柴油发电机_柴油发动机转速控制系统原理和维修.doc

柴油发动机 柴油发电机转速控制器Diesel engine diesel generator speed controller柴油机的调速Diesel engine speed一、柴油机调速One, the diesel engine speed control柴油机的不同转速是通过改变循环供油量来实现的。Diesel engine speed by changing different fuel cycle to achieve.改变柴油机的油量调节机构，使其转速调节到规定的转速范围内就称柴油机调速。Change engine oil amount regulating mechanism, the speed regulation to the specified speed range is called the governor for diesel engine.为了实现柴油机调速，就必须设置专门的调速装置，以便根据柴油机负荷的变化自动调节供油量，维持其规定的转速范围。这种装置称调速器。In order to realize diesel engine speed, we must set up a special speed regulating device, according to the diesel engine load changes automatically regulates the oil supply quantity, maintain its specified speed range. Such a device called the governor.二、调速器的类型In two, governor typen按调速范围分类According to the classification of N speed rangen按执行机构分类N actuator according to classification1、按调速范围分类In 1, according to the speed range classification极限调速器（限速器）只用于限制柴油机的最高转速不超过某规定值，在转速低于此规定值时不起调节作用。此种调速器仅用于船舶主机，目前已很少单独使用。limit governor ( governor ) - only to limit the maximum speed of diesel engine does not exceed a specified value, the rotational speed is lower than the prescribed value does not play a regulating role. The governor is used only for marine engine, now rarely used alone.单制式调速器（定速调速器）在负荷变化时，能使柴油机转速保持在规定范围内。此种调速器应用于发电柴油机。The single system governor ( constant speed governor) - changes in the load, can make the diesel engine speed is maintained within a predetermined range. The governor used in diesel engine.双制式调速器能维持柴油机的最低运转转速，并可限制其最高转速。中间转速由人工手动调节。此种调速器用于对低速性能要求较高或带有离合器的中小型船用主机。The dual system of diesel engine governor - can maintain a minimum speed, and can limit the maximum speed. Intermediate speed by manual adjustment. The governor is used for low speed high performance requirements or with a clutch of small diesel engine.全制式调速器在从最低稳定转速到最高转速的全部运转范围内，均能自动调节喷油量以保持任一设定转速。此调速器广泛应用于船舶主机和柴油发电机组。The standard all-speed governor - from the minimum stable speed to a maximum speed of the entire operating range, can automatically regulate the amount of fuel injection to maintain either a speed setting. The governor is widely used in ship engine and diesel generating set.2、按执行机构分类In 2, according to the execution mechanism classification机械式调速器直接利用飞重产生的离心力去移动油量调节机构，以调节柴油机的转速。Mechanical governor - directly using the fly weights generated by centrifugal force to move the oil amount regulating mechanism, to regulate the speed of diesel engine.液压调速器通过液压伺服器将飞重产生的离心力加以放大，使用放大后的动力去移动油量调节机构。The hydraulic governor hydraulic server will fly weight - by the centrifugal force generated by the amplified, using the amplified power to move the oil amount regulating mechanism.电子调速器转速信号监测或执行机构采用电气方式的调速器。The electronic governor - speed signal monitoring or implementing agencies for the use of electrical governor.三、调速器的性能指标In three, governor performance index调速器的性能好坏直接影响柴油机运转的稳定性和可靠性。调速器装机后，应对柴油机进行突变负荷试验，以分析调速器的工作性能。Governor performance directly influences the stability and reliability of the operation of diesel engines. The governor is mounted machine, deal with the diesel engine the mutation load test, in order to analyze the governor working performance.评定调速器性能有两种工作指标Evaluation of speed governor performance has two work index动态指标The dynamic index静态指标The static index1、动态指标1, the dynamic index用来评价调速系统过渡过程的性能指标。Used to evaluate the speed system transition process performance index.瞬时调速率1 the instantaneous timing rate 1突加全负荷瞬时调速率Sudden load transient speed regulation突减全负荷瞬时调速率Anticlimax full load transient speed regulation我国有关规范要求发电柴油机的突加全负荷调速率和突减全负荷调速率不得大于10%。Our country related standard diesel engine in full load speed rate and anticlimax full load speed ratio shall not be greater than 10%.稳定时间ts指从突加（或突减）全负荷后，转速刚偏离最高空转转速（或全负荷稳定转速）的波动范围到转速恢复到全负荷稳定转速（或最高空载转速）的波动范围为止所需时间。 The stabilization time of TS - from a sudden ( or sudden ) full load, speed just deviates from the maximum speed ( or full load stable speed range speed ) to return to full load speed stability ( or maximum no-load speed ) range until the time required.我国有关规范规定，交流发电机的稳定时间不得大于5s。Chinas relevant regulations, AC generator stability time shall be not more than 5S.2、静态指标In 2, the static index稳定调速率2指当操纵手柄在标定供油位置时，最高空载转速n0max与标定转速nb之差同标定转速nb比值的百分数。stable speed rate 2- when the handle in the calibration of the feed position, the highest speed of n0max and Nb difference with rated speed rated speed ratio of Nb percentage.稳定调速率用来衡量调速器的准确性，其值愈小，表示调速器的准确性愈好。Steady speed regulation used to measure the accuracy of the governor, the smaller the value of the governor, said the accuracy is better.转速波动率或转速变化率 用来表征在稳定运转时，柴油机转速的变化程度，主要是由柴油机回转力矩不均匀而引起的。但两者的定义不同：The speed fluctuation rateor rate of change of - used to characterize the performance of diesel engine speed, the extent of the changes, mainly by the diesel engine rotary torque nonuniformity caused by. But the two different definitions:转速波动率=Speed fluctuation rate=转速变化率=Rate of change of =一般，在标定工况时，(0.250.5)%; (0.51)%。In general, the calibration condition,(0.250.5) %;(0.51).不灵敏度The sensitivity is not当柴油机在一定负荷下稳定运转时，由于调速机构中存在间隙、摩擦和阻力，若转速稍有变化，调速器并不立即改变供油量。直到转速变化量足够大时，调速器才能开始起到调节供油的作用。这种现象称为调速器的不灵敏性。 When the diesel engine is under a certain load under stable operation, because the regulating mechanism of gap, friction and resistance, if the speed is changed slightly, the governor does not immediately change the fuel supply quantity. Until the speed variation is large enough, the governor can begin to adjust supply function. This phenomenon is known as the governor s insensitivity.我国用不灵敏度 表示不灵敏区域的大小。Our country does not use sensitivitysaid insensitive area size.不灵敏度过大，会引起柴油机转速不稳定，严重时会导致调速器失去作用发生飞车。一般规定在标定转速时， (1.52)%；而在最低稳定转速时， (1013)%No sensitivity is too large, will cause the engine speed is not stable, will lead to serious loss of effect of speed governor. The general provisions in the rated speed,= (1.52) %; and at the minimum stable speed,= (1013).9-2 机械式调速器9-2mechanical governor一、机械式调速器的组成One, mechanical governor.二、调速原理Two, control principle机械式调速器的飞重和调速弹簧组成转速感应元件，按力平衡系统工作。Mechanical governor flying weight and speed regulating spring speed sensing element, according to the force balance system.n当柴油机发出的功率与外界的负荷刚好平衡时N when the diesel engine is a power and external load is balancedn若外界负荷突然减小，柴油机发出的功率大于外界负荷时N if the external load suddenly decreases, diesel generated power is greater than the outside loadn若外界负荷突然增大，柴油机发出的功率小于外界负荷时N if the outside load suddenly increases, diesel power generated is smaller than the outside load调速器的动作与外界负荷减少时相反，飞重离心力和弹簧的作用力在彼此都减小的情况下达到平衡状态Governor s action and the external load is reduced when a fly weight contrast, centrifugal force and spring force in both lower the equilibrium state三、机械式调速器的特点和适用范围Three, mechanical governor characteristics and scope of applicationn机械式调速器不能保持柴油机调速前后的转速不变，即外负荷改变后，不能使柴油机恢复到原来的转速。N mechanical governor cannot keep the diesel engine speed regulation and constant engine speed and load change, namely, cannot make the diesel engine to restore the original speed.外负荷减少时，调速后的转速比原来的转速稍高；External load is reduced when, after the speed speed speed slightly higher than the original;外负荷增加时，调速后的转速比原来的转速稍低。External load increased, after the speed speed speed slightly lower than the original.产生这种转速差的根本原因是转速感应元件与油量调节机构之间是刚性连接。The rotational speed difference is the fundamental reason for speed sensing element and an oil quantity regulating mechanism is connected between the rigid.n机械式调速器只能用于中小功率的柴油机。其灵敏度和精度都比较差。N mechanical governor can only be used for medium and small power diesel engine. Its sensitivity and precision are quite poor.n结构简单N simple structuren维修方便N repair convenience9-3 液压调速器9-3hydraulic governor液压调速器飞重产生的离心力并不直接去移动柴油机的油量调节机构。所以，这种调速器也称间接作用式调速器。Hydraulic governor flyweight centrifugal force generated does not directly to mobile diesel oil amount regulating mechanism. Therefore, the governor called the indirect acting governor.液压调速器中具有控制滑阀和动力活塞组成的液压放大机构，另外，为了提高液压调速器调节过程的稳定性，改善其动态特性，还具有反馈机构，起补偿作用。Hydraulic speed governor has a control slide valve and piston comprising hydraulic amplification mechanism, in addition, in order to increase the hydraulic governor stability of the process, improve the dynamic characteristics, but also has a feedback mechanism, compensation action.液压调速器具有广阔的转速调节范围，调节精度和灵敏度高，稳定性好，广泛用于船舶大中型柴油机。但其结构复杂，对管理要求高。Hydraulic speed governor has wide speed regulation range, precision and high sensitivity, good stability, widely used in ship is large and medium-sized diesel engine. But its complex structure, high requirements on management.一、液压调速器的工作原理One, the working principle of hydraulic speed governor1、无反馈液压调速器1, no feedback hydraulic governorn工作原理The working principle of nn无反馈液压调速器存在问题N without feedback hydraulic problems由于调速系统的惯性，使滑阀和动力活塞的运动总滞后于柴油机转速的变化。当减少供油量时，不可能根据负荷的减少程度适度调节，而使油量减少过头，柴油机降速过度；同理，当柴油机负荷增加时，供油量又会增加过头，柴油机加速过度。如此不断重复降速、加速的调节过程，柴油机转速波动很大，调节过程不稳定，无法满足使用要求。所以，这种无反馈装置的液压调速器在实际中无法使用。The speed control system of inertia, the spool valve and piston movement always lags behind the engine speed changes. When reduced fuel supply, can according to the load reduction level adjust moderately, and make the oil to reduce the amount of overshoot, diesel speed down excessive; similarly, when the engine load increases, supply quantity increases too excessive acceleration, diesel engine. So constantly repeated descending velocity, acceleration of the process of diesel engine speed regulation, large fluctuations, adjusting process is not stable, can not meet the use requirements. So, this kind of feedback device for hydraulic speed governor in practice can not be used.2、刚性反馈液压调速器2, rigid feedback hydraulic governorn工作原理The working principle of nn刚性反馈液压调速器存在问题N rigid feedback hydraulic problems调节过程终了时，滑阀回到了原来位置，把控制油孔关闭，切断通往伺服油缸的油路。这时动力活塞停止运动，喷油泵调节杆随之移动到一个新的平衡位置，柴油机在相应的新负荷下工作。既A点位置随负荷而变，与滑阀相连接的B点在任何稳定工况下均应处于原来位置，与负荷无关。由于反馈是通过刚性连接来实现的，故C点的位置必须配合A点作相应的变动亦稳定在新的位置，也就是说柴油机不能恢复到原来的转速。因而调速器的稳定调速率不能为0。At the end of regulation process, slide valve returned to its original position, the control of oil hole closed, cutting off the servo cylinder oil. When the power piston stop motion, fuel injection pump adjusting rod to move to a new position of equilibrium, diesel engine in the corresponding new working under load. Both A point location along with the load change, and the spool valve connected to th