名词专项练习.doc

2014届中考英语专题复习四：名词考点讲解和训练一、名词的数 1单数和复数 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成，其主要变法如下：（1）一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：bookbooks，girlgirls，boyboys。（2） 以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es，例如：busbuses，classclasses，boxboxes。 （3）以ce, se, ze,（d）ge结尾的名词加s，例如：orangeoranges。（4）以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如：citycities, factoryfactories, countrycountries, familyfamilies。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boyboys, daydays。（5）以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:heroheroes，potatopotatoes，tomatotomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如：zoozoos，radioradios，还有某些外来词也只加-s，例如：photophotos，pianopianos。 （6） 以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，例如：knifeknives，leafleaves, halfhalves。（7）少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：toothteeth，childchildren，mousemice。【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans；man, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：menworkers， women teachers。有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。（8）单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。（9）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如：ten-minutes walk, （10）还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，scissors，compasses。（11）只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths 游戏名称：bowls专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls 其他名词：news, falls2不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：（1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：The rich man has a lot of money（2）用a piece of 这类定语，例如：a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread 如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：two cups of tea不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。二、名词的所有格 名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 s,其复数形式是s，例如：a students room2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 s，如：Childrens Day。3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 s，例如：a twenty minutes walk。4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，例如：a map of China， the color of the flowers。5. 双重所有格，例如：a friend of my fathers。【注意】如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 s，则表示“分别有”，例如：Johns and Marys rooms两个名词并列，只有一个s，则表示“共有”，例如：John and Marys room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）一、名词介绍1.名词分类 专有名词：表示人、地方、事物、机构和组织名称。 Lucy, China, the Great Wall 普通名词： A.可数：个体 dictionary,pencil,chair 集体名词 family,police,class,group,team B.不可数：物质，物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料， paper,air,wood,wheat,steel 抽象，表示状态、品质、行为和感情等抽象概念Knowledge, danger,health, life, homework2.名词变复数一般：加-s, cakes, days,students,beds以-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾名词，加-es, buses, boxes, watches以辅音字母加-y结尾，变y为i,加-es, baby-babies, city-cities, country-countries以元音字母加y结尾，加-s, toy-toys,monkey-monkeys以f(fe)结尾，变f(fe)为ves, leaf-leaves, wolf-wolves, life-lives以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾， 加-s, face-faces, orange-oranges不规则变化：改变单数名词中的元音字母，man-men woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth单复数形式相同，fish-fish, sheep-sheep,deer-deer, Chinese-Chinese其他其他形式，mouse-mice以o结尾名词，加es, negro, hero, tomato,potato3.不可数名词的数：数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词，量词可单复数，但of 后的名词只用原形，如a piece of paper, a drop of water, two cups of tea4.名词所有格：s和of 形式。s 形式表示有生命的东西，of所有格用来表示无生命的东西 my brothers book the windows of the room两个并列单数名词表示两者共有时，在最后一个名词后加s This is Mary and her sisters bedroom. 如果表示两者分别有，那么两个词都要加s These are Toms and Marys bags.如果以s结尾名词，其后加,其他形式加s Teachers Day Childrens Day店铺、医院名称加s, at the doctors someone,everybody,no one和else, 在else后加s, 如 somebody elses pencil表示时间，距离，国家，城市等无生命的东西的名词，可以在词尾加s 或来构成所有格。A. 用于时间 An hours ride B. 用于度量 Thirteen tons weightC.用于价值A hundred yuans order D. 用于天体The earths satelliteE. 用于国家Belgiums capital F. 用于城市The Urals industry5. 双重所有格：of+名词所有格，of+名词性物主代词表示部分概念，of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词，如：a，an，one，two，some，several，a few，many，any，no等。This is a picture of mine.这是我的一张照片。双重所有格与of所有格的不同。如：He is a friend of your fathers.6.名词转化 某些名词后加y变形容词，表示“充满的”，cloud-cloudy, sun-sunny 某些名词后加ful变形容词，表示“性质的”，use-useful, care-careful 部分表示人的名词后加ly变形容词，具有赞美意味。Friend-friendly, lovely 某些名词后加less表示没有，careless, useless二、名词用法作主语，English is useful. 做定语，paper tigers, work places做宾语，She learns Chinese hard every day. 做表语，Tom is my good friend.做宾语补足语， They chose the boy monitor.三、既是可数又是不可数名词的意义不同:Work工作-a work著作，glass玻璃-a glass玻璃杯，paper纸-a paper报纸，文件，试卷Tea茶-a tea一种茶，wood木头-a wood小树林，room空间-a room空间非复数：physics, maths, politics, news表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜）trousers,clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair双）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数【实例解析】 1.These _ have saved many childrens lives. A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor2.This is _ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Anne and Jane B. Annes and Janes C. Annes and Jane D. Anne and Janes 3.-Are there any _ on the farm? -Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep 4.-What would you like to drink, _or orange?-Orange, please.A. hamburger B. chip C. tea 【中考演练】一. 单项填空1- Where have you been, Tim? - Ive been to _.A. the Henry house B. the Henry family C. the Henrys home D. Henrys2 In England, if _is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.3 A. foodB. lunchC. breakfastD. dinner3You looked for it twice, but you havent found it. Why not try _ .A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once4- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly.A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters5Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear6There is some _ on the plate. A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears7In England, the last name is the _.A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name8The are going to fly _ to Beijing.A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans9The_ has two _ .A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch10The little baby has two _ already.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths11Whats your _ for being late again? A. idea B. key C. excuse D. news12- Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly. - But I think we should let _ go out first.A. woman and children B. women and child C. woman and child D. women and children13- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_ ”on the door of his shop.- Thanks. A.ENTRANCE B.BUSINESS HOURS C.THIS SIDE UP D.NO SMOKING14Are they going to have a picnic on _ ?A. Childrens Day B. Childrenss Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day二. 根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释，写出所缺单词。1. Weve got a lot of new _(杂志) in our school library.2. Please turn to another _（频道）, I dont like this show.3. Yesterday the _(航班) to London was put off because of the bad weather.4. Autumn is my favourite (季节) 5. -How many _(小刀) do you have?-Three.6. _ are widely used in the modern world. 7. June 1st is _(儿童) Day.8. Mary, would you please tell me your new _(地址) so that I can write to you.9. -Does this piece of _(音乐) sound nice? -Yes. Its wonderful!10. May 12th is the International _(护士) Day. Lets say “ Thanks” to them for their work.A In almost every big university（大学）in the United States, football is a favourite sport. American football is different. Players sometimes kick the ball, but they also throw the ball and run with it. They try to take it to the other end of the field. They have four chances（机会）to move the ball ten yards（码）. They can carry it or they can throw it. If they move the ball ten yards, they can try to move it another ten yards. If they move it to the end of the field, they receive six points.It is difficult to move the ball. Eleven men on the other team try to stop the man with the ball. If he does not move the ball ten yards, his team kicks the ball the other team.Each university wants its own team to win. Many thousands of people come to watch. They all shout for their favourite team.Young men and women come on the field to help the people shout more. They dance an