牛津高一英语复习资料,绝对精华,不下后悔..doc

牛津高一英语学习笔记（2011年9月21日始）Unit 1:School life一、重点单词：（key words）1、 nouns:experience assembly respect literature struggle satisfaction exchange graduate(graduation) kindness title dynasty professor host charge preparation event generation composition field grade German Spanish dessert article culture photograph gift guest speech flat attention cover poet poem nature access form ease canteen appointment lecture dormitory laboratory break beam barbell mat court function timetable prevention fireman AIDS order chemistry politics biology geography circle venue programme context content clause author authoress goal poster design wording suggestion antecedent locker 所有月份和星期及其缩写，基数词和序数词及缩写2、verbs:earn devote surf donate inform run(manage,operate) approve select achieve e-mail drop miss introduce develop display please regret continue require skim scan serve present sign assess relax issue possess(ion) advertise fail admire replace relate modify provide attract 3、adjectives & adverbsaverage challenging extra former recently close scary fluent academic splendid independent literary available dumb splendid responsible previous attractive confident formal二、本课词组(key phrases)drop by(in): 顺便拜访 in the UK: 在英国be at ease with:和某人在一起感到自在；with ease:容易、轻易be short for:是的简称、缩写； know of(about):知道关于-in the end=at last:终于，最后； by the end of:到-结束时at the end of：在末端，结尾； end (in)up with:以-而结束(告终)enjoy oneself:过的快乐; enjoy ones dinner:饭吃的津津有味enjoy doing:喜欢做- be happy (pleased/satisfied)with: 对-满意enjoy=be fond of喜欢,喜爱 at lunch(dinner)=at lunchtime在午(进)餐时间mean to do sth. 计划做,打算做-; mean doing-意味着-attend an assembly/ a meeting:参加集会; attend-on-出席(参加)-,照料- earn respect from :赢得-的尊敬respect sb /show ones respect for-尊敬某人;achieve high grades:取得高分 plan on- 口语打算；想要-devote oneself to:献身于,致力于; donate-to-把-捐献给-in the past year在过去的一年中,去年 on average平均not as-as- 不及-,不再像- used to(接动词原形)过去常常-a bit 一点点 at first起初,一开始first of all首先 introduce oneself自我介绍at lunchtime=during the lunch break improve a lot进步很快for free( free of charge) 免费 sit on the grass坐在草地上 the way of life生活方式 look back on回忆,回顾 get a general idea of了解大意 as well as除-之外,既-又-,而且word by word逐字逐句的 and so on=etc.(et cetera) 等等 according to-按照- at the beginning of-在-开始the school hours学校作息时间 manage to improve-设法提高-at/on the weekend(英)/(美) 在周末 not-until-直到-才-at assembly 在会上 be different from-与-不同be(become) used to对-习惯 have respect for 尊敬,重视,关心 at least 至少 at-gate(entrance)在-大门口(入口)the way to-去-的路 office building办公大楼go straight on 一直向前走 had better(接动词原形)最好-be available for-适宜做- 有空 whether-or- 不论是-还是-be available from从-处可获得 be available to-对-是可以利用的indoor swimming pool室内游泳池 all year round全年,一年到头come up with提出,想出,赶上 come with与-一起供给；伴随-发生 make sure确保 - take good care of好好照料-experienced nurse经验丰富的护士 during break times在休息时间serve three meals供应三餐 return from从-返回develop an interest in 培养对.的兴趣find ones way around- 认识-路class teacher 班主任 sound like: 听起来像-at 3 p.m. on 9 October在十月九日下午三点 per week每星期for one thing 一方面 for another thing 另一方面make good use of充分利用- attend school 上学tell a story讲故事 refer to参考,涉及,指的是,适用于in this case在这种情况下 the other day几天前的某一天(与一般过去时连用)another day, some other day 改天 (与将来时连用)some day有一天总有一天(与将来时连用one day有一天某一天(与过去时或将来时连用relate to-和-有关,涉及- leave out 遗漏，省去on what day在星期几 at what time在几点on the evening of 23 Oct在10月23的晚上，when:问在几号？traffic safety(signs)交通安全（标志） fighting pollution防治污染staying in good health保持健康 dynasties through the ages历代王朝back cover封底 Thank you for your kind attention谢谢配合in charge of-掌管-负责- in the charge of-由-负责(掌管) much more than比-更多,远不止 more than 胜过,不仅no more than仅仅/和一样不 not more than不超过be responsible for对-负责 far away from home离家很远work on 从事于 achieve ones goal 完成(达到)目标require sb to do sth要求某人做某事 allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事look over检查,察看 sign up(for)签约参加(雇用)(报名参加,注册)upon/on doing- 一-就- start a school club开办俱乐部 inform sb. of-/that把-告诉某人 as-as possible 尽可能地-pay attention to注意 in short form用宿略的形式,function as当作使用, 具有.的功能 take place发生make decision作决定, make comparison作比较take turns轮流, follow the outline按照纲要have sth approved by征得.的同意 consist of包含,由构成school hours学校作息时间 than usual 比以往a bit/a little /例a bit challenging有点 not a bit一点也不not a little 非常He was not a little tired spend -(in)doing -/on 在上花费(时间金钱drop some subjects放弃一些科目 such as /for example/for instance比如例如different way of life不同的生活方式 on Monday evenings每逢星期一晚上would like(love) to do / should like(love) to do 想、要做first of all 首先 introduce to 向介绍 prepare to do /be prepared to do/ in preparation for/make preparations for准备 make sure that /of 确信、弄清楚 instead of /rather than而不是pay attention to doing 注意 would rather than与其不如They were charging us by volume rather than weight. 他们是按数量而不按重量向我们收费。Could I have the broccoli steamed instead of boiled, please? 我的绿花椰菜可以用蒸的、不要用煮的吗？He would rather die than give in. 他宁愿死也不屈服compare with(to) 比较A与B compare to 把A比作B the more , the more越，越 save space/money节省空间、金钱 regret (not)to do (say/tell/inform)遗憾、抱歉地(没)说、告知/通知 .regret (not)having done /.regret (not)doing 后悔(没)做 another three days three other days three more days 另外三天三、本课句型和难点解析：1、Going to a British school for one year was a very enjoyable and exciting experience for me.此句中Going to 是动名词短语做主语。动词原形不能做主语。动名词或动名词短语做主语，表示习惯的行为，具有一般性、经常性，谓语动词用单数（ is a difficult habit to give up. 吸烟是一种难以戒除的坏习惯。 is one thing; is another. 说是一回事，做是另一回事。）2、This means I could get up an hour later than usual as schools in China begin before 8 a.m.a.mean 意味，意欲，打算I meant to go there yesterday.我原打算昨天去那儿的。He said Tuesday, but he mean Thursday.他说的是周二，可他的意思是周四。b.mean 表示、的意思，作、的解释Mean+n./pron/that clause不用于进行时The red light means “stop”红灯表示停车。What does this word mean?c. mean 是、的迹象，意味着 mean+n./doing/that clauseMissing the flight means waiting for another 3 hours 赶不上这个航班意味着再等3小时The simle on his face means that she is happy.她脸上的微笑说明她很幸福。d、 than usual 较平常She arrives later than usual.e、as引导原因状语从句与because的区别1）. because表示直接原因，它所指的原因通常是听话人所不知道的，其语气最强。常用来回答why的提问，一般放于主句之后，也可以单独存在。2）.as是常用词，它表示的“原因”是双方已知的事实或显而易见的原因，或者理由不是很重要，含义与since相同，但语气更弱，没有since正式，常译为“由于，鉴于”。从句说明原因，主句说明结果，主从并重。例如： (1)We all like her as she is kind. 我们都喜欢她，因为她善良。3）.since侧重主句，从句表示显然的或已为人所知的理由，常译为“因为”、“既然”，语气比because稍弱，通常置于句首，表示一种含有勉强语气的原因。例如： (1)Since he asks you, youll tell him why. 他既然问你，那就告诉他为什么吧。 (2)Since everyone is here, lets start. 既然大家都到齐了，我们就出发吧！ 4）. for用作连词时，与because相似，但它所表示的原因往往提供上文未交待过的情况。for不表示直接原因，表明附加或推断的理由，因此for被看作等立连词，它所引导的分句只能放在句子后部(或单独成为一个句子)，并且前后两个分句间的逻辑关系不一定是因果关系，其间用逗号隔开，且for不可置于句首，for的这一用法常用在书面语中，较正式。例如： It must have rained, for the ground is wet. (从“地面潮湿”作出“下过雨”的推测，但地湿并不一定是下雨所致, for不可以换为because。) 5）.now that（既然）的用法：now that同since相似，语气较弱，强调人们已知的事实。例：Now that you are busy, let me do it for you. 既然你忙，就让我给你做吧3、He also told us that the best way to earn respect was to devote ourselves to study and achieve high grades.他还告诉我们赢得尊敬的最好方法是刻苦学习并取得好成绩。The best way to do sth is to.结构用来表达做某事的最好方法是例如: The best way to learn English is to use it as often as possible.注：that引导直接宾语从句，to earn respect不定式短语作way的定语，was后是二个并列的不定式作was的表语，后一个achieve前的to常省略。study在这里是名词，to是介词。和动词不定式前的小品词是不一样的。这句较复杂，我们也可把to earn respect改为定语从句(that/in which )we earned respect，那就更复杂了。王浩你明白了吗？4、so it was a struggle for me to remember all the faces and names所以对我来说记住所有人的面孔和名字可是一件难事。划线部分是不定式的复合结构，不定式的复合结构基本有三种：1、动词不定式的复合结构是“for / of sb. to do sth.”，for / of。其中sb.作介词for的宾语,也作后面的不定式的逻辑主语，表明动词不定式的动作是由sb. 发出的。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of，主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来，of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等，既说明人的特性，又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般说明不定式动作的特性，不说明人的特性。前面如果是名词用for。2、不定式有时可以与what,which,who,how,when,where等疑问词连用，构成不定式短语，在句中作宾语，也可作主语、表语等：Where to get so much money is a question.疑问词why后不能接不定式：误：I dont know why to leave. 正：I dont know why I must leave.但是，why后可接不带to的不定式（即动词原形）： Why go with her? Why not tell her the truth? 有时“疑问词+不定式”可以转换成相应的从句Tell me when to leave./Tell me when shall we leave.告诉我什么时候离开。3、动词不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是not / never to do.，不带to的不定式的否定式是not / never do.如：.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking.4、其它结构用法：若enough前出现了否定词，则不仅否定了enough ， 而且否定其后的不定式。He was not strong enough to do the work. 他不够强壮，不能做这工作。 不定式中作结果状语的注意点：tooto有肯定与否定两种情况：1）某些形容词在“tooto”结构中表示肯定，这类词是： anxious, eager, glad, ready, surprised, willing2）在not, never, only, all, but等后的tooto结构中，too的含义为very，不定式没有否定含义只能后接不定式不能接动名词的35动词和短语ask, demand(要求), plan, intend, mean(计划), manage, do / try ones best, make an attempt, (努力), learn(学习), wish, hope, desire, expect, long, want, would like, should like, would prefer(), wish,希望、愿意), agree, promise(同意), decide, determine, choose, make a decision, make up ones mind(决定), offer(主动提出), apply(申请), help(帮助), fail(不能、没有), prepare(准备), pretend(假装), refuse(拒绝), happen(碰巧), afford(负担得起)等 只接动名词做宾语的动词短语 mind介意, enjoy喜欢, give up放弃, finish完成, avoid避免, escape逃跑, stop停止, excuse原谅, delay耽误, require要求, suggest建议, insist on坚持, cant help禁不住, complete完成, deny否认, put off推迟, favor赞成，支持, understand明白, risk冒险, keep保持, consider考虑，imagine想象、猜想,fear 害怕， include包括， suffer痛苦、遭受，report报告，celebrate庆祝prevent阻止。等。allow, permit(允许), consider(考虑), appreciate (喜欢), miss(错过; 怀念), prevent(阻止), forbid(禁止), escape(避免), include(包括), forgive, pardon, excuse(原谅), dislike(厌恶), discuss(讨论), report(报道), admit(承认), cant stand(不能忍受), burst out(突然开始), feel like(想要), insist on(坚持), delay, put off(推迟), give up(放弃), be busy(忙于), be worth(值得)等。 有些动词后面即可接-ing又可接不定式即permit, allow, encourage, advise, recommend, forbid等一般用动词-ing结构做宾语，但如有自己逻辑主语时要用不定式。The teacher forbids us to talk in class.5、 I found the homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school . 我发现这儿的家庭作业没有我原来学校的多 As.as, 中间加形容词或副词,一般要连接两个相同的句子成分,比较下面两句话:You hate him as much as I (=You hate him as much as I hate him).You hate him as much as me(=You hate him as much as you hate me).前一个as是副词,后一个as是连词,引导比较状语从句，句中what 起名词+关系代词的作用，意为the thing(s) which，本句相当于the homework which,作get的宾语。.划线部分是宾语从句.，做found的宾语。Used to 过去常常, 隐含的意思是现在的情况已经不同。例如:She used to study very hard. ( She does not study so hard any more).Used to 的否定形式是usednt to/ didnt use to疑问形式： used you to like opera？Did you use to like opera？注意：be used to sth/doing 表示习惯于 6、 Upon finishing his studies, he started travelling in China.完成学业之后，他开始在中国旅行。介词upon/ on加名词doing相当于带as soon as 的时间状语从句。Upon finishing his studyAs soon as he finished his study 表达这种意义的一般有以下几种方式：1)at等其它介词，at表示引起某种情绪的原因，eg:At the news,we jumped with joy.2)as soon as或once都是连接从句；3）on或opon,与具有动词意义的名词或动名词搭配。eg:On his arrival he went straight to the headmaster.他一到就径直去见校长了。7、The paintings that David donated to the school are being displayed（shown） in the (exhibition room)assembly hall. p9 ) 大卫捐给学校的图画正在（展）会厅展出。are being displayed(shown)是被动语态的进行时，表示正在发生的被动动作eg:The meeting is being held in the hall and you can go to attend it. 8、 The more choices you have, the better your final decisions will be. 相当于：If you have more choice (条件状语从句为一般现在时), you will make better decision（主句用将来时）. 你的选择越多，最后的决定就越好。the + 形容词的 比较级 + ， the +形容词的比较级 表示“ 越，就越”eg:The more you eat, the fatter you will be 9、Have it approved by your teacher. (p.19) Have as many students sign up as possible.(p.19) 上述二句中have是役使动词，具体用法如下：1have 宾语过去分词这种结构一般有两种意义，一为“致使”，二为被动。前者表示主语的意志致使某事发生或被做到，后者则与主观意志完全无关。1）表示主观的意志（表示主观意志的have也可以用get代替）I must have this table photocopied我必须（找人）把这个表格复印出来。2）与主观意志完全无关He has his leg broken in a fall他的腿摔断了。2have 宾语不定式（不带to）结构中have有时也可以用get代替，动词不定式需带to这种结构一般表示“让某人做某事”。例如：I have my children clean the house before you arrive在你们来之前，我让孩子们把屋子打扫干净了。3have 宾语现在分词这种结构有两种意思，一是使某人做某事，二是与否定词连用，表示不许某人做某事。1）have 宾语现在分词（叫某人做某事）Well soon have your car going again我们很快就会让你的汽车重新开动起来2）not have 宾语现在分词（不许某人做某事）I wont have you smoking in the sitting room我不许你在起居室里抽烟。四、定语从句归纳整理：一、概念要清楚：定语从句 分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分（或整个句子如非限制性定语从句），相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面（非限制性定语从句有时不这样）。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有WHAT；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语等。先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。二、非限制性定语从句要点：A) 非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。不能用that，不能用why但可用for which代替；非限制性定语从句中关系代词which/as可指整个主句的意思或一部分意思。As引导的定语从句既可以位于句末，也可以位于句首或句中，which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。as和which代表整个主句时，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。 典型例题 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. itB. thatC. whichD. he 答案C。此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为单独的句子，两个独立的句子不能以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park. A. thatB. whichC. asD. it 答案B。B) as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。 (2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 在上框2）中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As 的用法： 1）. the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 2）. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。 例1：As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 例2：As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 C) 有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思1、I have a sister who works in a hospital. 我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。（不只一位姐姐）2. I have a sister , who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。（只有一位姐姐）D)注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。 Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.三、 区分定语从句和同位语从句1、定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系 (1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句 (2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句 2、定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分： (1) The news he told me is true.定语 (2) The news that he has just died is true.同位 四、关系词的用法：先行词关系词备注人who可做宾语，但不能做介词宾语人Whom作宾语常可省略，在口语和非正式文体中可用who代替人或物That作宾语时常可省，不能做介词宾语物Which作宾语时可省略人或物Whose指物，它还可以同of which互换,指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替时间When=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)地点Where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)原因why=for whichasas 可以做主语，也可以作宾语，作宾语时可以省略，指人或者物。the sameas侧重于相似性the same that侧重于同一性waythat, in which 或省略time表示“次数”时用that, that可省略time表示“时间”时when或介词加whichpoint 和 situation where关系词做介词定语时指人时只可用whom指物时只可用which非限制定语从句不能用that任何关系词都不能省略当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的who, whom代表人which,whose代表物不能用why可用for which代替.；五、几点注意：注意A、关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear注意B:关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。但当介词位于末尾时可用that/which/who/whom.作介词的宾语，且可以省略。“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。不用that的情况 (a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. (b) 介词后不能用。 难点分析 六、限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 1、当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时，只用that。 (1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be done has been done. (4) There is little (that) I can do for you. 注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。 注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. 2、当先行词被序数词修饰或先行词就是序数词时； The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时或先行词就是最高级时； This is the best film that I have seen. 4、当先行词被the very, the only，the same,the last 修饰时 (1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy, (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？ 5、当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时或整个句中前面已有which时；主句有which；who；whom时； (1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6、当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? 7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语 The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago. 8.当在there be句型中，通常情况下用that，不用which9、先行词是the