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SCIENCE 10LIFE SCIENCE:GENETICS,Genome British Columbia, 2004 www.genomicseducation.ca,东风汽车配件 ,I.How does the genetic code relate to the assembly of different proteins?,I.How does the genetic code relate to the assembly of different proteins?Recall from the unit on the cell that all of its activities are controlled by a nucleus.,I.How does the genetic code relate to the assembly of different proteins?Recall from the unit on the cell that all of its activities are controlled by a nucleus. This nucleus contains DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, which contains the information necessary to make a variety of proteins.,I.How does the genetic code relate to the assembly of different proteins? (cont.)Proteins perform many functions in your body, such as those found in your muscles that allow you to move or those in your mouth that breakdown the starch in bread.,I.How does the genetic code relate to the assembly of different proteins? (cont.)Proteins perform many functions in your body, such as those found in your muscles that allow you to move or those in your mouth that breakdown the starch in bread. These proteins also perform and control many functions within the cell, but are only made when needed.,I.How does the genetic code relate to the assembly of different proteins? (cont.)The instructions to make these proteins are contained in the genetic code.,I.How does the genetic code relate to the assembly of different proteins? (cont.)The instructions to make these proteins are contained in the genetic code. This code consists of four different molecules known as bases that are grouped into triplets.,I.How does the genetic code relate to the assembly of different proteins? (cont.)The instructions to make these proteins are contained in the genetic code. This code consists of four different molecules known as bases that are grouped into triplets. Each triplet codes for one of twenty amino acids, the building blocks used to build these proteins.,I.How does the genetic code relate to the assembly of different proteins? (cont.)Each triplet codes for one of twenty amino acids, the building blocks used to build these proteins. The DNA determines what amino acids, how many of each amino acid, and the order of these amino acids to use for each protein.,I.How does the genetic code relate to the assembly of different proteins? (cont.)Each triplet codes for one of twenty amino acids, the building blocks used to build these proteins. The DNA determines what amino acids, how many of each amino acid, and the order of these amino acids to use for each protein. Its like writing sentences with three letter words from a four letter alphabet.,I.How does the genetic code relate to the assembly of different proteins? (cont.)A gene is a section of DNA that contains the genetic code for a specific protein, so it can determine how an organism appears and functions.,II.How are the principles that govern the inheritance of traits used to solve problems involving simple Mendelian genetics?,II.How are the principles that govern the inheritance of traits used to solve problems involving simple Mendelian genetics?What is inheritance?,II.How are the principles that govern the inheritance of traits used to solve problems involving simple Mendelian genetics?What is inheritance?Inheritance is the transfer of characteristics from parents to their offspring, such as hair, eye, and skin colour.,II.How are the principles that govern the inheritance of traits used to solve problems involving simple Mendelian genetics?What is inheritance?Inheritance is the transfer of characteristics from parents to their offspring, such as hair, eye, and skin colour. This explains why your traits resemble your parents and brother/sister.,II.How are the principles that govern the inheritance of traits used to solve problems involving simple Mendelian genetics? (cont.)Who was Mendel?,II.How are the principles that govern the inheritance of traits used to solve problems involving simple Mendelian genetics? (cont.)Who was Mendel?Gregor Mendel (1822 1868) was an Austrian monk who experimented with pea plants to determine how seven different, easily observed traits are inherited:,II.How are the principles that govern the inheritance of traits used to solve problems involving simple Mendelian genetics? (cont.)Who was Mendel?Gregor Mendel (1822 1868) was an Austrian monk who experimented with pea plants to determine how seven different, easily observed traits are inherited: seed shape and colour, pod shape and colour, flower colour and location, and stem length.,How are the principles that govern the inheritance of traits used to solve problems involving simple Mendelian genetics? (cont.)What did we learn from Mendels experiments?,How are the principles that govern the inheritance of traits used to solve problems involving simple Mendelian genetics? (cont.)What did we learn from Mendels experiments?He realized that traits are inherited in predictable phenotype ratios.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?He realized that traits are inherited in predictable phenotype ratios. The phenotype are traits of organism observed in its appearance or behaviour, which is determined by its genes.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?He realized that traits are inherited in predictable phenotype ratios. The phenotype are traits of organism observed in its appearance or behaviour, which is determined by its genes.A trait can have different forms if there are different forms of a gene at the same position of DNA, which are known as alleles.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?If an organism has the same allele from each parent, then it is homozygous and is called a purebred.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?If an organism has the same allele from each parent, then it is homozygous and is called a purebred. However, if it has a different allele from each parent, then it is heterozygous and is called a hybrid.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?When he crossed a whiteflowered plant with a purpleflowered plant and then crossed two of these offspring, he observed the following results.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?When he crossed a whiteflowered plant with a purpleflowered plant and then crossed two of these offspring, he observed the following results.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?When he crossed a whiteflowered plant with a purpleflowered plant and then crossed two of these offspring, he observed the following results.,P generation,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?When he crossed a whiteflowered plant with a purpleflowered plant and then crossed two of these offspring, he observed the following results.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?When he crossed a whiteflowered plant with a purpleflowered plant and then crossed two of these offspring, he observed the following results.,all purple,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?When he crossed a whiteflowered plant with a purpleflowered plant and then crossed two of these offspring, he observed the following results.,F1 generation(first falial),all purple,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?When he crossed a whiteflowered plant with a purpleflowered plant and then crossed two of these offspring, he observed the following results.,F1 generation(first falial),hybrid offspring,all purple,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?When he crossed two of these purpleflowered hybrid offspring from the F1 generation, he observed the following results.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?When he crossed two of these purpleflowered hybrid offspring from the F1 generation, he observed the following results.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?When he crossed two of these purpleflowered hybrid offspring from the F1 generation, he observed the following results.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?When he crossed two of these purpleflowered hybrid offspring from the F1 generation, he observed the following results., purple, white,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?When he crossed two of these purpleflowered hybrid offspring from the F1 generation, he observed the following results.,F2 generation(second falial), purple, white,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?These results showed that each parent passed on a single allele to the offspring, such that the seed and the pollen only carry one allele each, not both.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?These results showed that each parent passed on a single allele to the offspring, such that the seed and the pollen only carry one allele each, not both.It also showed that each trait is inherited separately from each other, such that one trait did not affect how another trait was inherited.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?Finally, it showed that the dominant purple colour masked or hid the recessive white colour.,What did we learn from Mendels experiments?Finally, it showed that the dominant purple colour masked or hid the recessive white colour. For the white colour to be observed, the flower must have two alleles for the white colour, such that is must be a purebred for this trait.,How can we predict these results?,How can we predict these results?We can use a Punnett square to determine determined the probability, the chances of a particular outcome.,How can we predict these results?To complete a Punnett square, we use a letter to represent each trait.,How can we predict these results?To complete a Punnett square, we use a letter to represent each trait. We represent the dominant allele with a capital letter, and the recessive allele is given the same letter but in lower case.,How can we predict these results?To complete a Punnett square, we use a letter to represent each trait. We represent the dominant allele with a capital letter, and the recessive allele is given the same letter but in lower case. For the pea plant flowers, the dominant purple colour = P and the recessive white colour = p.,How can we predict these results?To complete a Punnett square, we use a letter to represent each trait. We represent the dominant allele with a capital letter, and the recessive allele is given the same letter but in lower case. For the pea plant flowers, the dominant purple colour = P and the recessive white colour = p. If both parents are pure bred, then purple coloured parent must be PP and the white coloured parent must be pp.,How can we predict these results?To complete a Punnett square, we use a letter to represent each trait. We represent the dominant allele with a capital letter, and the recessive allele is given the same letter but in lower case. For the pea plant flowers, the dominant purple colour = P and the recessive white colour = p. If both parents are pure bred, then purple coloured parent must be PP and the white coloured parent must be pp. To predict the results of a cross, we insert the alleles from each parent into the Punnett square.,How can we predict these results?,How can we predict these results?,How can we predict these results?We complete the possible combinations.,How can we predict these results?,How can we predict these results?,How can we predict these results?,How can we predict these results?,How can we predict these results?These results show that all the F1 offspring are all purple coloured hybrids.,How can we predict these results?We can use another Punnett square to predict the the F2 offspring.,How can we predict these results?We can use another Punnett square to predict the the F2 offspring.,How can we predict these results?We can use another Punnett square to predict the the F2 offspring.,How can we predict these results?We can use another Punnett square to predict the the F2 offspring.,How can we predict these results?We can use another Punnett square to predict the the F2 offspring.,How can we predict these results?We can use another Punnett square to predict the the F2 offspring.,How can we predict these results?We can use another Punnett square to predict the the F2 offspring.,How can we predict these results?The F2 offspring consist of:,How can we predict these results?The F2 offspring consist of:1 PP,How can we predict these results?The F2 offspring consist of:1 PP2 Pp,How can we predict these results?The F2 offspring consist of:1 PP2 Pp1 pp,How can we predict these results?The F2 offspring consist of:1 PP: purple coloured2 Pp1 pp,How can we predict these results?The F2 offspring consist of:1 PP: purple coloured2 Pp: purple coloured1 pp,How can we predict these results?The F2 offspring consist of:1 PP: purple coloured2 Pp: purple coloured1 pp: white coloured,How can we predict these results?The F2 offspring consist of:1 PP: purple coloured2 Pp: purple coloured1 pp: white coloured,How can we predict these results?The F2 offspring consist of:1 PP: purple coloured2 Pp: purple coloured1 pp: white coloured white coloured,How can we predict these results?The F2 offspring consist of:1 PP: purple coloured2 Pp: purple coloured1 pp: white coloured white colouredThe phenotype ratio for this generation is 3:1.,What are the other patterns of inheritance?,What are the other patterns of inheritance?Incomplete Dominance,What are the other patterns of inheritance?Incomplete DominanceWhat happens when neither allele is dominant?,What are the other patterns of inheritance?Incomplete DominanceWhat happens when neither allele is dominant?If a parent has straight hair and the other parent has curly hair, then they may have children with wavy hair, an intermediate phenotype.,What are the other patterns of inheritance?Incomplete DominanceWhat happens when neither allele is dominant?If a parent has straight hair and the other parent has curly hair, then they may have children with wavy hair, an intermediate phenotype.This occurs when neither allele in a hybrid is completely are not completely expressed, such that neither allele can mask the other allele.,What are the other patterns of inheritance?Codominance,What are the other patterns of inheritance?CodominanceWhat happens when both alleles are dominant?,What are the other patterns of inheritance?CodominanceWhat happens when both alleles are dominant?Depending upon what alleles you inherited from each parent, you can have blood type:A, B, AB, or O.,What are the other patterns of inheritance?CodominanceWhat happens when both alleles are dominant?Depending upon what alleles you inherited from each parent, you can have blood type:A, B, AB, or O.If you inherited an allele for type A from one parent and an allele for type B from the other parent, then you would have type AB blood, such that you are a hybrid expressing both alleles.,What are the other patterns of inheritance?Sex Linkage,What are the other patterns of inheritance?Sex LinkageAre there any traits related to an individuals sex?,What are the other patterns of inheritance?Sex LinkageAre there any traits related to an individuals sex?Of your 23 pairs of chromosomes, you have one pair of sex chromosomes.,What are the other patterns of inheritance?Sex LinkageAre there any traits related to an individuals sex?Of your 23 pairs of chromosomes, you have one pair of sex chromosomes. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.,What are the other patterns of inheritance?Sex LinkageAre there any traits related to an individuals sex?Of your 23 pairs of chromosomes, you have one pair of sex chromosomes. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.Hemophilia is a disease where blood does not properly clot and caused by a recessive gene on the X chromosome.,What are the other patterns of inheritance?Sex Linkage (cont.)If a male inherits a defective allele from his mother, then he will have hemophilia because he does not have second X chromosome with a normal allele to mask this defective allele.,What are the other patterns of inheritance?Sex Linkage (cont.)If a male inherits a defective allele from his mother, then he will have hemophilia because he does not have second X chromosome with a normal allele to mask this defective allele.Although he will pass this allele onto his daughter, she can only get this disease if she inherits a defective gene from her mother.,III. What are factors that may cause mutation,III. What are factors that may cause mutations?What is a mutation?,III. What are factors that may cause mutations?What is a mutation?A change in a DNA sequence that occurs naturally during cell division or results from an environmental factor.,III. What are factors that may cause mutations?What environmental factors cause mutations?,III. What are factors that may cause mutations?What environmental factors cause mutations?A.Chemical:,III. What are factors that may cause mutations?What environmental factors cause mutations?A.Chemical: Some toxins, such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenals), may react chemically with DNA and cause cancer.,III. What are factors that may cause mutations?What environmental factors cause mutations?Chemical: Some toxins, such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenals), may react chemically with DNA and cause cancer.Biological:,III. What are factors that may cause mutations?What environmental factors cause mutations?Chemical: Some toxins, such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenals), may react chemically with DNA and cause cancer.Biological: Some viruses, such as HIV which causes AIDS, infect host cells by inserting their D