lesson 1-—初一上期.doc

课堂复习：初一英语语法- 代词代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的词。代词可分以下九类： 1. 人称代词 主格（在句中作主语）有： I , you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格（在句中作宾语）有：me, you, him, her, it, us, you , them 2. 物主代词 形容词性的物主代词（作定语）有：my, your, his , her, its, our, your ,their 名词性的物主代词（作主语、表语，宾语）有：mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs 3. 反身代词（自身代词）有 myself, herself, themselves等。 4. 相互代词有：each other, one another 5. 提示代词有：this , that , these , those , those 6. 疑问代词（用来引导特殊疑问句）有 who, what, whose 等。 7. 关系代词（用来引导定语从句）有which, that, who 等。 8. 连接代词（用来引导名词性从句）有：what, who, whose等。 9. 不定代词 有:all, each, both, either, neither, one, any 等。 10. 不定代词 指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。下面列出部分不定代词的用法比较： 1.both和all ： both 指两者，all 指三者以上。 Both of the answers are right.两个答案都对。 All the answers are correct. 所有的答案都对。 2.every和each： every指至少三个，强调共性，each 可指小到两个，强调个体。 Every room is clean and tidy. 每一个房间都很整洁。 Each student may try twice. 每个学生可以试两次。 3.either 和neither 都是谈两个人或物： Either of the answers is right. 两个答案都对。（either指两者当中任意一个）Neither of the answers is right.两个答案都不对。（neither指两者都不是） 4. some 和any some 一般用于肯定句中，而any用于疑问句、否定句或条件句中： Are there any stamps in the drawer? 抽屉里有邮票吗？ Yes, there are some. 是的，有一些。 注意，当某些疑问句表示请求、建议等肯定意义时，用some不用any: Would you like some tea? 想喝点茶吗？ 5. no one 和none : no one 仅指人，none 可指人或物。 No one failed in the examination. 考试没有人不及格。 None of the students failed in the examination. 没有一个学生考试不及格。 -Have you any string? 你有绳子吗？ -No, I have none.没有。 课堂练习：代词的练习 一.填空 1. This bike is my sisters. It belongs to _ (她的)。 2. This isnt my book. _(我的) is in the bag. 3. They quarrelled among _（他们）. 4. You and I understand _(彼此) perfectly. 5. If there are _（一些） new magazines in the library, take some for me. 二单项选择 1. _ writer is better know in China, Charles Dickens or Mark Twain? A. Which B. What C. Either D. Whether 2. They were all very tired, but _ of them would stop to have a rest. A. any B. some C. none D. neither 3. Kate and her sister went on holiday with a cousin of _. A. their B. theirs C. them D. themselves 4. -Is _ here? - No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave. A. anybody B. Somebody C. everybody D. nobody 5. We couldnt eat in a restaurant because _ of us had _ money on us. A. all; no B. any; no C. none; any C. no one ; any 【参考答案】 一填空：1.her 2.mine 3.themselves 4. each other 5. any 二单项选择：1.A 2.C 3. B 4. C 5.C 英语语法- 名词专有名词与普通名词名词按其意义可分为专有名词(proper noun)和普通名词(common noun)。普通名词又可分为类名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。 1. 专有名词：是个别人、地以及专门机构或团体的名称。如：New York纽约 Clinton克林顿 2. 类名词：是一类人或物的个体的名称。 如：piano钢琴，doctor医生，ship舰船 3. 集体名词：是一些人或物的总称，作主语时可用复形谓语动词。 如：family家庭，army军队 4. 物质名词： 是无法分为个体的实物。 如：sugar糖，tea茶，air空气 5. 抽象名词： 是动作、状态、品质等抽象概念的名称。 如：work工作，honesty诚实，courage勇气 注：名词按其可数性分为可数名词(countable nouns)和不可数名词(uncountable nouns)。类名词皆可数，集体名词大都可数，专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词多不可数。 名词的复数形式 1. 规则变化： 1）一般加-s 如：map-maps地图 field-fields田地 2）以s, x, sh, ch 结尾的名词后加-es如：class-classes班，box-boxes盒子 dish-dishes盘子， match-matches比赛 3）以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,变为-ves 如：leaf-leaves叶 thief-thieves贼 （注：下列词例外 ：roofs屋顶，gulfs海湾, belief信仰，信条） 4）以辅音字母 + y 结尾，变y为i，再加-es 如：party-parties党 factory-factories工厂 （注：元音字母+y 结尾直接加-s： boys男孩 rays光线） 5）以辅音字母 + o 结尾，一般加-es 如：potato-potatoes 马铃薯 hero-heroes 英雄 （注：某些外来词 以及以元音字母+o结尾的名词，直接加-s: pianos钢琴，photos照片，kilos公斤；radios收音机 2. 不规则变化 1）变内部元音。 如： foot-feet脚 man-men 男人 tooth-teeth 牙齿 mouse-mice老鼠 2）词尾加 -en 如： child-children小孩 ox-oxen公牛 3）形式不变(即单复数一致) 如： deer-deer 鹿 fish-fish 鱼 sheep-sheep羊 复合名词的复数形式 由一个简单名词加一个或一个以上的词构成的名词叫复合名词（compound noun）。复合名词变复数时，有以下三种情况： 1. 把最后一个构成部分变为复数形式，如： housewife housewives家庭主妇 film-goer film-goers爱看电影的人 gentleman gentlemen先生 schoolroom schoolrooms教室 2. 将主要成分变为复数形式，如： looker-on lookers-on旁观者 sister-in-law sisters-in-law嫂子；弟媳 passer-by passers-by过路人 bride-to-be brides-to-be即将做新娘的人 3. 将两个组成部分皆变为复数，这种复合名词第一个名词必须是man或woman,如： man doctor men doctors男医生 woman teacher women teachers女教师 man cook men cooks男厨师 woman singer women singers女歌手 名词所有格 1. 名词所有格的用法 所有格 s 或 s 形式主要用于人或一些动物的名称，表示所有或修饰的关系。 如： Johns father 约翰的父亲， spiders web 蜘蛛网 2. 名词所有格的构成 1）一般直接加 ， 如： this childs book这个小孩的书, childrens books儿童书籍 2）加了-s 或-es 的复数名词后，只加 ， 如， girls skirts 女孩子们的裙，the soldiers horses 士兵们的马 3）以s结尾的单数名词或人名，可用以上两种写法的所有格， 如： the actress son 或 the actresss son 女演员的儿子 Jamess works 或 James works詹姆斯的作品 3. 事物的所有格 事物的的所有格常用of 表示，如， the shade of a tree树阴, the top/bottom/side/inside/outside of a box.箱的顶部/底部/里面/外面 （注：一些复合名词不需of, 如：a table leg桌腿, the water supply水的供应，a tea cup 茶杯） 4. 部分无生命词用s或s表示所有格 无生命的东西在下列情况可用s或s所有格： 1.） 表示时间，如： todays newspaper今天的报纸, two days work 两天的工作 2.）表示度量衡及价值 a miles distance 一英里的距离，ten dollars value 10美元的价值 3.）表示自然现象 the moons rays月光 the earths atmosphere地球的大气层 4.） 表示国家城市等实体，如： the citys parks 城市的公园， the countrys tax system 国家 5. 双重所有格 of + -s 结构叫双重所有格(double genitive),如： a friend of my mothers我父亲的一个朋友, a play of Shakespeares莎士比亚的戏剧.名词的语法功能 名词在句子中可以用作： 1. 主语 The boy opened the door. 那个男孩把门打开了。 2. 宾语 分为动宾和介宾两种： I saw the boy .我看到那个男孩。（boy 作动词saw的宾语） Give the money to your brother. 把这些钱给你兄弟。(brother 作介词to的宾语) 3. 表语 He is a clever boy. 他是个聪明的孩子。 4. 宾语补足语 They called him a fool. 他们叫他傻瓜。 5. 定语 Is it a colour film? 是彩色影片吗？ 6. 同位语 This is my friend John. 7. 主语补足语 He is considered a good officer. 他被认为是个好官员。8. 名词的练习 1. 写出下列名词的复数： tooth牙齿）, goose(鹅), table(桌子), man driver(男司机)，potato(土豆) piano(钢琴), sheep(羊), mouse (鼠) , loaf(面包), glass(玻璃杯) 2. 找出下列句子中的错误并改正： 1） This is a pair of trouser.这是一条裤子。 2） He gave me some advices. 他给了我一些忠告。 3） She went to the library with two ladies friends.她和两位女伴一起去图书馆。 4） The police is looking for him. 警察在找他。 参考答案： 1. teeth, geese, tables, men drivers, potatoes, pianos, sheep, mice ,loaves, glasses. 2. 1)trouser 不对。trousers 总是复数 2)advises 不对。advice 是一个不可数名词，不能加-s. 3) 应是lady friends. lady 和woman不同，它的复合名词变复数时，只变它后面的名词。 4) police 总是复数，因此要把 is 改为are. 英语语法- 冠词1. 冠词用于习语中 英语冠词在不少习语(idioms)中属于固定说法，需要靠平时多记，下面只是列出其中一部分供大家参考： 1. 用不定冠词的习语： all of a sudden 突然，as a rule 通常，as a matter of fact 事实上， to have a cold 感冒了，to have a rest 休息一会儿, in a hurry 匆忙 2. 用定冠词的习语： in the morning(afternoon,evening) 上午（下午，晚上），in the middle of.在.之中 to put the cart before the horse 本末倒置， to break the ice 打破沉默， to tell the truth说真话, to go to the doctors 看病，to go to the cinema 看电影 3. 不用冠词的习语 at noon ( night,dawn,midnight ) 中午（夜晚，黎明，午夜），go to school上学， leave school 毕业，to play volleyball 打排球，in town 在城里， in bed 躺在床上, in hospital住院， catch fire 着火， lose heart失去信心， take place 发生， at home在家， in fact 事实上， by chance偶然， by heart通过记忆， in time 及时， out of date 过时， take part in参加 , have supper 吃晚饭 课堂练习： 冠词的练习 Choose the best answer （选择最佳答案）: 1. There is _ house in the picture. There is _old woman near_house.A. an; a; the B. a; an ; the C. the ; a; an D. a; the; an 2. He has already worked for _ hour. A. the B. an C. a D. 不填 3. Alice is fond of playing _ piano. A. the B. an C. a D. 不填 4. Beyond _ stars, the astronaut saw nothing but _space.A. 不填；the B. the ; the C. 不填，不填 D. the; 不填 5. _ terrible weather weve been having these days! A. How a B. What a C. How D. What 6.- Where is Jack? - I think he is still in _ bed, but he might just be in _bathroom. A. 不填；不填 B. the; the C. the;不填 D. 不填; the 7.When do you have _breakfast every day? A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 8. Many people are still in _ habit of writing silly things in _public places. A. the ; 不填 B. 不填 ; the C. the ; the D. 不填; 不填 参考答案： 1. B 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. D 6.D 7. D 8. A 英语语法 -的字的几种译法同是一个的字，译成英语时，却往往有不同的译法。请看下面的字的十种译法： 1.魏芳的书包 Wei Fangs school bag 2.我的一位朋友 a friend of mine 3.一本关于无线电的书 a book on radio 4.我房间的钥匙 the key to my room 5.一场篮球赛的票 tickets for a basketball match 6.一位穿白色上衣的妇女 a woman in white coat 7.戴眼镜的学生们 students with glasses 8.一封用英文写的信 a letter written in English 9.要做的一些练习 some exercises to do 10.通向火车站的路 a road to the station课后练习：仁爱版英语初一上学期摸底测试一、用所给词的适当形式或按要求填空。（20%）1. What can you （用sea的同音词）in the room?2. He always （do） his homework at home.3. There are six （family）in the street.4. It usually takes fifteen m to go to school.5. She often （wear）red clothes.6. Listen, she （teach）us an English song.7. Mrs. Green （be）our English teacher.8. Li Lan and Li Fan are g , and they are t .Theyre in the same c .9. -Could you do me a f , David. -Sure. What is it?10. Jane and I are English girls. Were from E .二、句型转换。（10%）1.Thats a pencil-box.（改为复数） . 2. These are English books. （改为单数） .3. This is a map.（划线提问） ?4. Their bags are here. （划线提问） ?5. They are at school. （改为一般疑问句） ?三、单项选择。（70%）1.介绍他人时，我们这样说：A. He is my friend, Mary.B. This is my friend, Mary.C. That is my friend, Mary.2. -Is that his desk?- Yes, .A. that is B. it is C. this is D. its3. class are you in? Im in Class 4.A. Where B.Who C. Whose D. Which4. Jack, Mike and I in the same class.A. are B. is C. am D. be5. your friend in Class1 in Class2?A. Is, and B. Is, or C. Are, an D. Are, or6. My favorite pet is a .A. cat B. ball C. watch D. book7. My younger sister have a radio.A. doesnt B. isnt C. dont D. not8. - ? -Its a cake.A. Is it a cake B. Is this a cake C. Whats this D. Is that a cake9. ,do you know the way to the bus station?A. Sorry B. Excuse me C. Hi D. Hello10.-Does he have a soccer ball? - . A. Yes, he do. B. No, he does.C. No, he doesnt. D. Yes, he doesnt.11. He usually goes to school bus, but his sister goes to work foot.A. by, on B. on, by C. take, at D. in, on12. Its book.A. Bob B. Bobs C. Bobs D. Bobs13. Who are those ?A. mans B. womens C. men D. woman14. He would like some bread.A. to eat B. to drink C.have D. eat15. your father a desk?A. Do, haveB. Does, has C. Does, haveD. Do, has16. - your English tescher very old?-Yes, .A. Is, she is B. Are, shes C. Is, shes D. Is, isnt17. -The picture is very good.- .A. Not at all B. Ok C. Thats Ok D. Thanks18. I want bread and coke.A. a pieces of, a tin of B.two pieces of, a tin ofC. two piece of, a tins of D.a piece of, two tin of19. Its seven oclock in the morning. Its time .A. go to school B. going to schoolB. to go school D. to go to school20. The girls are playing volleyball. Let s them.A. go and join B. go with C. go and look D. go and have21. We a English test. Are you ready for it?A. had B. are havingC. are going to have D.are have22. Do you know the name your bird?A. in B. on C. of D.with23. Mike, come ,please!A. there B. to here C. to there D. here24. Mike and Lily like in summer.A. swims B. swim C. swiming D. to swim25. The kite a bird.A. looks like B. look like C. look at D. likes26.-What is Jim doing?-He basketball.A. is playing B. play C. plays D. playing27. They are at school. They are not .A. at home B. home C. in home D. on home28.-Shall we a volleyball match?-All right.A. have B. play C. having D. go 29.Alice and Susan a chess match now.A. have B. is having C. are having D. has30. -You play football very well.- .A.