独立主格结构

独立主格结构一、独立主格结构是一个名词或代词，加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，与主句之间不用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构的常见形式1. 名词（代词）+现在分词（逻辑主语是分词的动作发出者）The moon appearing，they decided to go on with theirjouney.We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。2. 名词（代词）+过去分词（逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者）The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。Good-bye said，he went home.3. 名词（代词）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。4. 名词（代词）+介词短语（相当于不带动词的“主系介词短语）The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词（相当于一个未带动词的“主系表”结构）He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。6. There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。7. It being +名词（代词）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。比较：“名词（或代词）介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。 Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.三、英语独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。1. 用作时间状语The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。2. 用作条件状语Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5. 表示补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：1、独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。2、独立主格结构没有所有格形式。The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。比较动名词复合结构：The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.3、 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。四、with + 复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法“with + 复合宾语”结构是指“with +宾语（名词或代词）+ 非谓语动词（分词、不定式）、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成的一种介词短语。该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：1、原因状语1.With the man guiding us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village. 2、时间状语1.With our problem settled , we all felt happy.3、伴随状语She left the offices with tears in her eyes.4、后置定语1.Do you know the man with/having a book in his hand?分词结构和独立主格结构作状语时的区别一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。二、独立主格结构作状语时，结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如when, if, as soon as, as, while等）或并列连词（如and, but, or, so等）。独立主格结构练习题及解析1. I have a lot of books, half of _ novels.A. which B. that C. whom D. them2. _ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out.A. because B. as C. With D. Since3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of _ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there.A. them B. who C. whom D. which4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of _ over 600 years old.A. which B. that C. them D. it5. The cave _ very dark, he lit some candles _ light.A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand _ a gun and his face _ with sweat.A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _.A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breezeC. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day.A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents seated together joking.A. their B. whose C. which D. that10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, _ Land Rover of the latest.A. another B. other C. the other D. the others【答案与解析】1. D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构，相当于 and half of them are novels。2. C。考查“with + 名词 + 过去分词”结构。3. A。most of them carrying.为独立主格结构，相当于 and most of them were carrying.，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词 and 的使用和动词 were的使用。4. C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构，相当于 and all of them are over 600 years old。5. D。第一空填 being，构成独立主格结构;第二空填不定式表目的。6. C。独立主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而 his face与 cover是动宾关系，故用covered.7. D。her long hair 与 flowing 是主动关系，这是“独立主格结构”作状语。8. B。因lessons与动词finish之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。其实，their lessons finished for the day为独立主格结构。9. A。此题容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实，句中的their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。10. D。易误选C。后面部分实际上是独立主格结构形式，省略了being。补充完整就是：The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one being a Toyota, the others being Land Rover of the latest. (两个独立主格结构均表伴随状语)五、倒装结构倒装可分为二种：将整个谓语提到主语之前的叫完全倒装（full inversion）；将be 、情态动词或者助动词放在主语之前的叫做部分倒装（partial inversion）。用于表示一定的句子结构（语法需要）或强调某一句子成分。一、完全倒装 (1)在以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, then，thus 开头，后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等，而主语又是名词时，构成完全倒装句。There goes the bell. 铃声渐渐消失了。 Then came the chairman. 然后主席就来了 Here is your letter. 这是你的信。(2) there引导句子除了there be句型外，there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等，一般都译成有的含义。 There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。(3)在象声词或以out、in、up、down、away等表示运动方向的副词置于句首的句子。 Click.click went the weaving room. Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。 (4)当表示地点的介词词组在句首时。 At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake. East of the lake lie two towns. Under the tree was lying a wounded soldier. 注意：1) 在here, there引出的倒装句中，当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句，但当主语是代词时，就要用部分倒装句。 Here comes the postman! 邮递员终于来了！注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。 Here we are.（我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。）2) 当主语是代词，谓语是系动词，表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时，可以使用完全倒装句，起强调作用。Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.他真幸运，被一所名牌大学录取了。 二 部分倒装 1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until, scarcely , barely , under on condition , hardly when，no sooner than，not only ,等。 Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。 Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪儿都找不到这个问题的答Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。（当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep）Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他不仅拒收了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚要走时一个学生来看她。2. 表示也、也不 的so, neither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。 Tom can speak French. So can Jack. Tom能说法语，我也能。 If you wont go, neither will I. 如果你不去，我也不去。 注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为的确如此。例如： 1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom让我去踢足球，我去了。 2) -Its raining hard. -So it is. -雨下得很大。 -的确很大。 3. only放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分倒装。 Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 他被请了三次才来开会。 注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休息。 4 as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。此时应注意：1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词；2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 尽管他愿意努力工作，但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作满意。 三 其他部分倒装 1. so that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如： So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得动都不敢动。2. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如： May you all be happy. 望大家开心愉快。3. 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。Were I you, I would try it again. 如果我是你，我就再试一次。总结：种类 倒装条件 例句完全倒装here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调Out rushed the children. 强调表语置于句首，或为保持句子平衡Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.部分倒装never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首Hardly did I know what had happened.only和修饰的状语放于句首Only then did he realized the importance of Englishnot onlybut alsonot onlybut also连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.neithernorneithernor连接并列的句子，前后都倒装Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. sothat, suchthatsothat, suchthat中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. as引导的让步状语Child as he is, he has learned a lot. so, neither或norso, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另d外的人或事。 He can play the piano. So can i. 省略if的虚拟条件Were I you, I would not do it in this way用于表示祝愿的祈使句中May you be in good health! 倒装句练习：1._canyouexpecttogetapayrise. A.WithhardworkB.Althoughworkhard C.OnlywithhardworkD.Nowthatheworkshard 2._,motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether. A.HoweverlateisheB.Howeverheislate C.HoweverishelateD.Howeverlateheis 3.Notuntilallthefishdiedintheriver,_howseriousthepollutionwas. A.didthevillagersrealize B.thevillagersrealized C.thevillagersdidrealize D.didntthevillagersrealize 4.NotuntilIbegantowork_howmuchtimeIhadwasted. A.didntrealizeB.didIrealize C.IdidntrealizeD.Irealized 5.DoyouknowJimquarrelwithhisbrother? Idontknow,_. A.nordontIcareB.nordoIcare C.IdontcareneitherD.Idontcarealso 6.Onlybypracticingafewhourseveryday_beabletowastemuchtime. A.youcanB.canyouC.youwillD.willyou 7.Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcentury_whatheatis. A.mandidknowB.manknew C.didntmanknowD.didmanknow 8._gotintotheroom,_thetelephonerang. A.Hehardly;thenB.Hardlyhadhe;when C.Hehadnot;thanD.Nothadhe;when 9._snacksanddrinks,buttheyalsobroughtcardsforentertainmentwhentheyhadapicnicintheforest. A.NotonlytheybroughtB.Notonlydidtheybring C.NotonlybroughttheyD.Notonlytheydidbring 10.IdontthinkIcanwalkanyfurther. _,Letsstophereforarest. A.NeithercanIB.NeitherdoI C.IdidntthinksoD.Ithinkso 11.Onlyinthisway_doitwell. A.mustweB.wecouldC.canweD.wecan 12.Hardly_whenitbegantorain. A.hadhearrivedB.arrivedhe C.hehadarrivedD.didhearrive 13.JackisastudentandstudiesattheNo.2MiddleSchool._. A.ItwasthesamewithMikeB.SoitiswithMike C.SoisMikeD.SodoesMike 14._,Iwouldhavegivenyouhisaddress. A.IfyouaskedmeB.Youhadaskedme C.ShouldyouhaveaskedmeD.Hadyouaskedme 15._thattheyhadmadeanimportantdiscoveryinscience. A.LittletheyrealizedB.Theyhadrealizedlittle C.LittledidtheyrealizeD.Littlehadtheyrealized 16._thatIcouldntbeabsorbedinthework. A.Theymadesuchtalked B.Soloudlytheytalked C.Itwasnoiseoutside D.Suchaloudnoisedidtheymake 17.Manyatime_megoodadvice. A.hegaveB.doeshegive C.hehasgivenD.hashegiven 18._haveIseenabetterperformance. A.EverywhereB.NowhereelseC.EverywhereelseD.Nowhere 19.Notasingleword_atthebeginning. A.didhesayB.hashesaidC.hesaidD.hehassaid 20.Onlyinanhourago_outwhyhewasabsent. A.didtheteacherfoundB.theteacherfoundC.didtheteacherfindD.hadtheteacherfound 21._theplane. A.FlewdownB.Downflew C.DownwasflyingD.Downfly 22.Hardly_whenthebussuddenlypulledaway. A. theyhadgottothebusstop B.theygottothebusstop C.didtheygettothebusstop D.hadtheygottothebusstop 23._Ihadtime,Iwouldhaverunroundthatlakeagain. A.IfB.UnlessC.HadD.When 24.Notonly_apromise,buthealsokeptit. A.hadhemadeB.hehadmadeC.didhemakeD.hemakes 25._Iwouldseeyouhere. A.LittleIdreamedB.LittledoIdream C.IdreamedlittleD.LittledidIdream 26.There_. A.cometheyB.theycome C.theyarecomeD.theywillcome 27._thathecouldnotspeakforalongtime. A.SofrightenedwasheB.Sofrightenedhewas C.WashesofrightenedD.Frightenedwashe 28.Onlywhenclassbegan_thathehadlefthisbookathome. A.willherealizeB.hedidrealize C.didherealizeD.shouldherealize 29.Onlywhenyouhavefinishedyourhomework_gohome. A.canyouB.wouldyouC.youwillD.youcan 30.Seldom_anymistakesduringmypastfewyearsofworkinghere. A.wouldImakeB.didImake C.IdidmakeD.shallImake 参考答案 1倒装句，答案为C。 2状语从句语序应是正常语序，故A、C排除，连词however后必须紧跟形容词或副词，D是正确答案。 3notuntil引导状语从句位于句首时，主句要倒装，答案为A。 4本题考查以否定词开头并修饰状语时的主谓语序，这时原状语可以是副词或介词短语，还可以是从句，而主谓的语序为部分倒装，答案为B。 5本题考查neither或nor连接句子时语序的倒装，答案为B。 6答案为D。 7答案为D。 8hardly.when和nosooner.than是两个固定句型，前半部分置于句首，其后分句要倒装，答案为B。 9答案为B。 10答案为B。 11only引导的介词短语或从句位于句首修饰状语时，句子谓语要部分倒装，答案为C。 12部分倒装，答案为A。 13答案为B。 14答案为D。 15副词little位于句首时，句子要倒装，答案为C。 16答案为D。 17many修饰名词并位于句首时，句子要倒装，答案为D。 18答案为D。 19答案为A。 20only修饰介词短语时，并位于句首时,句子要倒装，答案为C。 21答案为B。 22答案为D。 23虚拟语气的倒装形式，答案为C。 24答案为C。 25答案为D。 26there放于句首，主语是代词时，主语和谓语的位置不变，仍保留陈述句式，答案为B。 27答案为A。 28答案为C。 29only修饰句子的状语，位于句首，要部分倒装。only修饰的状语从句不倒装，主句要倒装，答案为A。 30由否定词never,not,hardly,little,seldom,rarely,nowhere和否定意义的短语innoway,innocase,atnotime,bynomeans等引起的句子，常用倒装语序，答案为B。六、主谓一致问题主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致。通常有三个不同角度1,语法一致2,意义一致 3,就近原则.语法一致：1不定式,动名词,以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习.To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语好处多. 注：若what从句用在 主系表结构中，从句是含复数意义的并列结构，谓语动词用单数或复数两可。如果表语是单数,主句的谓语动词一般用单数，如果表语是复数,主句的谓语动词一般用复数。What you say and think is /are no business of mine. 你怎么说以及怎么想，不关我的事。What he bought was /were some books. 他所买的是几本书。What caused the accident is a complete mystery.事故是由什么引起的完全是个谜.What his father left him are a few English books.他父亲留给他的只是几本英语书而已.2不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数. none 作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数；但在代表可数的东西时总是看作单数，因而谓语动词要用单数。None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动.Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步.Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每个男孩和女孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣.3由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语,或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海边,有些人在打排球,有些人躺着晒太阳.Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛.A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作.4 a series of, a kind of, the number of, a + 名词+ and a half，one and a half + 名词等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数. 但One or two more +复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数.A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技产品已在展览上展出.The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命. A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人. One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work. 要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙注意：a series of这是一个短语，表示“一系列”，后面跟复数名词。但其动词谓语用单数还是用复数，取决于本短语表示的是一系列“同一种类”的事物还是“不同种类”的事物。前者用单数谓语；后者用复数谓语。A series of wet days spoils our holiday.（阴雨连绵破坏了我们的假期。）There are a series of strange objects in his suitcase.（他的提箱里有一些奇怪的东西。）5有些表示“单位、度量”的短语,名词的单复数决定谓语形式,如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of， three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of, all of等后接不可数名词,或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数. （即谓语动词形式根据of后的名词）Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖.A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然断电时,那家商店丢失了许多钱.A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍.6） more than one + 单数