阅读理解专项训练--猜测词义.doc

阅读理解专项训练-猜测词义(教师版)正确判断词义已作为高考阅读能力测试的要求之一。推测词义要靠领悟能力和应变能力，它虽无固定模式可依，却有踪可寻。在阅读理解测试中，常见的考查这种技能的题型有： 1. Whatsthemeaningofin lineofparagraph.?2 The word . in line . probably means _. 3 In line ., the word . refers to _. 4 In line ., the word . could best be replaced by which of the following? 5 The word . as used in line . in this passage means _. 6 The word . as used in line . is closest in meaning to _. 7 By ., the author means _. 8. What do you think the expression “” stands for? _猜测词义,首先要根据生词在句中的位置和作用，去判断其词性，然后推断词义。猜测词义大致有以下几种方式：一、根据定义或解释说明猜测生词的词义 在含有生词的上下文中有时能找到一个对此生词所下的定义或解释说明。如可以根据be，be called, that is (to say), in other words, namely，mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等判断词猜测生词的含义。如： 1）A mosquito is a small flying pest that thrust the skin and then drink blood. 2）A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter. mosquito是“蚊子”，carpenter是“木匠”。有时，我们还可根据定语从句或同位语对其修饰的先行词的词义做出推测。例如：Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 语义学His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals. zoologist动物学家” 当看到文中的破折号冒号，分号，引号，和括号时，我们也应该留点神，因为它也可引出起解释说明作用的同位语或具有同义的短语或从句。Some organizations of United Nations prefer to take on Polyglots as their workersthose who can understand as well as speak many languages. Polyglot指的是“懂而且会说多种语言的人”。Ex.1.A calendar is a timetable of the days, weeks, months of a certain year.2.She had a lesion on her arm that would not stop bleeding.A.a piece of skin B. an injury C.a bone D.a piece of cloth B3.In summer the weather is very hot, sometimes it causes a dry period ,in other words, drought.4.He knows a famous cardiologist. A cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in heart diseases.从后一句的定义“一个专门研究心脏病的医生”可以猜出cardiologist的意思为“心脏病专家”。5.The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the south pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly, it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.企鹅6.Down from the sky came a dark funnel-like（漏斗状的）cloud. This dark cloud reached the ground all of a sudden. This terrible tornadoa wind which went round and round as fast as 500 miles an hour and picked up everything in its path, such as large trees, cars and even houses.龙卷风7.The herdsman ,who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. AA keeper of a group of animals ,esp. cattles B a butcher C a man who sell sheep D a person who looks after and kill animals8.According to a report published on the British medical magazine, The Lancet, a study of 10 German mobile phone users found that when they turned on their phones, their blood pressure goes up.(2003MET) AThis word “The lancet” is most probably_A. the name of a magazine B. the name of a personC. the name of the hospital D. the title of a medical report9.But suddenly they became the parents of quintuplets,four girls and a boy,an event which quickly changed their lives.four girls and a boy 是quintuplets 的同谓语， quintuplets意为“五胞胎”。二、根据列举的事例猜测词义 通过冒号，such as , like, for example, for instance等词可以推测词义。如：You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning. 从后面列举的例子可以猜出periodical是“期刊，杂志”的意思。三、根据对比关系猜测生词的词义 在but，while, however，despite，in spite of ,yet，otherwise，though, instead ,yet ,on the other hand, on the contrary等表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显的对比关系。根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。如： 1）Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. grubby是什么意思呢？和clean相对，便是“肮脏的”了。 2）John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things；his wife, however, is very thrifty.和wastes a lot of money相对比，thrifty就是“节俭的”意思。3）In the world, some are well off while others are poor.单词while 含有对比之意，所以well off 与poor是形成对比的， well off 的意思为 rich 。4）If you agree, say “yes”. If you dissent, say “no”.第一句肯定，第二句否定，根据yes与 no的对比，dissent就是 agree的反意词，即“不同意”。Ex.1.Although people in many countries consider raw meat a delicacy(美味), we Chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked. 生的2.Unlike his sister, who is a warm, interested person, John is apathetic to everyone and everything. 根据句义不难看出，的意思是“冷漠”。3.In the northern regions the winters are generally cold and humid, and the summers hot and dry.4.Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest. “目空一切 的，傲慢的”5.The big farms are getting bigger while the small ones are slowly dwindling. 缩小四、根据同等关系猜测词义 同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是，这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如：1） At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 2） Are people born intelligent or stupid? 你能根据同等关系猜出斜体词的意思吗？从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的full of energy，可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。从选择连词or“还是”以及与intelligent处于同等位置的stupid“愚蠢的”可以猜测intelligent是“聪明的”意思。Ex.1.Not every car, bus, jeep or other kinds of vehicle can be made in this factory.2.Mr. Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious. 很显然, “similarly” 表达了重要线索, 暗示 “loquacious” 等于“love to talk”。3.The proprietor or the owner of the store is a big man. 老板、拥有者。五、通过因果关系猜测词义 because，since, as, so，so.that与such.that等通过因果关系，依据已知部分，就能猜出生词的词义。如： 1） She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根据后边的原因，我们就可推测出trim就是“修剪”的意思。2） The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow. 根据that引导的结果状语从句，可以猜出，turbid的意思是“浑浊的”。你猜对了吗？ Ex.1.The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.“花没有水”那就意味着“花会枯死”，由此可以推断出wither的意思为“枯萎”。2.John asked the bank for a small loan so that he could repair his house.从句中的ask the bank以及 repair his house不难推断出 loan 的意义是sum of money（贷款）。3.That old man was so decrepit that he could hardly walk.我们从句中的that old man和 could hardly walk可以推断出 decrepit 意为weak（虚弱）。4.She felt miserable, for her parents both died weeks ago. 5.The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken .Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again. A A going on for a long time B that may be permittedC not very strong D in a bad condition6.That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. AA .very large B. crowed C. noisy D. good六、根据生活常识猜测词义 运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。如：1） Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects. 2）Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 句子的已知部分和我们的常识告诉我们： wings是“翅膀”；beaks是“喙”；claws是“爪子”；wither表示“枯萎”。 Ex.1. Its really cold out tonight. My hands are practically numb. 麻木的2. The snake slithered through the grass. 不稳地滑动3.The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.4.Metal contrasts as it becomes cool.金属变冷会怎么样？只要有最基本的物理知识，你就可以知道contrasts表示“缩小”。5.One of symptoms caused by the peculiar illness is a high fever.6.Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, so it is difficult to get firm hold of them. ( 鳍，滑溜，鱼鳞)。 七、根据构词法知识猜测词义 根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。如： The colors of Hawaii in summer are unforgettable. Ex.1.Our soldiers won a decisive victory in the battle.2.That country is underdeveloped and the living conditions are rather low.3.Colourful wall-paper would brighten（up）the room.4.However, most of our ideas about the futures are really very short-sighted, perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years. But the next hundred?the next thousand? (NMET2001)5. Dont listen to his nonsense. A. foolish talk; meaningless words B.beautiful words C. clever talk; meaningful words A 6. He misunderstood me. A.understood wrongly B.understood rightly C.dont understand A7. He lived a hard life in pre-liberation days. A. before liberation B.after liberation C. since liberation A 基本训练1 Archaeology is the study of the buried remains of ancient times, such as houses, pots, tools and weapons. A. 地理学 B. 生态学 C. 心理学 D. 考古学2 This strict officer is a martinet, a person who demands total obedience（服从）to rules, discipline and orders.A. 专制的人B. 软弱的人 C. 强硬的人D. 要求严格服从纪律和命令的人3 Though Mr. Smith has been general manager for just 3 months, he has already made much greater achievements than his predecessors.A. 上级 B. 前任 C. 同事 D. 下级4 The football game was getting more and more exciting, however, the old lady was still as dozy as she usually was.A. 昏昏欲睡的 B. 亢奋的 C. 欣喜若狂的 D. 麻木的5 All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because he was using the wrong key.A. 成功的 B. 徒劳的 C. 有效的 D. 匆促的6 She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading.A. 心不在焉的 B. 紧张的 C. 全神贯注的 D. 睡意浓的7 In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the terrible cold. A. 流泪 B. 乞讨 C. 呻吟 D. 颤抖8 The hot tropical weather created a feeling of lassitude and encouraged laziness. A. 兴奋 B. 厌恶 C. 清醒 D. 疲倦9To quite a great many people, money is an irresistible temptation（诱惑）. A. 不可抗拒的 B. 可抗拒的 C. 接受的 D. 不可接受的10.When everyone agrees on a decision, the decision is unanimous. A. 无效的 B. 一致通过的 C. 匿名的 D.有价值的11. A food that contains good and healthy things is nutritious. A. 有营养的 B.鼓励的 C.珍贵的 D.稀少的12. The farmer is the most important person in the movie. He is the hero. A.英雄 B.主角 C.偶像 D.象征13.Im a resolute man. Once I set up a goal, I wont give it up easily. A. frighten B. brave and careless C. firm D. angryDDBAB，CDDABABC14.(2000NMET 61)One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information.Quite the reverse,business,politics,life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Which of the following can be used in place of “Quite the reverse”? A.Quite right B.True enoughC. Most unlikely D.Just the opposite D15（2002NMET 74）A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun,according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two,aged 4 and 18 months. What does the underlined word “hassle” mean? A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests C16.Mediation is a means of maintaining peace between employers and employees. The a