高级英语第一册 Unit 10 The Trial That Rocked the World.doc

英语精读笔记 4/9/2020Unit 10 The Trial That Rocked the World震撼世界的审判John Scopes 约翰司科普斯01.A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the packed court on that sweltering July day in 1925. The counsel for my defence was the famous criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow. Leading counsel for the prosecution was William Jennings Bryan, the silver-tongued orator , three times Democratic nominee for President of the United States, and leader of the fundamentalist movement that had brought about my trial.在一九二五年七月的那个酷热日子里，当我在挤得水泄不通的法庭里就位时，人群中响起一阵嘁嘁喳喳的议论声。我的辩护人是著名刑事辩护律师克拉伦斯达罗。担任主控官的则是能说会道的演说家威廉詹宁斯布莱恩，他曾三次被民主党提名为美国总统候选人，而且还是导致我这次受审的基督教原教旨主义运动的领导人。Language Points Para. 1 (cf: 对比)1. buzz: bz a noise of a low hum, low confused whisper 低语，（蜂等）嗡嗡叫2. sweltering: very hot, causing unpleasantness, torridt:rid, sultrysltri 闷热的，热得发昏的；酷热3. counsel: kaunsl a group of one or more lawyers (barristersbrist) acting for someone in a court of law 律师、辩护人 eg: The judge asked counsel for the defence to explain his point.法官要求律师辩解他的观点。 eg: Counsel are agreed. cf: council: kaunsil a group of people appointed or elected to make laws, rules, or decisions 议会 councillor: a member of a council 议员counsellor: (AmE counselor) 参赞4. prosecution: ,prsikju:n the act of bringing a criminal charge against sb. in a court of law 起诉、控诉5. silver-tongued: (lit.) able to give fine persuading speeches, eloquentelkwnt 雄辩的、有口才的6. orator: rt a good public speaker, a person who delivers an oration演说 (formal and solemnslm庄严的 public speeches) 演说者、雄辩家（oral词根）7. nominee: ,nmini: a person who has been nominatednmi,neit提名, who has been named officially for election to a position, office, honour, etc. eg: a Nobel Prize nominee / a presidential nominee诺贝尔奖被提名人/总统被提名(候选人) -ee: sb. being done for other person被动 （-er主动）8. bring about: causeeg: The Internet / Scientists have brought about great changes in our lives.02. A few weeks before I had been an unknown school-teacher in Dayton, a little town in the mountains of Tennessee. Now I was involved in a trial reported the world over. Seated in court, ready to testify on my behalf, were a dozen distinguished professors and scientists, led by Professor Kirtley Mather of Harvard University. More than 100 reporters were on hand, and even radio announcers, who for the first time in history were to broadcast a jury trial. Dont worry, son, well show them a few tricks, Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.几个星期之前，我还只是田纳西州山区小镇戴顿的一名默默无闻的中学教员，而现在我却成了一次举世瞩目的庭审活动的当事人。在法庭就座为我作证的有以哈佛大学的科特里马瑟教授为首的十几位有名望的教授和科学家。到场的还有一百多名新闻记者，甚至还有一些广播电台的播音员，他们也要破天荒地播放一次庭审实况。就在我们静候着法庭开审的当儿，达罗关切地搂住我的肩膀低声安慰道：“别担心，孩子，我们会给他们点厉害瞧瞧。”Language Points Para. 21. involve: (v.) to cause sb. to become connected or concernedeg: Dont involve other people in your mistakes.别让别人陷入你的错误中去。eg: We are all involved, whether we like it or not.不管我们喜欢与否，我们都被卷入了。2. testify: to make a solemn statement,esp.under oathu誓言 in a court of law,of what is true eg: The witnesses testify / (give evidence) in the law court.目击证人在法庭作证。 eg: One witness testified that hes seen the prisoner run out of the bank after it had been robbed. eg: The stolen goods in his home testified to his guiltgilt犯罪.3. on hand: available, present在手边，在手头；出席eg: Please be on hand at 12 sharp.请12点整准时出席。eg: I have a great deal of important work on hand.我手头有一堆重要工作要做。cf: within reach: the distance one can reach伸手可及的，能力所及at hand: near in time or place 在附近，在手边；即将到来eg: Always have your dictionary on hand / within reach / at hand when you study.eg: All his old friends will be on hand / present to see Jack receive the medal of honour.eg: I want you to be at hand / near during my interview with the boss of the company.eg: The post office is close at hand.邮局快到了/邮局在附近。4. reassure: ,ri:u comfort and make sb. free from fear, stop worrying often by saying sth. kind or friendly eg: The doctor reassured the sick man about his health.医生是病人对他们的健康放心。eg: She wont believe it in spite of all our reassurance.尽管我们一再保证，他也不相信它。cf: assure: cause to believe or trust in sth.; promiseeg: The captain assured the passengers that there was no danger.船长使乘客相信没有危险。03. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at the secondary school. For a number of years a clash had been building up between the fundamentalists and the modernists. The fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Old Testament. The modernists, on the other hand, accepted the theory advanced by Charles Darwin - that all animal life, including monkeys and men, had evolved from a common ancestor.我刚到戴顿中学任自然科学教员兼足球教练不久，这件案子就突然降临到我的头上。若干年来，原教旨主义者和现代主义者之间就一直在酝酿着一场冲突。原教旨主义者坚持严格按照字面意义去理解旧约全书，而现代主义者则接受查尔斯达尔文的进化论认为一切动物，包括猿和人，都是由同一个祖先进化而来的。Language Points Para. 31. erupt: (of a volcano) to explode and pour out fire(in the text): emerge, happen quickly, come down upon unexpectedly and violently eg: At the end of a hot summer, violence erupted in the inner cities.炎热的夏天结束时，暴力在内陆城市爆发了。2. build (sb./sth.) up: to increase or become larger or strongereg: Tensiontenn紧张 is building up between the two communitieskmju:niti社区.eg: They gave him soup to build up his strength/build him up3. adhere to: to favour strongly; stick firmly to; to hold or supporteg: The wallpaper wont adhere to the ceilingsi:li.壁纸粘不到天花板上。eg: They adhere to the contract.他们支持/赞同这份合约。eg: We should adhere to the four fundamental principles. 我们应该坚持四项基本原则。cf: persist: to continue firmly in spite of opposition or warning. persist: (vi.) to continue to existpersist in doing / adhere to doing eg: If you persist in misbehavingmisbiheiv行为不礼貌、作弊, youll be punished.eg: The smell persisted even after we cleaned the room.气味甚至持续到我们打扫完房间以后。insist: to declare firmly (when opposed), to ordereg: He insisted on writing at once. eg: He insisted that she (should) be present. adhesive: dhi:siv substance such as a glue.胶水、胶黏剂4. literal: litrl the literal meaning of a word is its original, basic meaning. 照字面的，原义的eg: The literal meaning of television is seeing from a distance.04. Fundamentalism was strong in Tennessee, and the state legislature had recently passed a law prohibiting the teaching of any theory that denies the story of creation as taught in the Bible. The new law was aimed squarely at Darwins theory of evolution. An engineer, George Rappelyea, used to argue with the local people against the law. During one such argument, Rappelyea said that nobody could teach biology without teaching evolution. Since I had been teaching biology, I was sent for.在田纳西州，原教旨主义势力很强，州立法机构最近还通过了一项法令，禁止公开讲授“任何否定圣经上宣讲的创世说的理论。”这项新法规的矛头直接指向了达尔文的进化论。有位名叫乔治拉普利亚的工程师因反对这项法规常和当地人进行辩论。有一次辩论中，拉普利亚说，任何人要讲授生物学，就不能不讲进化论。因为我就是讲授生物学的，所以他们便把我叫去作证。Language Points Para. 41. prohibit: to forbid, to ban禁止cf: FORBID is more direct and familiar; PROHIBIT is more formal or officialeg: To prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors / smoking in public places, etc.eg: To forbid a child to leave the house.eg: His health forbade the use of tobacco.2. squarely: directly, firmly正直地，诚实地；明确地，坚定地eg: He faced the man squarely. 05. Rappelyea is right, I told them. “拉普利亚是对的，”我对他们说。06. Then you have been violating the law, one of them Said. “那么说，你在触犯法律，”他们中的一位说。Language Points Para. 61. violate: vaileit to disregard or act against sth. solemnly promised违背eg: The actress violated the terms of her contract.女演员违背了她的合约期。eg: This is considered as a violation of the Constitution.这个被认为是违反宪法的。07. So has every other teacher, I replied. Evolution is explained in Hunters Civic Biology, and thats our textbook. “所有其他的教师也都在触犯法律，”我回答说。“亨特所著的生物学基础中就讲到了进化论，那是我们使用的教科书。”08. Rappelyea then made a suggestion. Lets take this thing to court, he said, and test the legality of it.于是拉普利亚提出一个建议。“让我们将此事交付法庭判决，”他说，“以检验其是否合法。”Language Points Para. 81. legality: ligliti the condition of being lawful; lawfulness合法性eg: The legality of this action will be decided by the court.09. When I was indicted on May 7, no one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history. The American Civil Liberties Union announced that it would take my case to the U.S. Supreme Court if necessary to establish that a teacher may tell the truth without being sent to jail. Then Bryan volunteered to assist the state in prosecuting me. Immediately the renowned lawyer Clarence Darrow offered his services to defend me. Ironically, I had not known Darrow before my trial but I had met Bryan when he had given a talk at my university. I admired him, although I did not agree with his views.当我于五月七日被正式起诉时，谁也不曾料到，我本人更没有料到我的这件案子竟会越闹越大，以至成为美国历史上最著名的庭审案例之一。美国公民自由联合会宣布：如有必要，联合会将把我的案子提交美国最高法院审理，“以确保教师不至于因讲授真理而被送进监狱。”接着，布莱恩自告奋勇地要协助州政府方面对我进行起诉。著名律师克拉伦斯达罗也立即主动提出要替我辩护。具有讽刺意味的是，在这次审判之前我并不认识达罗，但我却见过布莱恩，那是我念大学的时候，他来校作过演讲。我很钦佩他，尽管我并不赞同他的观点。Language Points Para. 91. indict: indaitto indict sb. for a crime means to charge him/her with it officially控告、指控；起诉eg: Five men were caught at the scenesi:n and indicted.五人被当场抓获并被起诉。cf: accuse, charge, prosecute, blame One INDICTs sb. FOR theftOne ACCUSEs sb. OF cheating which one personally resentsrizent怨恨、愤慨. One CHARGEs sb. WITH cheating which is an example of breaking the rules of a game. One PROSECUTEs sb. FOR theft is for a lawyer to represent in court the person who is bringing a criminal charge against sb. One BLAMEs sb. FOR the failure2. least of all: particularly not最不eg: Nobody cared, least of all the manager. eg: I dont like rain or storms, and least of all thunder.3. anticipate: to expect what will happen期望eg: Im not anticipating any trouble. eg: A businessman must try to anticipate what his customers will want.4. snowball: if a plan, problem, idea, etc. snowballs, it quickly grows bigger and more importanteg: I suggested a few drinks after work, and the whole thing snowballed into a company party. 5. 比较：famous, famed, renowned, celebrated FAMOUS and FAMED apply chiefly to men, events and things that are much talked of or are widely or popularly known throughout a country or continent or a cultural tradition. They also imply favourable reputation. RENOWNED implies more glory or honour and more widespread acclamation than either FAMOUS ORFAMED. It is often employed as a stronger or more emphatic term than FAMOUS with little actual difference in meaning except for a suggestion of greater longevity of fame. CELEBRATED stresses reception of popular or public notice or attention and frequent mention, esp. in print. 10. By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1 500 people had taken on a circus atmosphere. The buildings along the main street were festooned with banners. The streets around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot dogs, religious books and watermelons. Evangelists set up tents to exhort the passersby. People from the surrounding hills, mostly fundamentalists, arrived to cheer Bryan against the infidel outsiders. Among them was John Butler, who had drawn up the anti-evolution law. Butler was a 49-year-old farmer who before his election had never been out of his native county.到七月十日庭审开始的时候，我们这个拥有一千五百人的小镇上呈现出一派看马戏似的热闹气氛。大街两旁的建筑物上都挂起了彩旗。在法院的三层红砖房子周围的街道上突然冒出了许多摇摇晃晃的摊贩货架，出售的是热狗、宗教书籍和西瓜。福音传教士们也在街上搭起帐篷向行人传教布道。附近一带的山区居民，其中多半是原教旨主义者，也纷纷赶到镇上来为布莱恩呐喊助威，打击那些“外来的异教徒”。他们当中就有具体起草了那条反进化论法令的约翰巴特勒。巴特勒是一位四十九岁的农场主，在当选之前还从未跨出过自己的县境。Language Points Para. 101. take on: begin to have/undertake, begin to handle呈现；承担；从事eg: Her eyes took on a hurt expression. eg: Over the years he has taken on the look of a banker. eg: They refused to take on extra responsibilities.他们拒绝承担额外的责任。2. festoon: festu:n to decorate a room or place for a special occasion by hanging colored paper, lights or flowers around it. 以花彩装饰eg: The hall was festooned with coloured lights.3. sprout: spraut (v.)to grow or come out / to emerge and develop rapidly. 迅速生长，迅速发展(n.) new growth of a plant, shooteg: The trees are sprouting new leaves. eg: The young birds are sprouting their first feathersfe羽毛. eg: New factories have sprouted up everywhere. 4. rickety: rikiti weak in joints and likely to break易倒的;易垮的;不结实的;不稳固的 eg: Rickety old man / stairs / cart k:t运输车5. evangelist: ivndilist one who preaches the gospelgspl (good news)福音的传道者6. exhort: igz:t to strongly encourage or try to persuade someone to do somethingeg: The general exhorted his men to fight well.7. cheer: support and encourage, shout in praise, approval or supporteg: Every time a Chinese runner won a race the crowd cheered.eg: The crowd cheered their favourite horse.8. infidel: (old & derog.) (used esp. in former times by Christians and Muslims of each other) someone who does not follow ones own religion, unbeliever9. draw up: to form and usu. write起草、拟定eg: To draw up a plan / a contract 11. The presiding judge was John Raulston, a florid-faced man who announced: Im just a reglar mountaineer jedge. Bryan, ageing and paunchy, was assisted in his prosecution by his son, also a lawyer, and Tennessees brilliant young attorney-general, Tom Stewart. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old Darrow, my counsel included the handsome and magnetic Dudley Field Malone, 43, and Arthur Garfield Hays, quiet, scholarly and steeped in the law. In a trial in which religion played a key role, Darrow was an agnostic, Malone a Catholic and Hays a Jew. My father had come from Kentucky to be with me for the trial.主审法官名叫约翰劳尔斯顿，是一位面色红润的男人。他操着浓重的地方口音高声说道：“我只是个平平常常的山区法官。”布莱恩的样子老态龙钟，大腹便便。协助他进行起诉工作的有他的儿子也是个律师及田纳西州年轻有为的检察长汤姆斯图尔特。我的辩护人当中则除了六十八岁的精明老练的达罗外，还有英俊潇洒、富于魅力的四十三岁的达德雷费尔德马隆和文质彬彬、学识丰富、尤其精通法学的阿瑟伽费尔德黑斯。在一场宗教起着关键作用的审判案中，达罗是个不可知论者，马隆是个天主教徒，而黑斯则是个犹太教徒。我的父亲也特意从肯塔基州赶来陪我面对这次审判。Language Points Para. 111. preside: to be in charge of a formal meeting or ceremonyeg: Who would be the best person to preside at/over the linguisticligwistik语言学的 conference?eg: A presiding judge2. florid: (of a persons face) having a red skin (脸色)红润的3. paunchy: (derog. and humour) (esp. of a man) having a fat stomach, pot bellybeli腹部贬或幽(尤指男性)大腹便便的4. attorney-general: t:ni chief law officer and legal expert of the government of a state or the US首席检察官（美国司法部长或称总检察长） 5. shrewd: clever in judgement, esp. of what is to ones own advantage机敏的；精明的；伶俐的eg: A shrewd lawyer who knows all the trickseg: He was shrewd enough not to take the job when there was the possibility of getting a better one a few months later. 他足够精明，知道几个月后有份更好的工作等着他，所以没接受这个。6. magnetic: having the properties of a magnetmgnit有吸引力的人或物 / having an unusual power or ability to attract有吸引力的；有魅力的(指人或个性等)eg: A magnetic recorder/compasskmps罗盘、指南针eg: A magnetic personality7. steep: to cause to stay in a liquid, esp. in order to become soft or clean or to improve flavor泡、浸泡eg: We had pears steeped in red wine for dessert.我们把梨泡在红酒里作为饭后甜点。eg: Steep the coffee (vt.) eg: Leave the coffee to steep for 5 minutes (vi.)steep sth./sb. in sth.: If sth. or sb. is steeped in sth, they are completely surrounded by or involved in it, or they know a lot about it. 沉浸，埋头于eg: These ancient scholars were steeped in poetry and painting, as well as maths and astronomy. 这些老学究不但沉浸于诗歌和绘画当中，而且沉浸于数学和天文当中。cf: soak up (vi. + adv.): draw in by or as if by suction or absorption吸收eg: The soil soaked up a huge volumevljum量、容积 of water very rapidly.土壤迅速地吸收了大量的水。eg: Mark Twain soaked up the colourful language.8. agnostic: gnstik sb. who doesnt know, or believes that it is impossible to know, whether a god exists.eg: Although he was raised a Catholic, he was an agnostic for most of his adult life.cf: theist: a person who believes that God exists / gods exist.有神论者(I know God exists/gods exist.)atheist: a person who believes that God does not exist无神论者(I know God doesnt /gods dont exist.)agnostic: a person who is not sure whether or not God exists or who believes that we cannot know whether God exists or not 不可知论者（对上帝的存在不能肯定或认为不可知） (I dont know whether God exists.)12. The judge called for a local minister to open the session with prayer, and the trial got under way. Of the 12 jurors, three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldnt read. As my father growled, Thats one hell of a jury!法官请了一位当地的牧师主持开庭祷告仪式，接着审判便开始了。陪审团的十二名成员中，有三人除圣经之外再没有念过什么别的书，还有一人则根本不识字。难怪我父亲气呼呼地骂道：“真是他妈狗屁的陪审团!”Language Points Para. 121. call for sth.: require, demand or need sth eg: The situation calls for promptprmpt敏捷的 action.2. be/get under way: in progress; taking place; have started to happen or be done在进行中7eg: This test is already under way. eg: The ship got under way. eg: The research project has only been under way for three months, so its too early to evaluate its success. 这个研究项目进行了不过三个月，所以要对它的成绩作出评价为时尚早。 eg: He gave his consent for the project to get under way.他表示同意将这个计划付诸实施。 eg: Plans are under way for a new shopping centre.新的购物中心正在筹划之中。 eg: Preparation are under way for the wedding.婚礼的准备正在进行中。3. growl: graul(of person) to make a low rough sound, usually in anger牢骚满腹地说(of animal) to make a deep rough sound in the throat to show anger or give warningeg: He growled out a demand to her to stop. eg: The dog growled at me.4. a/one hell of : (informal) extremely, or extremely bigeg: Its a/one hell of a big decision to make.eg: The house was in a/one hell of a mess. 英语精读笔记 4/9/2020 eg: T