毕业论文-论园林景观中植物配置设计.doc

论园林景观中植物配置设计景德镇陶瓷学院本科生毕业论文（设计）题目：论园林景观中植物配置设计 学 号： 200710112606 姓 名： 徐进缘 院 （系）： 设计艺术学院 专 业： 环境艺术设计 指导老师： 余小荔 完成日期： 2011年 5月30日 摘 要现代的园林绿地中,植物配置有着不同时代带来的独特风格和征，植物配置应强调突出地方特色,注重科学性,以生态学理论来指导。本文着重从植物配置应遵循美学原理开始,重视园林的景观功能,强调人性化设计。针对当前城市园林绿化植物配置现状，园林植物配置中的出现的问题做一些讨论，以及对园林绿化配置中所要遵循的原则和现代城市园林植物配置的发展趋势进行分析。关键词：园林景观 植物配置 设计ABSTRACTIn modern garden green land there are the unique styles and traits generated from different times of plants collocation. The plants collocation should stress highlighting the regional traits, emphasizing the scientific, under the guidance with ecology theory. In this thesis there is beginning with stressing the plants collocation should obey the principle of aesthetics, highlight the gardens function as landscape and humanistic design. According to the current condition and problems of garden green plants collocation in city there is a discussion, moreover an analysis on some obeyed principles and development trend of the modern green plants collocation. Key words: garden landscape plants collocation design目录引言11 .当前园林绿化植物配置现状 1 1.1 植物种类单一1 1.2 植物色彩单一1 1.3 植物功能单一1 1.4 空间利用单一12. 园林绿化配置原则 2 2.1 主体原则2 2.2 整体与局部相结合2 2.3 因地制宜原则23. 植物配置方法及应用 2 3.1 按照实用美的规律配置植物3 3.2 按照形式美的规律配置植物3 3.3 按照形象美的规律配置植物44. 现代园林景观植物配置发展趋 4 4.1 植物配置强调以生态理论作指导4 4.2 遵循自然界发展规律，营造植物群落多样性4 4.3 植物配置要注重美化、观赏和环境资源价值 45. 小结 5致谢 6参考文献 6引言植物不仅能用于创造丰富的园林景观,而且还能使园林富于四季变化,体现生命的活力。园林设计归根结底是植物材料的设计,其目的就是改善人类的生态环境,其它的内容只能在一个有植物的环境中发挥作用可见在现代园林设计中提倡利用植物进行造景是符合时代发展需求的。环境科学已经清楚地告诉我们只有用植物创造的环境才是美好的环境,才是适合人类生态要求的环境。1. 当前园林绿化植物配置现状我国拥有丰富的植物资源，为园林绿化提供了很大的优势。但是了解分析一下当前园林绿化现状，却发现了一些的问题。1.1 植物种类单一 图1广州绿化在我国,气候条件最好、植物种类最多的广州市（图 1）,使用的植物种类也不过只有1000种左右,绝大多数城市使用的植物种类只有三四百种。植物种类的单一,造成了我国城市园林绿化千篇一律，没有自己的风格和特点。如南京、武汉等许多大城市都将二球悬铃木作为行道树主栽树种。再如灌木,从南到北处处是金叶女贞和紫叶小檗毫无个性可言。1.2 植物色彩单一植物的色彩是重要的观赏对象。在欧洲许多城市,每当不同季节转换的时候,植物叶色变换,呈现出各种绚丽多姿的色彩,非常令人陶醉。而我国选用的植物材料色彩十分单一,几乎清一色是绿色,缺乏色彩的多样性,使人视觉感到十分乏味。过分追求绿色,导致色彩单一。色彩的选择不当,不仅会达不到美化环境的目的,反而带来负面效应。例如（图2）,在一些中小学校园里种植了许多常绿植物,如雪松其深绿的叶色,代表了庄严肃穆,同青少年活泼爱动的特点是十分不协调的。 1.3 植物功能单一图 2 国内某中学植物的功能是园林绿化中必须要考虑的最重要的方面。园林植物具有观赏、遮阳、防尘、隔音、净化空气和保持水土等诸多功能。但当前园林绿化中普遍重视观赏功能,而忽略其它功能。例如（图3）近年广为流行的草坪热中,观赏草坪占主导地位,景观效果好,但是忽略了人们运动休息的需求,挤压了活动空间。1.4 空间利用单一如草坪中大面积清一色的草坪草,街道两侧单纯列植的行道树,是空间利用单一的表现。人们生活的空间是一个立体的空间,因此,园林绿化也应该是立体的、多层次的。在园林植物配置中应注意乔、灌、草的综合利用,并同时结合藤本植物和地被植物的利用。2 .园林绿化配置原则 植物配置是造景的主要手法。植物不仅能用于创造丰富的园林景观,而且还能使园林富于四季变化,体现生命的活力。在对园林景观进行造景时，应注意以下原则：2.1 主题原则图3 公园草坪绿化主题原则是植物配置的一个纲领，确定通过植物景观表现什么样的主题。这种景观常常需要一种或几种特定的乔木、灌木、花卉，进而形成一种独特的风格，继续延伸并扩大其内涵，就会形成一种文化与精神特征。以紫竹院为例（图4），从20世纪80年代开始，经过多年的引种驯化，精心养护管理，共栽植2100余种。100万株竹子，形成浓郁的竹文化氛围。这种主题植物就像人类的骨架，起到支撑整个绿地或公园的作用。又如香山的红叶、玉渊潭的樱花、植物园月季园的月季等，都是以突出的植物主题，形成了独特的风格。2.2 整体与局部相结合原则园林植物是贯穿全园的主要物质基础，园内不同景区与绿化有机地系起来，就能形成统一的整体，犹如一幅画卷的底色，同时，每个景区，各个局部又以丰富多彩的植物材料及不同的配置手法，形成不同的景观。路口、重点地段重点布景，这样一来就可以突出群体美和宏观效果。图4紫竹院2.3 因地制宜原则绿化应因地制宜，实事求是，结合当地的自然资源、人文资源，融合地方文化特色。只有把握历史文脉，体现地域文化特色和地方风格才能提高园林绿化的品味。城市中空气污染、土壤理化性能差等因素不利于园林植物的生长，在选择植物时应以适应性较强的乡土树种为主，大量的乡土树种不仅能较快的产生生态效益，而且能体现地方特色。如景德镇的樟树（图5），就很有地域特色。以乔木为主，使乔、灌、草有合理比例，常绿树种与落叶树种混交，生长快与生长慢的树相互衔接，层次错落，讲究变化。同时充分利用乡土树种，引进各种优良园林观赏树木，重视地被植物的应用，以达到护地保土之功能，基本上做到黄土不露天。3 .植物配置的方法及应用图5景德镇香樟园林融绘画、文学、雕塑、建筑于一体,是一门综合的艺术。园林具有广泛和丰富的内容,园林不仅仅是简单的绿化,而是要达到绿化、美化、香化和净化的和谐统一,为人们创造一个优美的生活居住环境。植物所具有的美学属性是人赋予的属性。它是客观的事物反映到人脑中形成的一种观念,人们把这种观念“美”的概念表达出来,于是人们对它下一个逻辑判断该植物是美的,从而该种植物便具有了美学的属性.3.1 按照实用美的规律配置植物图6南京象中山东路林荫道园林中的实用美就是植物及景观能引起人在生理上的愉快、舒适的反应。公园、广场是供人们休息和观赏的场所,植物配置应满足人们在生活上和心理上的需要,可以设计为除大量种植草皮外,辅以雪松、女贞、黄杨等作为陪衬。为创造一个轻松的环境,可在水边种植姿态优美的柳树等;为创造一个美好温馨的环境,可在生活小区、学校内种植桂花、含笑等植物。这样的植物配置都有一定的科学性,是利用植物本身所具有的实用美,合理选择树种进行种植的。具体操作时,应该考虑到植物与环境在内容与形式上的统一,使观赏者在寓情于景、触景生情的同时,实现植物配置的实用美。以南京象中山东路林荫道为例（图6），在纵横交错的城市里，道路两旁种植高大的法国梧桐、樟树等浓荫植物，给人们创造了一个凉爽遮荫的环境,这些的林荫道形成城市的特色，成为城市的标志。3.2 按照形式美的规律配置植物图7苏州园林植物的形式美是指植物及景观的形式在一定条件下,作为刺激信号引起人在生理、心理上情感愉悦的反应。采用多样统一、对称、均衡、协调等规范化的形式对植物进行合理配置,例如孤植、对植、群植等,其本身就是按形式美确定的内容。很明显,用这种形式配置植物或造景时,就具有了形式美。以三株梅花丛植为例,三株丛植必须两株相近一株远离,而且不能在一条直线上,两株为一大一小,远离的一株大小为中等。就此而言,从距离、体量上就体现了一条重要的形式法则多样统一规律。“多样统一”就是一种形式美。又如铁树、龙爪槐对植在现代建筑大门两旁,体现了对称的形式美;雪松、龙柏的树形较大,苍劲挺拔,四季长青,可孤植在花园或大草坪的中心,这也是一种形式美。以上是“景”的形式美,而作为植物本身也具有形式美。以竹子为例,竹子具有盘根错节的根,中空有节的杆,潇洒飘逸,倩影婆娑,将其按一定的配置形式栽植,如丛植在两边粉墙的内侧。当高低错落、疏密有致这种形式作为竹子的刺激信号进入审美领域时,便的形式美感,形成形式美。3.3 按形象美的规律配置植物图7 苏州园林形象美就是形象作为客体的刺激物引起主体心理上的爱慕、敬佩的情感反应。园林植物及景观没有社会属性,更不具备心灵。它必须通过人们对它的想象以后才可能有形象美。有些植物对环境的表现与人对环境的表现相似,能唤起审美者对人的形象联想,从而将人的形象转化到植物身上,这在植物中是不乏其例的:出污泥而不染的荷花对环境的表现同身处腐化环境仍能保持廉洁、清正的人对环境的表现十分相似,故审美者可以将洁身自好的品质转化到荷花身上,这样荷花就具备了高雅的品质.在很多情况下植物和景观没有被人格化、形象化,而仅仅作为一个环境要素与审美者身临其境的感受一起构成一个完整的形象。人们身临其境于不同的自然环境,都可以享受到不同的美。千百年来的中国文化传统对某些植物已形成固定的象征意义。如牡丹的豪放富贵、莲花的健康吉祥.这些植物的象征意义都已广为人民群众所认同。所以,在现代城市建设中,在满足植物生态功能的前提下,植物配置应多赋予草木以情趣,才能使人们更乐于亲近自然,享受自然,热爱自然,陶冶情操,也才能让我们的生活更加丰富多彩。故而,现代花园城市建设的重点应在绿化、美化上。我国古代园林（图7）基本上由山水园的形式发展而能引起游人来,在植物配置方面已形成了一套具有中国民族特色的配置方法与风格。4 .现代园林景观植物配置发展趋势4.1 植物配置强调以生态学理论作指导虽然生态学思想在越来越多的园林设计中被运用,但是往往只停在表面而不深入,要真正更新当代植物配置的生态理念就是要树立科学的生态观来指导植物配置。4.2 遵循自然界植物群落的发展规律,营造植物群落的多样性。植物造景中栽培植物群落的种植设计,必须遵循自然植物群落的发展规律。依据自然植物群落的组成成分、外貌、季相,自然植物群落的结构、垂直结构与分层现象,群落中各植物种间的关系等进行植物配置。这些都是植物造景中栽培植物群落设计的科学性理论基础。4.3 植物配置要注重美化、观赏和环境资源价值 城市化快速发展带来的一系列生态环境问题,不仅使得人们意识到植物具有基本的美化和观赏功能,而且还看到了它的环境资源价值,如改善小气候、净化空气、水体和土壤、降低噪音、吸收和分解污染物等作用。植物配置形成的人工自然植物群落,在很大程度上能够改善城市生态环境,提高居民生活质量,并为野生生物提供适宜的栖息场所。因此现代城市植物造景常常采取生物措施普遍绿化,大力植树造林栽花种草,以改善城市的小气候环境、营造舒适宜人的环境空间。植物配置应遵循美学原理,重视园林的景观功能,强调人性化设计。现代植物配置在遵循生态的基础上,强调根据美学要求,进行融合创造。不仅要讲求园林植物的现时景观,更要重视园林植物的季相变化及生长的景观效果,从而达到步移景异,时移景异,创造“胜于自然”的优美景观。园林植物配置是以地方特色为前提,以生态条件为基础,以美化生活为目的而逐步形成的。时代在变,生活在变,植物配置的风格也要变。过去园林中草皮不多见,今后在花园城市建设中应大力发展。草坪上适当配以小石、小景作点缀,地形略有起伏,手法上和西方园林的草坪可略有不同,可给人一种美的享受。5.小结我国园林植物种类丰富,各有特色,我们要继承发扬,应用在当前的花园城市建设中。清洁与舒适是创造良好环境的前提,绿色植物是空气清新、环境舒适、文明优雅的重要组成因素。如果说,园林是以科学与艺术的原则来进行设计而形成的一种美的自然与美的生活境域的话,那么,从某种角度来说,没有植物也就不成其为园林了,而没有园林的城市注定是枯燥无味的。为了建造以植物造景为主的园林,还需要从环境科学、生态学以及文学艺术、美学等方面开拓新的研究领域并加强对祖国园林遗产进行深度和广度的研究,使我国园林的建设具有浓厚的中国特色。致谢感谢我的指导老师余小荔老师在此次毕业设计中给我的细心教导和大力支持。感谢在毕业设计中给予我帮助和支持的人，使我更好的完成此次设计。最后，感谢在座的各位老师给我的毕业论文与毕业作品提出的宝贵意见！参考文献1 俞孔坚著. 回到土地. 生活读书新知 三联书店,2009.42 马涛编著. 居住环境景观设计.辽宁科学技术出版社,2000.23 文曾著,林春水编著.城市街道景观设计.高等教育出版社 ,2008.64 赵春仙 周涛主编 .园林设计基础.中国林业出版社，2008.95 百度百科 /view/403549.htm 请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip during Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is always a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommended travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment, Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. The silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide into a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The festival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In bygone days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the Begging for Skills Festival or Daughters Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl