专业四级写作writing--body-part.docx

主体论证段落1. 内容构成 主体的论证短多一般分为4-8句，其基本构成是：主题句（topic sentence）-论证部分（supporting sentences）-主题强调句或引申句（concluding sentence）.其中的论证部分是段落的主体，是对主题句的具体解释说明和论证。论证的方法多种多样，专四作文的常见论证方法包括：例证法、驳论论证法、引用名言/专家观点、层进式推理法。专四作文中，通常不只用一种论证方式。例如，不要全篇只使用例证这一论证方式，这样容易让文章显得索然无味，考生可综合使用2-3种论证方式，让文章读起来有理有据，以理服人。2. 常用的四种论证方法（1）例证法 E.g.1. Secondly, reality television shows may exert positive influences on viewers. Because reality TV is known to be “real”, it holds a certain quality which makes people realize certain personal qualities and flaws. For example, an obese person watching The Biggest Loser can gain the sense of realization and final determination and motivation to lose weight. In this case, it can be seen as the mirror of oneself. 这一段采用了典型的正面例证法。首先第一句就是本段的主题句reality television shows may exert positive influences on viewers, 开门见山提出作者的论据：真人秀节目能对观众产生积极影响；接着用For example引出超级减肥王让一位肥胖者获得决心、动力减肥的例子来论证真人秀节目对观众的积极意义。例证法比较符合人们的思维认识规律，是最常见的论证方法。（2）驳论论证法E.g. In my opinion, its not a good idea to deprive children of the right to enjoy term-time holidays with their parentsSecond, taking a several-day break during term time does not necessarily lead to childrens poor academic performance. On the contrary, it will be an award for children who have a good attendance record to enjoy quality time with their parents on an annual holiday. I believe children will concentrate on their study and get better educational attainments after taking the term-time holiday. 第一句是主题句，指出剥夺孩子学期中的休假权并不是一个好办法。Second后的分论点指出，在学期中休几天假并不一定会导致学生成绩下降；下一句用On the contrary 转折，指出反面情况-如果对于到课率高的学生，让其在学期中跟父母好好地度一个假，是对他们的奖励；最后一句针对反例进行分析，这些学生休假后会更专心听讲，从而取得更好的成绩。驳论论证法与例证法相似，但驳论论证主要是从反面来说，更能引起读者的思考。（3）层进式推理法E.g.3. There are many ways in which tourism brings about bad effects to the environment. One of the examples is that in order to attract tourists, large patches of woods have been eliminated to build accommodation facilities as well as artificial scenic spots. This unavoidably destroys the natural beauty of the scenic spots. Worse still, it breaks the ecological balance of these areas, resulting in the shortage of farm land, water and animals. 本段第一句提出观点-旅游业在诸多方面会给环境带来负面影响。One of the example引出第一个方面，为了吸引游客，大片的森林会被砍伐，以兴建住宿设施和人工景点；接着以Worse still 引出更深层的第二个方面，这会导致该地区的生态失衡。两个方面在推理上层层递进，逻辑紧密，论证严谨。（4）引用名人名言E.g. Secondly, travelling abroad is a character-building experience for us, especially for young people. A person who travels a lot is usually independent, tolerant and resilient. Because of the different customs and beliefs between the foreign culture and the home culture, one needs to adapt quickly to the local culture. “Do in Rome as the Romans