新目标初中英语时态总结.doc

奥鹏个性化辅导初中英语讲义6.现在完成时一 基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分词(done)二用法（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含义：郭子君现在在这儿)（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. for+时段since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从以来）since+时段+agosince+从句（过去时）It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）Mary has been ill for three days. 三has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别 Have/Has gone(to) : 去了(现在不在说话现场) 例如：例如： Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）My father has been to Shanghai. Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.四现在完成时的标志1.现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义: * 以already, just和yet为标志* 以ever和never为标志He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。* 以动作发生的次数为标志He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。* 以so far（到目前为止）为标+before He has got to Beijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。* for+时段 since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday,last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能与when连用 2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用3 瞬间动词（buy,die,join,come，go ,leave,join ）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词buy-have borrow -keep come/arrive/reach/get to-be in go out-be out leave -be away begin-be on finish-be overopen-be open close -be closed die-be dead现在完成时练习(一)一、 单项选择。1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him .（呼和浩特）. knew . have known . must know .will know2、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ?. already .never .ever . still 3、Have you met Mr Li _？. just . ago .before . a moment ago4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two years . is writing .was writing .wrote .has written5、Our country _ a lot so far .Yes . I hope it will be even _ . has changed ; well . changed ; good. has changed ; better . changed ; better 6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . was ; studying . will ; study. has ; studied . are ; studying 7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . know . had known . have known . knew8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . will see . have seen . saw .see9、These farmers have been to the United States . Really ? When _ there ?. will they go . did they go. do they go . have they gone 10、_ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _ it a moment ago . Did ; do ; finished . Have ; done ; finished. Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; finish11、 His father _ the Party since 1978 . joined . has joined . was in . has been in 12、Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . were . have been . have become . have made 13、How long have you _ here ?About two months . been . gone . come . arrived 14、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . has begun . had begun. has been on . began15、 It _ ten years since he left the army . is . has . will . was16、 Miss Green isnt in the office . she_ to the library .has gone . went .will go . has been 17、My parents _ Shandong for ten years . have been in . have been to. have gone to . have been18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived 20、 His uncle_for more than 9 years.A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university7.过在完成时（had done）过去完成时由had +过去分词构成 表示过去的过去生的动作 。基本用法:1. 过去完成时表示在过去某时或某个动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态或表示经历或经验.我到达电影院之前电影早已经开始了.The film had begun before we got to the cinema2. 过去完成时表示过去某一时间以前开始一直延续到那个时间并可能延续下去的动作。常和by或since, for引导的表时间的从句或短语连用,但必须要与一个表示过去时的动作相对照.(1) 他来我们学校之前已经在那所学校工作了三年He had worked in that school for three years before he came to our school.(2) 当Millie到达电影院的时候, 电影已经开始了半个小时了.The film had already been on for half an hour when Millie got to the cinema.3. 过去完成时表示在某一动作之前已经完成的动作. 过去的时间由before, after, when引导的时间从句表示出来当我赶到学校时, 已经开始上课了.The class had begun when I got to school.4.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词引导的宾语从句中，一般用过去完成时。(1). 她说她从来没有去过巴黎。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.5. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本，未能”。 (1).结果比我们想象的要好。 The result was better than what we had expected.(2). 我们期望你会来的，但是你没有来。We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.试作比较：昨天我见到王先生了自从他离开北京我们就一直未曾见过面。I saw Mr. Wang yesterday. We had not seen each other since he left Beijing.自从他离开北京我们就一直未曾见过面。We have not seen each other since he left Beijing. 过去完成时与现在完成时的区别：现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去, 但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关. 其结构为”助动词have/has+过去分词”; 过去完成时则是一个相对的时态, 它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调”过去的过去”,只有和过去的某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它. 到目前为止我已经学会了3000个单词.I have English words so learned 3000 far. 到那时我已经学会了3000个英语单词.I had learned 3000 English words till then. 过去完成时与一般过去时的区别1. 时间状语不同过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间 They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. (说明不到点就在车站了） They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.(说明点到车站的）2) 在没有明确的时间状语做标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时在妈妈回来前，我已经把作业写完了。I had finished my homework before my mother came back.) 当两个或两个以上的动作用and或but连接时，按时间顺序只需用一般过去时代替过去完成时；另外在引导的从句中由于这些连词本身已经表示时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office.练习 1.When I arrived there, they_(leave) already. 2.The film_(start),when we got to the cinema. 3.I _(read) the book before I started school. 4.They thought that they_(try) their best. 5.The poor girl never saw her grandpa because he _ 6.(pass away) before she was born. 7.I _(not realize) she wasnt Chinese until she spoke.选择填空( )1.- “Did you see Tom at the party?”-“No, Mary told me that he _ by the time I got there.” A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left( )2. He said that he _ his lunch yet.A. hadnt had B. hasnt had C. wouldnt have D. was having( )3. By the end of last year we _ each other for ten years. A. have known B. knew C. were knowing D. had known( )4. I saw Li Lei yesterday. We hadnt seen each other _ I left Beijing. A. after B. before C. since D. until ( )6. I learned_ the city for a long time.A. she has been in B. she has gone to C. she had been in D. she had gone to( )7. He said that he _ a cold for three days.A. has B. had caught C. had had D. has got( )8. I saw Kate with a new radio in her hand yesterday, but she told me she_the radio for ten days.A. has bought B. had bought C. has had D. had had ( )9. The film _ when I got there. A. has begun B. had already started C .began D. have already begun ( )10. The film _ for ten minutes when we got to the cinema. A. had already been on B. had already begun C. have already been on D. have already begun 8、现在完成进行时1 定义:表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。2构成:现在完成进行时是由“have/has+been+动词的现在分词”构成3 现在完成进行时的用法1）表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。例如：I have been waiting for you for half an hour.我在这等你一个半小时了2）强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。She has always been working like that.她一贯是这样工作的。3）现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。Weve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我们经常见面。5 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别1）现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性,它是现在完成时的强调形式。试比较：Weve been living here for ten years.Weve lived here for ten years.我们在这儿已经住了十年了。2）在不用时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。如：The students have been preparing for the exam.（还在进行）学生们一直在准备考试。The students have prepared for the exam.（已经结束）学生们为考试作了准备。3）有些表示状态，感情，感觉的动词如：have，exist，like，hate，hear，know，sound等动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。如：Theyve known each other since 1970.自从1970年起他们就相互认识了。练习:1. Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. I think so. He _ for it for months. (2008江苏)A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing2. By the time he realizes he _ into a trap, itll be too late for him to do anything about it. (2008山东) A. walksB. walked C. has walked D. had walked3. So far this year we _ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. (2008福建) A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen4. Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _ English for a year. (2007湖南) A. studiesB. studied C. is studying D. has been studying 5. Danny _ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. A. works B. is workingC. has workedD. had worked6. I have got a headache.No wonder. You_in front of that computer too long. (2007江西) A. workB. are working C. have been working D. worked7. The unemployment rate in this district_ from 6% to 5% in the past two years. (2007上海)A. has fallenB. had fallen C. is falling D. was falling8. Now that she is out of job, Lucy _ going back to school，but she hasnt decided yet.(北京)A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider9. _ you _ him around the museum yet? (2007江苏) Yes. We had a great time there. A. Have ; shown B. Do ; show C. Had; shown D. Did; show10. Hi, Tracy，you look pale. I am tired. I _ the living room all day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted过去将来时1 定义:表示在过去的某个时间预测将要发生的事，常用在间接引语中，主句是一般过去时2构成: would / should dowas / were going to do例如：He said he would come back the next day. 他说他第二天就回来She said she was going to start at once. 她说她马上就开始一、单选1- The plane is leaving right now, but Jim hasnt arrived yet.- Well, he said he _here on time.A came B would come C can be D will be2 As soon as the baby saw her mother, she _.A was going to cry B cryed C began to cry D was crying3 Li Ming said he _happy if Brian_to China next month.A as; come B was; would come C would be; came D will be; come4Jenny said she _her holiday in China.A spent B would spent C was going to spent D would spend二、填空1 She said the bus _(leave) at five the next morning.2 I wasnt sure whether he _(lend) me his book the next morning.3 He was fifty-six. In two years he _(be) fifty-eight.4 Whenever she has time, she _(help) them in their work.10、语态（1）语态：主动语态 主语是动作的执行者主动被动语态 主语是动作的承受者被动注意在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。(2)被动语态 do/be done时态主动形式do被动形式be done一般现在时do/doesam /is/are +done一般过去式didwas /were done一般将来时will/shall+dowill/shall be +done现在进行时am/is/are+doingam/is/are/being+done过去进行时was/were/+doingwas/were being +done现在完成时have/has+donehave/has being+done过去完成时had+donehad been+done现在完成进行时have/has being+doinghave/has been+done过去将来时would/should+dowould/should be +done (1) 被动语态的用法： 不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一个人死于事故) This window was broken yesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(这个地方也种水稻A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路)强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(书)是鲁迅写的)A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(宠物狗是不会被主人宰杀的) (2) 注意点：“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如： His teacher gave him a dictionary.He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典他得到老师一本字典)也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典一本字典由老师送给了他)/His father made him a kite.A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他)“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作12小时这个可怜人被迫一天工作12小时)“动词+介词”改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.The girls little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顾小弟弟女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如：He is pleased / worried / tired /.(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳)He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / (被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中)被动语态试题1. The sick boy to hospital by the police yesterday.A is taken B was taken C takes D took2. Waste paper shouldnt everywhere. Its our duty to keep our city clean.A be thrown B throw C is thrown D are thrown3. Do you have any problems if you this job?-Well, Im thinking about the working dayA offer B will offered C are offered D will be offered5. It is reported that more new teaching buildings in our school in the next termA will be built B was built C has built D will build6. The new library building last week.A was completed B is completed C completed D has completed7. David, turn off the TV no one is watching it.-But it off already! The mus