2012职称英语卫生A新增2阅读+3完型.doc

卫生A级重点文章Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others咸度味感因人而异（卫生A）Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others, according to a study by Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. 宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究表明，有些人很难喜欢含盐量低的食物。The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat. 该研究指出，基因因素导致我们对咸度的不同喜好。Those conclusions are important because recent, well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others, pointed out John Hayes, assistant professor of food science, who was lead investigator on the study. 该研究负责人、食品科学副教授约翰海斯指出，这些结论非常重要，因为近期对减少食物含盐量的大力宣传使得许多人挣扎着接受合适其他人而不合适自己口味的食物。Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. 含盐最高的饮食会增加高血压和中风的风险。That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. 这就是公共健康专家和视频公司共同努力、通过可口的视频帮助消费者减少盐摄入量的原因。This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption. 该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄入的差异。The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips, on multiple occasions, spread out over weeks. 该研究包括87名经过仔细筛选的参与者，他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women, reportedly healthy, ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. 参与者包括45名男性和42名女性，身体健康，年龄在20岁到40岁之间。The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. 参与者不会主动改变自己的饮食习惯。且不吸烟。They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale, ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind. 他们通过一种常用的科学量表来区别咸度味感，分为“最轻微味感”到“最强烈味感”等级别。“Most of us like the taste of salt. 海斯说，“大部分人都喜欢盐的味道”。 However, some individuals eat more salt, both because they like the taste of saltiness more, and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,” said Hayes. “但是，有些人吃盐较多，这不仅是因为他们更喜欢咸味，也因为他们需要咸味来遮盖食物其他讨厌的味道”。 “Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do”. “口味超重的人比口味清谈的人消耗更多的盐”。 “Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more.” 零食的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜欢零食。”However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese, Hays noted. 海斯还提到，口味超重的人还需要盐来遮盖奶酪等食品中讨厌的苦味。 “ For example, cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavor from fermented milk, but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt,” he said, “A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced.”“例如，奶酪是牛奶味和发酵苦味的完美结合，而盐可以遮盖苦味。口味超重的人不喜欢低盐奶酪，因为苦味太明显了。”Hays cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blackeslee, showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. 海斯举出了化学家福克斯和遗传学家布雷克斯利75年前进行的研究，该研究表明，人们品尝特定化学制品的能力是不同的。 As a result, Hayes explained, we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists, and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color. 海斯解释说，由此我们知道每个人的味觉敏度是不同的，这一差异和头发眼睛颜色的差异一样正常。“Some people, called supertasters, describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter, while others, called nontasters, find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter,” he said. 海斯说，“口味超重的人觉得苦味混合物非常之苦，而口味清淡的人会觉得同样的苦味混合物没有味道，或稍微有些苦。 “Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness. 对苦味的反应只是确定在食物偏好方面生物差异的众多方法之一，因为口味超重的人不只是对苦味的敏感。1. In paragraph 2, John Hays points out that _在第2段中，John Hays指出 CA) it is good to health to eat food without salt. 吃没有盐的食物对健康是有益的B) many people reject low-salt food completely. 很多人完全拒绝低盐食物C) many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly. 很多人不情愿地接受低盐、无味的食物D) food with reduced salt tastes better. 少盐的食物尝起来更好吃2. The fourth paragraph describes briefly _ 第四段简要地描述了AA) how to select subjects and what to do in the research. 如何挑选接受实验者以及在研究中做什么B) how to identify supertasters and nontasters. 如何识别口味高敏感度者和低敏感度者C) why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons. 为什么把接受实验者的数量限制在87人D) why to select more male subjects than female ones. 为什么挑选的男性接受实验者多于女性3. The article argues that supertasters _ 这篇文章认为口味高敏感度者BA) like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food. 喜欢用咸味遮盖食物中的甜味B) like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor. 喜欢零食因为咸味是其主要的味道C) consume less salt because they dont like intensive tastes. 吃的盐更少因为他们不喜欢重口味D) like to share salty cheese with nontasters. 喜欢与口味敏感度低者分享奶酪4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste? 就苦味而言哪一项适用于口味敏感度高的人？CA) They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness. 他们喜欢食物中的苦味以及咸味B) They like high-salt cheese as it has intense bitter taste. 他们喜欢高盐奶酪因为它有强烈的苦味C) They prefer high-salt cheese, which tastes less bitter. 他们更喜欢高盐奶酪，高盐奶酪尝起来不太苦D) They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health. 他们喜欢高盐奶酪，因其对健康有益5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry? 最后两段话传递的主旨是什么？AA) Taste acuity is genetically determined. 口味敏感度是基因（先天）决定的B) Taste acuity is developed over time after birth. 口味敏感度是出生后（后天）培养的C) Taste acuity is related to ones eye and hair color. 口味敏感度与人的眼睛和头发颜色相关D) Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science. 口味敏感度依然是科学中的神秘课题Who Wants to Live Forever? 谁想永生？（卫生A）If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long, would you take it? 如果你的医生能给你一种药，这个药能让你健康的活两倍长的时间，你会服用吗？The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date. 好消息是我们离这一天越来越近了。Scientists have already extended the lives of flies, worms and mice in laboratories. 科学家已经在实验室中延长了苍蝇、蠕虫和老鼠的寿命。 Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. 好多人认为，采用基因疗法，我们很快就能将人类的寿命延长到至少140岁。This seems a great idea. 这似乎是一个好主意。Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams, spending time with our loved ones, watching our families grow and have families of their own. 想想我们将会延长多少时间来追逐我们的梦想、与爱的人厮守、看着我们的孩子成长并组建他们自己的家庭。“Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking,” says Dr. Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. 加州大学公共健康学院的格里戈里斯托克博士认为：“长寿能使我们有机会改正错误，亦能促使人从长计划。“It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work.” “长寿还延长了人的工作时间，从而使生产力得到提高。”Longer lives dont just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. 长寿不仅影响到寿命延长的这个人的生活，还会影响到整个社会。“We have war, poverty, all sorts of issues around, and I dont think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer,” says U.S. bioethicist Daniel Callahan. “The question is what will we get as a society? I suspect it wont be a better society.”“战争、贫困，所有这类问题都确实存在着，而我认为延长人的寿命并不能缓解这些问题，”美国的生命伦理学家丹尼尔卡拉汉如是说，“我们应该考虑的是长寿将给我们的社会带来什么？我想那将不是一个更好的社会。”It would certainly be a very different society. 当然，那将是一个非常不同的社会。People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. 如今的人们已经觉得保持一段婚姻比以往更加困难。Divorce rates are rising. 离婚率不断上升。What would to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? 如果一个社会里的人能活到140岁，那时候的婚姻将是什么样的呢？ And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time? 如果一个家庭里同时生活着九或十代人，那样的家庭生活又将是怎样的一种情景呢？Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. 对老龄化的研究有可能延长女性的育龄。 And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents, or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. 那样的话，就可能出现百岁的父母，或者年龄相差50岁的兄弟姐妹。 We think of an elder sibling as someone, who can protect us and offer help and advice. 其实我们是希望哥哥或姐姐能给与我们帮助、建议和保护。That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation. 但是如果他们属于完全不同的一代，就很难做到这些。Working life would also be affected, especially if the retirement age was lifted. 长寿也将影响到人的职业生涯，尤其是退休年龄被推后了。More people would stay in work for longer. 更多的人将工作更长的时间。That would give us the benefits of age skill, wisdom and good judgment. 这能带给我们年龄上的优势：熟练的技术、智慧以及好的判断力。On the other hand, more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. 而另一方面，更多的人工作更长的时间将会使求职的竞争更加激烈。It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. 年轻人更难找到工作。Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals, making career progress more difficult. 永远是少数的那几个人占据着高端职位，这使职业发展更加困难。And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss? 想象一下：一个25岁左右的员工在与125岁的老板沟通时将遇到怎样的困难？Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. 在一个人的寿命长达140年的社会，年轻人将是一个很小的人群。 It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people, and more on making life comfortable for the old. 因此，这样的社会很可能不会太看重对年轻人的教育和引导，反而会更重视改善老年人的生活质量。And society would feel, very different if more of its members were older. 如果一个社会绝大多数是老年人，它将给人带来很不同的感受。There would be more wisdom, but less energy. 它更有智慧，却缺乏活力。 Young people like to move about. 年轻人喜动。Old people like to sit still. 老年人喜静。Young people tend to act without thinking. 年轻人做事缺乏思考。Old people tend to think without acting. 老年人爱思考却缺乏行动。 Young people are curious and like to experience .different things. 年轻人好奇心强并渴望有不同的体验。Old people are less enthusiastic about change. 老年人对变化缺乏热情。In fact, they are less enthusiastic about everything. 事实上，他们是对所有的事情都缺乏热情。The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. “抗衰老”技术所产生的影响比我们想象的要深远。But as the science advances, we need to think about these changes now. 而随着科技的进步，我们现在就需要去考虑这些改变。“If this could ever happen, then wed better ask what kind of society we want to get,” says Daniel Callahan. “如果这个技术有一天能实现，我们最好问问自己想得到一个怎样的社会，”丹尼尔卡拉汉说。 “We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out.”“在想清楚这些问题之前，我们最好不要开始着手做这件事。”1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer might enable an individual to do? 长寿能让人有可能做的事情哪一个没有被提到？BA) Spending more time with his family.与家人共度更多的时光B) Having more education. 接受更多的教育C) Realizing more dreams. 实现更多的梦想D) Working longer. 工作时间更长2. Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph? 哪一项是第六段暗示的意思AA) Marriages in the U.S. today are quite unstable. 今日美国的婚姻非常不稳定B) More and more people in the U.S. today want to get married. 今天越来越多的美国人想要结婚C) Living longer would make it easier for people to maintain their marital ties. 长寿能让人们更容易地维持婚姻关系D) If people live longer they would stay in marriage longer. 如果人们活得更长他们结婚的时间也更长3. All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working life EXCEPT 下列是长寿对职业生涯产生的可能的影响除了BA) Communication between employers and employees would be more difficult. 在雇主和雇员之间的交流将更困难B) More money would be used by employers in payment of their employees. 雇主将花更多的钱支付给他们的雇员C) The job market would be more competitive. 就业市场将竞争得更激烈D) It would be more difficult for young people to be promoted to top positions. 年轻人将更难提拔到高层的职位4. An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is that _ 一个长寿社会的一个重要特点是CA) it places more emphasis on educating the young. 它强调教育年轻人B) it is both wise and energetic. 它既智慧又充满活力C) it lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new 它缺少实验新事物的好奇心D) it welcomes changes. 它欢迎变化5. Which of the following best describes Callahans attitude to anti-ageing technology ? 哪一项最好地描述了Callahan针对抗衰老技术的态度CA) Optimistic. 乐观的B) Pessimistic. 悲观的C) Reserved. 有所保留的D) Negative. 负面的完型填空+ 12 Dreams（新增） Everyone can dreamIndeed, everyone does dreamThose who claim that they never dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about itEven those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our sense , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and tasteOne of the worlds oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of DreamsThis volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even thenMany ancient civilizations believed that you should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken .From ancient times to the present day ,people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significanceThere are many books available on the subject of dream interpretationalthough unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books12 梦之闲话 人人都会做梦，也确实每个人睡觉都做梦。那些声称睡觉从来不做梦的人其实都有做梦，而且做梦的频次与其他人一样，只是他们从来记不住自己做的梦而已。即使是那些能清楚地意识到自己夜复一夜都在做梦的人也很少能够把那些细节都描述得淋漓尽致，能记住的也只是一些看起来毫无关联的印象与场景组成的一团混沌。梦境不仅仅是视觉的，我们做梦的时候会牵动我们的各种器官，所以我们在梦里似乎能够听到声音，能触摸到，还能嗅到气味，甚至尝到味道。 埃及的梦幻书语是目前世界上所发现的最早关于梦的文本记载。这本书大概5000年的历史，我们可以发现在那个年代，人们就已经相信梦特有的重要性。在很多古老的文明中，人们都坚信不能惊醒睡梦中的人，因为在睡梦中，人的灵魂都会离开身体，如果别惊醒，灵魂也许就不能及时回到身体里。从古到今，人们就一直试图解析梦境以及其重要性。目前市面上就有很多关于解梦的书，遗憾的是，对于同一个梦，有多少本书就会有多少种解释。+14 A Health Profile（新增） A Health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your healthTo draw your health profile，you will need to know what diseases run in your family，what health hazards you may be exposed to at work,ow your daily diet compares to the recommended standards，how nluch time per week you spend exercising and what type of exercise you engage in ,how stressful your work and family environments are，what kinds of illnesses you get regularly,and whether or not you have any one of a number of addictions. To complete this portrait,you should have a checkup to determine how your blood，heart， and lungs are functioning.This checkup will serve as a baseline,to which you can then compare later testsOnce this profile is thoroughly drawn，you can begin to think about setting health priorities based on your particular portraitFor example，if you drink two martinis every evening,have a high-stress job ,are overweight，smoke a pack of cigarettes a day,and use marijuana occasionally on weekends， you should quit smoking first，followed by losing the excess weight，reducing the stress of your job，giving up your marihuana habit，and then finally giveing some thought to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer，and then heart disease Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life,who is in excellent healtha good look at all health habits and at work and home environments may suggest changes that will benefit him in the future14 健康概貌健康概貌是对所有影响健康的因素的一个概述。要描述健康概貌，你要知道有过怎样的家庭病史，在工作时你可能面临什么不利健康的因素，你每日的饮食和推荐的标准相比之下如何，一个星期当中有多少时间锻炼，有什么样的锻炼活动，你的工作和家庭环境给你造成的压力有多大，你经常得什么样的病，有何不良嗜好。为把这一切描述清楚，你应该进行一次体检，以确定你的血液、心脏、肺功能是否正常。吧这个检测作为一个基点，将以后的检查结果和它做比较。一旦有了这样一个完整的描述，你可以开始考虑根据这个健康概论确立优先要做的事情。比如，如果你每天喝两杯马提尼，工作压力很大，过度肥胖，每天抽一包烟，周末偶尔食用大麻，你首先应该停止抽烟，然后减去多余的体重，减轻工作的压力，戒掉吸食大麻的习惯，最后如果你像首先预防癌症，其次预防心脏病的话，那么就该想想马提尼该不该喝。即使对于那些从来没得过过病的年轻上班族来说，他们身体很好，但认真看看自己工作和家庭生活中的全部健康习惯，做出一些调查会使其在未来受益。+15Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years （新增） A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these ages are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often high infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk. In the developed world these diseases are far lessdead