跨文化交际B卷参考答案.doc

英语专业2006级跨文化交际课程期末试题B卷参考答案I. （10%）1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F6. T 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. TII. （20%）A. （10%）1. Justice has long arms.2. You will cross the bridge when you get to it.3. Haste makes waste.4. Although the sun shines, leave not your cloak at home.5. Speak of the devil, and he appears.1. 发疯的2. 园林工人3. 无线电修理工4. 补鞋匠5. 病B. （10%）正如你所猜想的那样，某个社会的社会框架有助于确定雇主和员工之间的关系；因此，高情境的文化倾向于以一种人文主义的观点，而不是机械化的观点，来看待雇主/员工之间的关系。由于这些关系是如此重要，高情境的文化会把员工看作是“大家庭”的成员，所有成员都会为了群体的利益而努力工作，并且在很多年里都会对企业保持者忠诚。因为没有即将到来的解雇的威胁，工作绩效可能会产生很大的不同。此外，雇主也会对自己的员工保持忠诚，并且根据大家的福利制定决策。因为信任是雇佣决策中的一个重要因素，因此家庭成员要比陌生人更受欢迎。III. （20%）1. Edward Hall described two basic types of culturesmonochronic and polychromicwith regard to the way cultures deal with time. In monochromic cultures people do “one thing at a time”; however, in polychromic cultures people do “many things at a time”. For example, in a monochromic culture, when someone has a business appointment, he or she expects to have the complete attention of the other party until the appointment has ended. On the other hand, in a polychromic culture, a person who has a business appointment hopes to deal with several things at one time.2. In English, “sex” used as physical/biological descriptive term lays more emphases on differences in genetic make-up between male and female, while “gender” emphasizes more on different roles male and female playing in society.3. The answer to this question may be briefly described as age, personality, health condition, financial condition, etc.4. People under through different phases are getting used to life in a new environment and culture. The process of experiencing and adapting to a new culture is acculturation. It is usually divided into four stages, namely, euphoria (excitementthe honeymoon stage), depression (crisis), adjustment, and acceptance (recovery).IV. （50%）A. This is because of their different cultural backgrounds. There is a tendency in American business circles to prefer close, friendly, egalitarian relationships in business engagements. Mr. Richardson feels most comfortable in being called Andy, and he would like to call Mr. Chu by his first name. At the same time, he wishes to show consideration of the cultural differences between them by avoiding Mr. Chus western name, David. His solution to this cultural difference is to address Mr. Chu by the given name he sees on the business card, Hon-fei.Mr. Chu, on the other hand, would feel more comfortable if they called each other Mr. Chu and Mr. Richardson. Nevertheless, when he was away at school in North American he learned that American feel uncomfortable calling people Mr. for any extended period of time. His solution was to adopt a western name. He chose David for use in such situations.Unfortunately, Mr. Richardson is not aware that one means of expressing acute embarrassment for Mr. Chu is to smile. While within North American culture there is consciousness of what might be called “nervous laughter” there is a general expectation that a smile can be taken as a direct expression of pleasure or satisfaction. Mr. Richardson misinterprets Mr. Chus embarrassment as agreement or even pleasure at their first encounter, and as a result, he goes away from the encounter with no awareness of the extent to which he has complicated their initial introduction. (Scollon & Scollon, 2000)Now we see that cultures do not communicate; individuals do. Everyone has a unique style of communication, but cultures determine a general style for their members. We are not always aware of the subtle influences of our culture. Likewise, we may not perceive that others are influenced by their cultures as well.B. This case makes a good illustration of the saying “When in Rome, Do as Romans do.” From this case we can see that Chinese and British people have different ways of expressions. Chinese people may say “No” to things that they really want simply out of the politeness and the etiquette. Thus we can conclude that British people are more direct in expressing themselves, while Chinese people are more indirect. Whats more, the case may have something to do with High Context and Low Context.C. From the case, we may quickly come to the fact that the storyteller is a westerner. He/she was uncomfortable because western people are from individualistic culture where questions about the age and salary are considered too personal to be asked.D. These are open questions. Answers may come mainly from the following two perspectives: (1) Language proficiency is not enough to deal with the cultural problems. (2) Different countries have different cultures, and its not appropriate to inquire too much about a Frenchmans family, which is considered to be two personal.E. By analyzing the case, we can quickly come to the conclusion that different cultures attach different meanings to their languages, and to deal with people from different cultures, one need more things than the mastery of the languages.F.1. When serving coffee for Americans, people are usually asked, “How do you take your coffee?” rather than serving everyone coffee the same way.G.1. People think of going to McDonalds as some kind of luxury that one does not enjoy every day. It is considered a nice thing to do when one takes a friend there. In this case, Hong Liu also takes into consideration the fact that Jim is American, and may enjoy having some food from home.2. Because McDonalds is one of the most common restaurants in North America.H.1. Some people in China may interpret tipping in a negative way. They tend to feel that taking extra money from an individual who they have served would make them inferior to the person.2. Yes, tipping is