Canada.doc

Canada (笔记只有主要的知识点，请注意其它考核要点)Chapter 23 地理与历史Size and location1. Canada covers about 2/5 of the North American continent. （记2/5：谐音想象，加拿大的天鹅2纷分纷起舞5，在北美洲的天空飞翔。）2. Canada and the United States share a 6378 kilometres boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. （刘三63姐心里七上八下78，因为她要每家美国，加拿大每户给人们唱山歌，多累啊。）3. Nearly 89% of the land has no permanent population. (加拿大很多地方没有常住人口，主人都不在家，只有叭儿狗8在喝酒9，醉得东倒西歪。 ：)4. 60% of the population is concentrated between Quebec City and the western end of lake Ontario. （加拿大人安安大略湖装了QQQuebec以后考试就及格60了。）5. Toroto, Canadas largest city, has a population of over 3.4 million. （多伦多，地方最大人最多，山巅寺3.4庙，百万人口）6. Montreal is the second largest city with a population of over 2.9 million, and the third largest city is Vancouver where has a population of over 1.3 million. (记蒙特利尔第二大，温哥华第三大：蒙二鹅温三伞。下着蒙蒙蒙特利尔细雨，公鹅2温温哥华柔地为母鹅撑着雨伞3。)Topography1. The St. Lawrence plain and the interior continental plain are the principal cultivable areas. They are separated by a forested plateau rising from Lakes Superior and Huron. （圣人劳伦斯在内陆平原上劳动）2. Thehighest peak in Canada is Mount Logan, which is in the Yukon Territory of northwest Canada. （看过电视剧刘老根Logan吗，他就是加拿大最高的人，他在加拿大培育了很多空Yukon手道高手呢。）3. The two principal river systems are the Mackenzie (flows between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains in west Canada. 2th largset river of North America.) and the St. Lawrence. （我家门前有两条大河，一条河的河边有一匹战马，它两边分别背着一块盾牌Shield和一块巨大的岩石Rocky，然而马啃Mac+ken着青草，吃得很开心，发出吱吱zie的声音，这是北美第二长河；另一条河的河边，圣人劳伦斯在钓鱼。）Geographical regions1. Canada is made up of ten provinces and two territories. （我们家加拿大有10个婶婶，2只蛐蛐，她们每天分成两拨玩斗蛐蛐。哈哈。）2. Six geographical regions: Atlantic provinces, St. lawrence-Great Lakes provinces, the Canadian shield, prairie provinces, british Colombia, Northern provinces and territories.3.The short growing season and thin, rocky soil of the Atlantic provinces have made farming difficult. However, potatoes grow well there and are particularly importamt in New Brunswick and Prine Edward Island. Dairing and raising animals for fur are other activities engaged by farmers in this region. (大西洋省当然出大土豆，象大西瓜一样大的土豆！)4. Newfoundland, one of the worlds great fishing grounds. （纽芬兰岛的鱼太多了，人们把鱼串在一起，一扭纽芬兰一扭地做成了绳子，挂在岛上晒鱼干。）5. St Lawrence-Great Lakes is most highly developed part of Canada. It is the most densely populated and industrialized part of Canada. （好理解，有圣人的地方，有湖水的地方，人群比较集中，地方比较发达。）6. Ottawa. the capital of Canada, is in the province of Ontario. （加拿大的屋子太豪华了。渥太华）7. Almost half of Canada is covered by the Canadian Shield/contians a wealth of minerals, much waterpower and great forests.8. Winnipeg is the chief city of the wheat region. All east-west rail traffic passes through Winnipeg.9. The province of British columbia: the most important mountain ranges are Rocky Mountains and the Coast mountains.10. Vancouver is British Columbias largest city and the third largest city in Canada.11. The bare, thinly settled region of northern Canada takes up four-fifth of the country.Climate（用地理知识理解记忆）1. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta, Canada receives adequeate rainfall.2. A humid continental climate can be found from eastern Canada to the Canadian prairie.3. A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the south western part of British colombia.4. North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga.(记taiga,针叶树林地带，tiger爱吃针叶树)5. In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone. 6. The icy Labrador Current chills the shores of eastern Canada, and winds blowing across Hudson Bay make the interior of the country very cold.The making of Canada1. Jacques Cartier opened the interior of Canada to French fur traders and later colonizers. （一地鸭毛：地=殖民地，鸭=雅克Jacques，毛=fur trade）2. Quebec Act of 1774 recognized the right of Catholic Church. (魁梧的北方人魁北克一起17把旗子7插在石头4上确定了天主教教堂的权利)3. By Act of 1791, Upper Canada (British) and Lower Canada (French) were created. （加拿大放在一起17不可救药91，所以就分为上下加拿大了。）4. Wilfrid Laurier founded the Canadian Navy and tried to increase Canadas control over its foreign relations.5. By Statute of Westminster the British Dominions, including Canada, were formally declared to be partner nations with Britain.6. In 1949 Newfoundland became Canadas tenth province.7. The first British settles in Canada were American refugees who refused to fight against the British army in the war of American Independence.8. In 1867, Canada (Quebec and Ontario), Brunswick, Nova Scotia already controlling their local affairs joined in a Confederation.9. During the year 1896-1911, the Liberal Party took over and Canada was ruled under Sir Wilfrid Laurier, an eminent French Canadian.10. Since 1931 Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of nations.11. With the Act of Union in 1840, the Upper Canada and Lower Canada were united again, and given internal self-government in 1848.Chapter 24 经济Natural Resources1. The flow of Canadian rivers represents almost one-tenth of the water carried by all the waterways of the world.2. These waters generate three quarters of all electric power in Canada. Canada ranks third, after the United States and Russia in the production of electricity from water power. （加拿大电力3/4来自水利发电，排名世界第三，紧跟美俄之后。）我在家里撑着一把湿漉漉之大伞四分之三发电，看到一只美丽的天鹅飞进了我家美国俄罗斯加拿大。3. Canada has one of the longest coastlines of any country in the world.4. Canada has become the worlds largest exporter of fish and British columbia and the Atlantic provinces depend on the fishing industry for much of their income.（这两个省的字头正好组成ABC）5. Almost half the land area of Canada is covered by forests. Canada ranks third, in the production of lumber and other forest products in the world. （加拿大绿化很好，有一半覆盖着郁郁葱葱的森林，木材产量世界排名第三！6. Most of the trees in this forest belt are softwood trees. Lumbering and the manufacture of pulp and paper products are among Canadas most importamt industries. （木材业和造纸业发达）7. Canada is the largset producer of newsprint in the world, poviding close to 40% of the world total. （新闻用纸产量最大，供应量达世界40%）想象：寺庙里的石头（40%）上晒着无数白花花的新闻纸，还有纸的香味呢。8. A great deposit of petroleum was discovered south of Edmonton in Alberta. About two thirds of Canadas petroleum and about four fifths of its natural gas come from Alberta. （2/3石油，4/5天然气。2。3。4。5。想象：EltonEdmonton 是个石油petroleum工人，他做了很多年石油工人，已经是个老伯伯Alberta了。呵呵。）Agriculture1. On the drier parts of the Prairie, cattle and sheep grazing is an important occupation.2. Eastern Canada is noted for a varisty of farm products.3. The Canadian Pacific coast specializes in fruit growing and dairy farming. Fishing and mining are quite important.Manufacturing1. Food processing is the leading industry. The manufacture of transportation equipment ranks second. The production of paper and paper related products ranks third. (记这三个制造业的顺序：食品加工以后经过交通工具运出去，卖了之后当然就收到了很多钞票啊，其实就是一张张的纸。)2. A total of about 4/5 of all foreign investment in Canada is American. （五分之四的投资来自美国。加拿大人来自五湖四海五分之四，他们当中最有钱投资的是美国人！）The Economy Today1. For decades, Canada has been shifting from a natural resource-based economy towards a white collar or service economy. 2. Nearly 25% of Canadas GNP comes from manufacturing. （加拿大的国内生产总值25%来自制造业。不能小瞧制造业，那可不是二百五，是百分之二十五！）3. Most industries are highly mechanized and capital-intensive.4. Canada is also one of the worlss most important trading nations. Some 25% of GNP comes from the sale of goods and services aboard. And about 25% of the countrys manufactured production is exported.5. Canadas main trading partner is the United States. Nearly two thirds of Canadas trade is with the United States including exports and imports. Other major trading partners are Japan, Britain, Germany, Venezuela and Italy. （2/3 贸易额+美国。记2/3，2=两=梁，3=山，加拿大和美国都是梁山好汉，做贸易的高手。记其它主要贸易伙伴： 日本因为得意日本/英国/委内瑞拉/德国/意大利，所以就和加拿大做贸易了。）6. The ultimate authority for Canadas fiscal policy is in the hands of the federal, and provincial goverments.7. 1/3 of all wage-earners belong to a labour union. The three largest are the Canada Union of Public Employees, the United Steelworkers and the Public Service Alliance of Canada. More than 70% of Union members are affiliated with the Canadian Labour Congress. （三大工会字头：CUPE / US / PSAC; 加拿大工人拿着大酒杯CUPE饮而尽，美国US人怕死PS，爱惜AC生命，不敢喝酒。）Chapter 25 政府和政治The System of Government1. Canada, a self-governing member of the Commonwealth of Nations, is a federation of 10 provinces and two territories.2. The provinces received exclusive jurisdiction over education, natural resources, civil rights, municipal government.3. The tweo levels of government were granted concurrent powers in matters of agriculture, immigration and taxation.4.The Constitution also comprises fundamental acts, customs and parliamentary traditions of British origin.5. With the passing of the Constitution Act of 1982, cutting the last legal tie between Canada and Britian, the act and the Contitutional amending power were transferred from the British governemnt to Canada.6. The Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General, who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Governor-General who exercises all the special rights of the Canadian Crown is theoretically the source of executive power.7. Cabinet, or the Government, is responsible only to the House of Commons.8. All the legislative powers of the federal administration are vested in the Parlianent of Canada, which consists of the Crown, the senate and the House of Commons.9. The Senate has 104 members. They are appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.10 The House of commons has 295 members.11. A Lieutenant-Governor (appointed by the Governor-General on the recommendation of the fedual Prime Minister) represents the Queen in each province.12. Every province has an elected Legislative Assembly except in Quebec where it is called the National Assembly and in Newfoundland where it is called the House of Assembly. 13. The territories of Canada, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories, are under the jurisdiction of the Federal Goverment and Parliament, but enjoy increasing autonomy and more responsible goverment.14. Canada law has its source in acts and jucicial decisions, and also in British common law. The province of Quebec is an exception, since its system is based on French civil law, particularly in matters concerning the person, the family and property.15. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada, the Fedural Court and various courts of special jurisdiction.Chapter 26 社会和文化Population1. It ranks second in land area but thirty first in population in the world.2. Canada is a country with as many as 100 nationalities.3. The origins of most Canadians are British(44.6%) and French(28.7%).4. The native people, the Eskimo or Inuit and Indians.(The word Inuit means “the people” in their own language, Eskimo is an Indian word meaning “eaters of raw flesh”.)5. Since Confederation in 1867, the popultion of Canadians of other ethnic has increased from 7% to 25%.6. Most Inuit live in the northern provinces and territories of Canada.7. 85% of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, consisiting of 81.9% of that provinces population.Immigration1. Canada has shifted from free immigration(1867-1898) to selected immigration(1896-1914) and from selected immigration to restricted immigration(1914-1945).2. The new federal Immigration Act (1978) explicitly affirmed for the first time the fundamental objectives of Canadian immigration law: family unification, non-discrimination, concern for refugees and the promotion of Canadas econmic, social, demographic and cultural goalds.3. The new law provides for three admissible classes of immigration: the family class, convention refuggees and independent immigrants.4. Canada is now shifting the balance of immigration towards more economic immigrations, including skilled works and business people.Multiculturalism1. Canada has a variety of minority groups who keep distinctive cultural characteristics-the Ukrainian, Italian, Greek and Chinese-communities.2. Canadas Indians and Inuit comprise less than 2% of the total population, they account for 48% of the population of the North-west