givingd havinggiven b a 21 areply hedecidedtowriteasixthletter a notreceivingb nottoreceivec nothavingreceivedd havingnotreceived22 charlesbabbageisgenerallyconsidered thefirstcomputer a toinventb havinginventedc tohaveinventedd inventing c c 23 thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed a catchingb tobecaughtc beingcaughtd tocatch24 littlejimshouldlove tothetheatrethisevening a tobetakenb totakec beingtakend taking c a 高考链接 1 intheearly20thcentury theschoolkeepsoninspiringchildren sloveofart a tofoundb foundingc foundedd havingfounded 2013安徽 答案 c 解析 考查非谓语动词 句子主语theschool与found之间为被动关系 故此处使用过去分词founded表被动并表完成动作 2 therearesomehealthproblemsthat when intime canbecomebiggeroneslateron nottreatedb notbeingtreatedc nottobetreatedd nothavebeentreated 2013浙江 答案 a 解析 考查非谓语动词及状语从句的省略 连词when之后为状语从句的省略 非谓语动词treat的逻辑主语即为主句主语healthproblems 判断它们之间的关系为被动关系 即用过去分词即可 而beingdone意为 正在被 tobedone 将被 3 insomelanguages 100wordsmakeuphalfofallwordsindailyconversations a usingb tousec havingusedd used 2013天津 答案 d 解析 考查非谓语动词 非谓语动词use在句中作words的后置定语 与其存在被动关系 故使用过去分词used 答案为d 4 thewitnessesbythepolicejustnowgaveverydifferentdescriptionsofthefight a questionedb beingquestionedc tobequestionedd havingquestioned 2013陕西 答案 a 解析 考查非谓语动词 首先判断此处需要一个非谓语动词作witnesses的后置定语 且判断动词question与witnesses间为被动关系 根据非谓语动词短语中标志词justnow可知动作question已经完成 故可选a 区别 done作后置定语意为 已被 的 beingdone作后置定语意为 正被 的 tobedone作后置定语意为 将被 的 5 if tolookafterluggageforsomeoneelse informthepoliceatonce askedb toaskc askingd havingasked 2013江西 答案 a 解析 考查非谓语动词及状语从句的省略 状语从句连词if之后省去了从句的主语 即主句的主语 而主句为祈使句 默认主语为you 主语you与动词ask之间为被动关系 故使用过去分词 答案选a 6 when forhisviewsabouthisteachingjob philipsaidhefounditveryinterestingandrewarding 2012安徽 a askingb askedc havingaskedd tobeasked7 filmhasamuchshorterhistory especiallywhen suchartformsasmusicandpainting 2012全国 a havingcomparedtob comparingtoc comparetod comparedto 高考链接 8 time correctly ismoneyinthebank 2012湖南 a touseb usedc usingd use9 beforedrivingintothecity youarerequiredtogetyourcar 2012四川 a washedb washc washingd towash 10 withcare onetinwilllastforsixweeks 2012北京 a useb usingc usedd touse11 aftercompletingandsigningit pleasereturntheformtousintheenvelope 2012山东 a providingb providedc havingprovidedd provide 12 it ssuchaniceplace mothersaidasshesatatthetable forcustomers 2012浙江 a tobereservedb havingreservedc reservingd reserved13 theisland tothemainlandbyabridge iseasytogoto 2011全国ii a joiningb tojoinc joinedd havingjoined 14 intoenglis