现在完成时doc.doc

现在完成时表示到说话时为止（或到现在为止）已经发生或完成了（不一定结束）的动作或状态。现在完成时句式有肯定句式、否定句式、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。现在完成时常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。句型构成基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p）（V-ed） e.g done 肯定句中：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p）（V-ed）+宾语.否定句中：主语+havent/hasnt+动词的过去分词（p.p）（V-ed）+宾语.一般疑问句中：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词（p.p）（V-ed）+宾语.特殊疑问句中：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词（V-ed）+其他）（1）强调动作是从过去持续到现在，并有可能继续持续下去。（2） 强调对现在的影响或结果，此用法容易和一般过去时混淆。两者的区别是：一般过去时有动作发生的时间点，即过去某一时间发生某一动作；现在完成时则没有，即不强调是哪个时间点发生的动作，而强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。（3）在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。但过去分词一定要选择准确。时间状语：recently,lately,since.for.,in the past few years。etc.yet.never.ever.次数编辑本段用法注意1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，（如表示过去的时间状语）如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon）等，除非与for,since连用.2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用如already（肯定），yet（否定，疑问），just,before,recently,still,lately,never等： He has already obtained a scholarship. I havent seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet?3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如often,sometimes,ever,never,twice,on several occasion等： Have you ever been to Beijing I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions.4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等： Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year. The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful. 5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester. 6.现在完成时的完成用法 现在完成时的完成用法指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。（动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。） 现在完成时完成用法的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语（如：already，yet，before，recently等）、频度时间状语（如：never，ever，once等）、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语（如：this morning / month /year.，today等）连用。例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？ 7.现在完成时的未完成用法现在完成时的未完成用法指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。（动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。） I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。（动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。） 此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语（由since或for引导），或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语（如：up to now，so far）等。例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。注意：（1）现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。8.一段时间+has passed+since从句9. 现在完成时常和短语 up to now /till now,so far （意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。Up to/till now hes read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。Ive been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别has gone to：去了没回has been to ：去过has been in：呆了很久10.不能与when连用11.不可以与一般过去时的定义混淆动词的过去分词的规则变化1、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：(1）、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ed”。work-worked-worked,visit-visited-visited(2）、以“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d”。live-lived-lived,(3）、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，将y变为i，再加“ed”。study-studied-studied,cry-cried-cried(4）、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ed”。stop-stopped-stopped,drop-dropped-dropped2、不规则动词的过去式以及过去分词巧记规律：AAA cost-cost-costread-read-read put-put-putcut-cut-cutlet-let-letset-set-set beat-beat-beat hit-hit-hithurt-hurt-hurtspit-spit-spitrid-rid-rid注：原形、过去式和过去分词的词形和读音都相同的单词，结尾字母一般是t或d。特殊：动词read的过去式和过去分词虽然词形与原形一致，read-read-read，但发音分别是ri:d-red-red。ABA（含规则动词）：有些动词的过去分词与原形是一样的:run-ran-runcome-came-come become-became-becomeovercome-overcame-overcomeABB（含规则动词）：1.另有一些其它形式的变化。have(has)-had-hadleave-left-leftlose-lost-lostmake-made-madefeel-felt-feltspell-spelt-speltstand-stood-stood2.改变单词中间元音字母。sit-sat-sat(babysit)win-won-wonshine-shone-shone hold-held-heldfind-found-foundhear-heard-heard hang-hung(hanged)-hung(hanged)ABC：有些动词的过去分词是在原形词尾加n或en，变成以en结尾的单词。take-took-takengive-gave-givenfall-fell-falleneat-ate-eatenwrite-wrote-writtenspeak-spoke-spokenfreeze-froze-frozenride-rode-riddenget-got-gotten(got)forget-forgot-forgotten(forgot)特殊：am/is-was-beenare-were-been,do(does)-did-donego-went-gonesee-saw-seenshow-showed-shown(showed)lie-lay(lied)-lain(lied)1.Haveyoueverbeentoanamusementpark?havebeento.havebeento+地点：去过某地（已回）havebeento表示“到(去)过某处”，现在已不在那个地方。如：HehasbeentoEngland他曾到过英国。(现在已经不在英国了)HaveyoueverbeentotheGreatWall？你到过长城吗?（现在已经不在长城上）havegoneto+地点：去了某地（未回）havegoneto表示“去了某处”，“到某处去了”，现在已不在说话的地点了。如：HehasgonetoEngland。他已去英国了。(已经不在说话的地方，到达英国或者在去英国的路上)2、ever,never,already,yet,still1)ever常用于否定句、疑问句中。vever常用于现在完成时中。vever用于强化比较级和最高级。Whatsthebestgiftyouhaveeverreceived?veversince：自那时起Theshophasbeenopeneversince.forever：永远的（地）2.never：从不-Haveyoueverbeentoanamusementpark?-No,never.already：已经（肯）-yet：已经，还（否、疑）HehasalreadybeentoBeijingtwice.HehasntbeentoBeijingyet.-HaveyoubeentoBeijingyet?-No,notyet.still：仍然，还；常用于肯定句3、neither(1)NeitherJennynorIownacar.(2)Leonneitherdrinksnorsmokes.(3)Myhusbanddoesntwanttoseeamovietonight,andneitherdoI.(4)A:Whichofthedressesdidyoulike?B:Neitherofthem.(5)A:I haventseenthatmovie.B:I haventeither.(NeitherhaveI.)(Me,neither)形容词，意为“两者都不”，置于单数名词前Neithergirlhasbeentherebefore.-两个女孩以前都没去过那。代词，意为“两者都不，双方均不”。Neitherofthegirlshasbeentherebefore.Ilikeneither.-连词，常用短语：neither.nor.表示“既不.，也不.。”NeitherhenorI_interestedinit.(be)-_原则Iwillbelieveneitheryounor_.(he)副词，作“也不”，放在句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于后面的人或物，形容词或副词提前，需用倒装句。注意：neither作主语时，通常被视为单数，但有复数意义。vneither.nor.；either.or.；notonly.,butalso.连接两个并列结构,句型中使用就近原则，both.and.句型中，谓语动词用复数形式。-Idontlikethisdress.-NeitherdoI.-我也不喜欢。(Idontlikethisdress,either)Ihaventbeentoanamusementpark.Me,neither.(对应：Me,too.)=Ihaventbeentoanamusementpark,either.(not.either=neither)=NeitherhaveI.Ifyoucantsolveit,neithercanhe.(Hecantsolveit,either.)Iamnotinterestedinit,neitherishe.(Heisnotinterestedinit,either.)练：Ifyoudonthelpme,neither_others.4、neither,nor,so引导的倒装句：1)句式：vNeither/Nor/So+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语.表示“.也/也不”。NeitherdoI.=NordoI.-我也不。SodoI.-我也是。vSo+主语+助动词/be动词/情态动词.表“确实如此”，用于同意上文中的对方的观点。-Itisaniceday.-Soitis.-它确实是个好天气。三、综合练习一、单项选择1、He_toCanada,soyoucantseehimrecently.AhavebeentoBhavegonetoChasbeentoDhasgoneto2、IhavebeentoAmerica,so_he.AdidBhaveChasDdoes3. LondonhaseverhostedthemodernOlympicsParis.A.SodoesB.SohasC.NordoesD.Neitherhas4、Neitherofthetwoboys_fromtheUSA.A.comeB.dontcomeC.comesD.doesntcome5、IhavenotbeentoAmerica,_hashe.AsoBneitherCandDbut6、Hergrandfather_fortwoyears.A. diedB.hasdiedC.hasbeendeadD.hasbeendied7、Bothhisparentslooksad.Maybethey_whatshappenedtohim.（呼和浩特）.knew.haveknown.mustknow.willknow8、 Hehas_beentoShanghai,hashe?.already.never.ever.still9、 HaveyoumetMrLi_？.just.ago.before.amomentago10. Thefamouswriter_onenewbookinthepasttwoyears.iswriting.waswriting.wrote.haswritten11. Ourcountry_alotsofar.Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven_.haschangedwell.changedgood.haschangedbetter.changedbetter12. Tom_already_inthisschoolfortwoyears.wasstudying.willstudy.hasstudied.arestudying13、 We_XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.know.hadknown.haveknown.Knew14、 HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I_ittwice.willsee.haveseen.saw.see15、ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates.Really?When_there?.willtheygo.didtheygo.dotheygo.havetheygone16、_you_yourhomeworkyet?Yes.I_itamomentago.Diddofinished.Havedonefinished.Havedonehavefinished.willdofinish17、Hisfather_thePartysince1978.joined.hasjoined.wasin.hasbeenin18、Doyouknowhimwell?Sure.We_friendssincetenyearsago.were.havebeen.havebecome.havemade19、Howlonghaveyou_here?Ae.arrived20. Hurryup!Theplay_fortenminutes.hasbegun.hadbegun.hasbeenon.began21、 MissGreenisntintheoffice.she_tothelibrary.hasgone.went.willgo.hasbeen22. Myparents_Shandongfortenyears.havebeenin.havebeento.havegoneto.havebeen历年中考重现：1I_aletterfromhimsinceheleft（天津市）AdidntreceiveBhaventgotCdidnthaveDhaventheard2Wherehaveyou_thesedays？Ihave_toShanghai withmyfriends（重庆市）A been；goneBbeen；beenCgone；beenDgone；gone3Howlonghaveyou_thisbook？（哈尔滨市）AboughtBborrowedChadDlent4WheresPeter？He_toNanjing（沈阳市）AisgoingBhasbeenChasgoneDwent5Youveneverseensuchawonderfulfilmbefore，_？（河北省）AhaventyouBhaveyouCdoyouDdontyou6Wehavelivedhere_fiveyearsago（河南省）A whenBsinceCbeforeDafter7HowdoyoulikeBeijing，MrBlack？Oh，I_suchabeautifulcity（江西省）A dontvisitBdidntvisitChaventvisitedDhadntvisited8Theoldpeople_lonelyatallsincewebegantovisitthemonceaweek（广州市）AdontfeelBhasntfeltChaventfeltDdidntfeel9Mygrandfather_inthesmalltownall