经济学复习大纲

Chapter1Chapter1 1 Ten1 Ten PrinciplesPrinciples ofof EconomicsEconomics HowHow peoplepeople makemake decisions decisions 4 4 条条 HowHow peoplepeople interactinteract 3 3 条条 HowHow thethe economyeconomy asas a a wholewhole worksworks 3 3 条条 2 2 OpportunityOpportunity costcost whateverwhatever mustmust bebe givengiven upup toto obtainobtain somesome item item 3 3 OpportunityOpportunity costcost VSVS accountingaccounting costcost 4 4 ComparativeComparative advantage advantage thethe abilityability toto produceproduce a a goodgood atat a a lowerlower 5 opportunity5 opportunity costcost thanthan anotheranother producer producer MarketMarket failure afailure a situationsituation in in whichwhich a a marketmarket leftleft onon itsits ownown failsfails toto allocateallocate resourcesresources efficiently efficiently 6 6 externalityexternality 正负外部性的影响 正负外部性的影响 7 7 HigherHigher inflationinflation leadsleads toto lowerlower unemploymentunemployment Chapter4Chapter4 1 1 SupplySupply andand demanddemand areare thethe forcesforces thatthat makemake marketmarket economieseconomies work work 2 2 Market aMarket a groupgroup ofof buyersbuyers andand sellerssellers ofof a a particularparticular goodgood andand service service 3 four Market types Perfect competition Monopoly Oligopoly Monopolistic Competition 4 4 DemandDemand CurveCurve 向下倾斜的 向下倾斜的 5 5 DeterminantsDeterminants ofof DemandDemand uMarketMarket priceprice 仅此因素是导致需求曲线上点对点的移动 仅此因素是导致需求曲线上点对点的移动 uConsumerConsumer incomeincome uPricesPrices ofof relatedrelated goodsgoods uTastesTastes uExpectationsExpectations uTheThe numbernumber ofof buyersbuyers 6 6 ChangeChange in in QuantityQuantity DemandedDemanded versusversus ChangeChange in in DemandDemand 7 7 SupplySupply CurveCurve 向上倾斜的 向上倾斜的 8 8 DeterminantsDeterminants ofof SupplySupply uMarketMarket priceprice uInputInput pricesprices uTechnologyTechnology uExpectationsExpectations uNumberNumber ofof sellerssellers 9 9 EquilibriumEquilibrium PricePrice andand EquilibriumEquilibrium QuantityQuantity 10 10 SurplusSurplus andand ShortageShortage 过剩和短缺的情形 过剩和短缺的情形 11 11 ThreeThree StepsSteps ToTo AnalyzingAnalyzing ChangesChanges in in EquilibriumEquilibrium uDecideDecide whetherwhether thethe eventevent shiftsshifts thethe supplysupply oror demanddemand curvecurve or or both both uDecideDecide whetherwhether thethe curve s curve s shift s shift s toto thethe leftleft oror toto thethe right right uExamineExamine howhow thethe shiftshift affectsaffects equilibriumequilibrium priceprice andand quantity quantity Chapter5Chapter5 1 1 ElasticityElasticity 弹性 弹性 2 2 PricePrice elasticityelasticity ofof demanddemand is is thethe percentagepercentage changechange in in quantityquantity demandeddemanded givengiven a a percentpercent changechange in in thethe price price 3 3 ElasticElastic vsvs InelasticInelastic 怎样区分 怎样区分 4 4 DeterminantsDeterminants ofof PricePrice ElasticityElasticity ofof DemandDemand AvailabilityAvailability ofof CloseClose SubstitutesSubstitutes NecessitiesNecessities versusversus LuxuriesLuxuries DefinitionDefinition ofof thethe MarketMarket TimeTime HorizonHorizon 5 5 pricein change Percentage demandedquatity in change Percentage demand of elasticity Price 6 6 midpointmidpoint methodmethod 中点法 中点法 7 7 TheThe VarietyVariety ofof DemandDemand CurveCurve PerfectlyPerfectly InelasticInelastic Ed 0Ed 0 RelativelyRelatively InelasticInelastic Ed 1Ed1Ed 1 PerfectlyPerfectly ElasticElastic Ed Ed Chapter6Chapter6 1 1 PricePrice CeilingCeiling uA A legallylegally establishedestablished maximummaximum priceprice atat whichwhich a a goodgood cancan bebe soldsold 2 2 PricePrice FloorFloor uA A legallylegally establishedestablished minimumminimum priceprice atat whichwhich a a goodgood cancan bebe sold sold 3 3 TheThe priceprice ceilingceiling is is notnot bindingbinding if if setset aboveabove thethe equilibriumequilibrium price price TheThe priceprice ceilingceiling is is bindingbinding if if setset belowbelow thethe equilibriumequilibrium price price leadingleading toto a a shortage shortage 4 4 TheThe priceprice floorfloor is is notnot bindingbinding if if setset belowbelow thethe equilibriumequilibrium price price uTheThe priceprice floorfloor is is bindingbinding if if setset aboveabove thethe equilibriumequilibrium price price leadingleading toto a a surplus surplus 5 5 什么情况下会造成短缺或过剩 什么情况下会造成短缺或过剩 6 6 TaxTax incidenceincidence 税收归宿 税收归宿 thethe mannermanner in in whichwhich thethe burdenburden ofof a a taxtax is is sharedshared amongamong participantsparticipants in in a a market market 7 7 TheThe burdenburden ofof a a taxtax fallsfalls moremore heavilyheavily onon thethe sideside ofof thethe marketmarket thatthat is is lessless elastic elastic Chapter13Chapter13 1 1 Profit TotalProfit Total revenuerevenue totaltotal cost cost 2 2 ExplicitExplicit andand ImplicitImplicit CostsCosts 3 3 FixedFixed andand VariableVariable CostsCosts TCTC TFC TFC TVCTVC 4 4 5 5 MarginalMarginal costcost MC MC 2 P PP P 2 Q QQ Q Demand of Elasticity Price 1212 1212 Q TC Quantity cost Total ATC Q VC Quantity cost Variable AVC Q FC Quantity cost Fixed AFC Q TC output in Change cost in total Change MC 6 6 CostCost CurvesCurves andand TheirTheir ShapesShapes RisingRising MarginalMarginal CostCost U ShapedU Shaped AverageAverage TotalTotal CostCost TheThe relationshiprelationship amongamong MC MC ACAC andand AVCAVC TypicalTypical CostCost CurveCurve 7 7 efficientefficient scalescale Chapter14Chapter14 1 what s1 what s A A perfectlyperfectly competitivecompetitive marketmarket 2 2 BuyersBuyers andand sellerssellers in in competitivecompetitive marketsmarkets areare saidsaid toto bebe priceprice takers takers 3 3 TRTR P P X X Q Q 4 4 MRMR TR TR Q Q 5 When5 When MRMR MCMC ProfitProfit is is maximized maximized 6 6 A A shutdownshutdown andand ExitExit long run long run andand short run short run 7 7 Short RunShort Run SupplySupply CurveCurve andand Long RunLong Run SupplySupply CurveCurve p300 p300 8 8 marginalmarginal firmfirm is is thethe firmfirm thatthat wouldwould exitexit thethe marketmarket if if thethe priceprice werewere anyany lowerlower 9 9 thethe firm sfirm s marginalmarginal costcost curvecurve is is itsits supplysupply curve curve 10 what s10 what s ImperfectImperfect competitioncompetition Chapter16Chapter16 1 1 OligopolyOligopoly Only Only a a fewfew sellers sellers eacheach offeringoffering a a similarsimilar oror identicalidentical productproduct toto thethe others others 2 2 NashNash equilibriumequilibrium 3 3 GameGame theorytheory 博弈论博弈论 4 4 StrategicStrategic decisionsdecisions areare thosethose in in whichwhich eacheach person person in in decidingdeciding whatwhat actionsactions toto take take mustmust considerconsider howhow othersothers mightmight respondrespond toto thatthat action action 5 5 RepeatedRepeated gamesgames maymay leadlead toto cooperation cooperation Chapter23Chapter23 1 The1 The MeasurementMeasurement ofof GDPGDP GDPGDP is is thethe marketmarket valuevalue ofof allall finalfinal goodsgoods andand servicesservices producedproduced withinwithin a a countrycountry in in a a givengiven periodperiod ofof timetime GDPGDP 的的 7 7 个特征我用个特征我用 7 7 中颜色标识出来的哈 详情见中颜色标识出来的哈 详情见 p434p434 p435p435 2 2 GDPGDP Y Y is is thethe sumsum ofof thethe following following uConsumptionConsumption C C u InvestmentInvestment I I u GovernmentGovernment PurchasesPurchases G G u NetNet ExportsExports NX NX Y Y C C I I G G NXNX 3 3 NominalNominal GDPGDP RealReal GDPGDP 4 4 GDPGDP DeflatorDeflator GDPGDP 平减指数 平减指数 用名义用名义 GDPGDP 与真实与真实 GDPGDP 的比率计算的比率计算 Price Quantity Quantity Price Quantity revenue Total revenue Average 100 GDP Real GDP Nominal deflator GDP 的物价水平衡量指标 的物价水平衡量指标 Chapter24Chapter24 1 1 consumerconsumer priceprice indexindex CPI CPI 消费物价指数 普通消费者所购买的物品消费物价指数 普通消费者所购买的物品 与劳务的总费用的衡量指标 与劳务的总费用的衡量指标 2 2 WhenWhen thethe CPICPI rises rises thethe typicaltypical familyfamily hashas toto spendspend moremore dollarsdollars toto maintainmaintain thethe samesame standardstandard ofof living living 3 3 HowHow thethe ConsumerConsumer PricePrice IndexIndex Is Is CalculatedCalculated five five steps steps FixFix thethe BasketBasket 固定篮子固定篮子 FindFind thethe Prices Prices 找出价格找出价格 ComputeCompute thethe Basket sBasket s Cost Cost 计算这一篮子东西的费用计算这一篮子东西的费用 ChooseChoose a a BaseBase YearYear andand ComputeCompute thethe Index Index 选择基年并计算指数选择基年并计算指数 ComputeCompute thethe inflationinflation rate rate 计算通货膨胀率计算通货膨胀率 4 4 OtherOther PricePrice Indexes producerIndexes producer priceprice indexindex PPI PPI 生产物价指数生产物价指数 5 5 ProblemsProblems in in MeasuringMeasuring TheThe CostCost ofof LivingLiving uSubstitutionSubstitution biasbias 替代偏向替代偏向 uIntroductionIntroduction ofof newnew goodsgoods 新产品的引进新产品的引进 uUnmeasuredUnmeasured qualityquality changeschanges 无法衡量的质量变动无法衡量的质量变动 6 6 GDPGDP deflatordeflator andand CPICPI bothboth reflectreflect changechange