考研英语：非谓语动词用法比较上.doc

主动语态被动语态句法功能一般式进行式完成式一般式完成式主宾表定状补不定式to writeto be makingto have madeto be madeto have been made现在分词makinghaving madebeing madehaving been made动名词过去分词made 非谓语动词是考研英语中的重点和难点，非谓语动词短语指在句子中起名词、形容词或副词作用的动词短语形式。非谓语动词包括动名词短语、分词短语和动词不定式短语。非谓语动词短语不能单独作谓语；非谓语动词可以带有自己的宾语、状语或逻辑主语。非谓语动词短语有语态和时态的变化。由上表可以看出现在分词、动名词的被动形式有和过去分词在意义表达相交叉的区域，因此认真区分它们在这方面的用法对于准确理解和运用非谓语动词很有帮助。如：to be done, being done, done, having been done都可表示被动，同时都可作定语，但它们在作定语时，是有明显区别的。如：The school to be built is intended for the disabled children.即将要建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。The school being built is intended for the disabled children.正在建设的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。The school built last year is intended for the disabled children.去年建的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。The school, having been built for two years，is intended for the disabled children.建设花了两年多的学校是为残疾儿童而设的。一、不定式和动名词作主语的区别1动名词多表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念或一个已经完成了的动作，强调的是事情本身。而不定式则表示具体的第一次行为或将来的动作，强调的是动作本身，不过有时二者之间区别很小。如：Reading English novels is really great fun.读英语小说真有趣。To read English novels this evening will take most of my time.今晚读英语小说会花去我很多时间。2动词不定式作主语时，常用形式主语结构，而动名词作语时较少使用形式主语，只有在It is no good/no use/useless/fun/interesing/hard/difficult等句型中常用it作形式主语。如：It is hard to make him change his mind.很难让他改变主意。It is fun talking with a foreign teacher. 跟外教谈话真有趣。3不定式作主语的被动语态句子，必须用形式主语结构。如：It was decided to set up a new football club in our school.已经决定在我们学校建立一个足球俱乐部。4在口语中，用动名词作主语置于句首的情况要比不定式多。5疑问句中，一般多用动名词的复合结构作主语，而不用不定式复合结构。如：Does our helping mean a lot to all of you?我们提供帮助对你们很重要吗？6在句型“There be no主语”中，习惯上常用动名词作主语，且不带逻辑主语。如：There is no parking around here.这周围不准停车。There is no telling what will happen. (=It is impossible to tellWhatwill happen.)无法知道会发生什么。7不定式、动名词作主语时可有自己的逻辑主语。不定式的逻辑主语通常是介词for/of引导的名词或宾语代词；动名词的逻辑主语则常用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。如：Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union.林肯说南方脱离联邦是不对的。The students knowing English well helped them in learning French.对英语了解很好的人学习法语会有很大帮助。8当表语是动名词时, 主语要用动名词，当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。如：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 To see is to believe. 二、不定式、分词和动名词作表语的区别1表示一般的概念时，不定式动名词可以互换。如：Whatshe likes is watching (to watch) children play.我最的就是看孩子玩耍。2表示具体的个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式, 无抽象概念一般用动名词。如：My wish is to become a famous pianist.我的愿望就是成为一名著名的钢琴家。3动名词作表语和主语指的是一回事，常可与主语换位，回答what或doing what的问题。现在分词作表语，表示主语的性质和特征，回答how的问题，其主语可以是具体的人或物。如：Their job isto finish the experimentby the end of this week.他们本周的工作就是完成这个实验。The story is veryexciting. 这个故事很令人激动。4现在分词作表语表示主动概念，过去分词作表语表示被动概念。如：They were deeplymovedto hear the old mans story. 听到老人的故事，他们被深深地打动了。What he said isntinterestingat all.他的讲话一点也没有趣。5过去分词作表语，强调状态，分词前可以加very等程度副词，后面一般不用by引起的短语，时态概念不强。而被动语态表示动作，时态概念较强。如：The shop is closed. 商店关门了。 (分词)The door was closed by the wind. 门被风吹上了。 (被动)6动名词和现在分词作表语与进行时态形式相同。动名词作表语说明主语的内容；现在分词作表语说明主语的性质、特征，而现在进行时态说明正在进行的动作。现在分词被动语态不作表语。如：My job isteaching young children to climb mountains.我的工作就是教孩子如何爬山。 (动名词)I wasteaching the children mathswhen you passed by.你经过时我正教孩子数学。（进行时态）What you teach is veryinteresing.你所教的科目很有趣。(分词式形容词)三、不定式、动名词作宾语的区别这类动词用不定式作宾语往往指具体的或一次性的行为，而动词的-ing形式则指概括性、经常性的动作或体验。这类动词常用的有：like, begin, hate, start, propose, continue, prefer, love等。如：I likereading/to read China Daily. 我喜欢读中国日报。Lets continueplaying/to play the game. 咱们继续玩游戏吧1.跟不定式和动词的-ing形式皆可，但意义相差很大的动词这类动词常用的有：try, regret, forget, remember, cant help, mean, go on等。如：（1）try: try to do sth.尽力做难做的事；try doing sth.试着做某一件可能会出现某一结果的事。He triedto stand upbut failed. 他试图站起来，但没成功。Lets trytelling him about the sad news. 咱们试着把这个不幸的消息告诉他。（2）regret: regret to do sth. 对马上要做的事表示遗憾；regret doing sth.对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔。I really regretmissing/having missedhis lecture. 我没能听他的讲座真感到遗憾。I regretto tell youthat I cannot come. 真遗憾，告诉你我不能来了。（3）cant help: cant help doing sth.禁不住；cant help (to) do sth. 不能帮忙干I couldnt helpshakingwith so few clothes on. 穿这么少的衣服我禁不住打起哆嗦。I cant helpto clean the place up.我不能帮助打扫这里了。（4）mean: mean to do sth. 想做；mean doing sth.意味着。如：Wasting time meanskillinglife. 浪费时光就意味着浪费生命。Revolution meansliberating the productive forces. 革命意味着解放生产力。（5）forget: forget doing/ having done/to have done sth. 忘了已做过的事；forget to do sth.忘记将要做的事。如：I forgottelling him about the news. 我忘了曾把那件事告诉过他。Dont forgetto wake me upat 6 tomorrow morning. 别忘了明天早晨6点叫醒我。（6）go on: go on doing sth.继续干未干完的事（强调动作的持续）；go on to do sth.继续干是一件事（强调事情的转接）The old man went ondoing his workafter a short rest. 那位老人稍作休息便又干起手中的活。The old man went onto play another song. 这个老人接着弹奏另一首曲子。（7）remember: remember doing/having done/ to have done sth. 指记着做过的事；remember to do sth.记着要做事。如：Please rememberto come on time. 请记着按时来。I still rememberbeing takento the Science Museum for the first time. 我仍记得第一次被带到博物馆的情景。（8）stop: stop to do sth. 停下正在做的动作去做另一动作；stop doing停止做动名词所表示的动作。如：We stopped (in order /so as) to have a rest. 他停下来休息了一会。Dont stop trying once again. 不要停止，再试一次。（9）动词want, need, require, deserve作“需要”解时后接不定式被动式或动名词的主动式。这时动名词主动形式表示被动意义。如：Your paper needs checking/to be checked again. 你的试卷需要再检查一遍。2.有些动词后可用“疑问词不定式”结构作复合宾语，意义上相当于一个宾语从句。使用这类结构时，不定式前不能再加引出的逻辑主语；不定式的动作在时间概念上必须后于前面的动词，否则就应用宾语从句。动名词无这种用法。能跟这类复合宾语的常见动词有：know, see, deicde, tell, ask, advise, consider, discover, explain, guess, hear, learn, think, observe, wonder, understand等。Hearing the sad news, she didnt know what to do. 听到这则悲伤的消息，她不知如何做。I couldnt decide whether to work another year or change my job. 我不能决定是在这里再干一年还是换一个工作。3当不定式、动名词作宾语，后面还有宾语补足语时，一般采用it作形式宾语，而把不定式或动名词放在补足语之后。如：He thought it an honour to have been invited to dinner. 被邀来参加晚宴我感觉是一种荣耀。I feel it my duty to help out anyone in trouble. 帮助有困难的人是一种责任。4.动名词常作介词宾语，而不定式作but, except等少数介词的宾语，但“疑问词不定式”短语可作许多介词的宾语。如：I am looking forward to meeting you again. 我正期盼着与你见面。I had nothing to do