英语四级考试语法结构与词汇

英语四级考试语法结构与词汇应试策略,一、大纲要求,最新大学英语教学大纲（1999）对四级语法要求是：“巩固和加深基本语法知识，提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。” 大纲对四级词汇的要求是：“领会式掌握4200单词（其中复用式 掌握的单词为2500），以及由这些词构成的常用词组1600条（中学所 掌握的词和词组均包括在内），并且有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。”,二、四级语法结构与词汇考查内容,四级考试对语法词汇的考查与大纲要求是十分一致的。综观近年来的四级考试题，我们不难发现四级考试语法词汇部分是这样体现大纲的。,1语法考题的涉及面宽,近年考题曾经考到：几乎所有词类，三种动词的非谓语形式，名词从句，形容词从句，副词从句，独立主格，一致，倒装，强调等基本语法知识。,2语法考试的重点突出,语法考试的重点为内容庞杂较难掌握的项目，这些项目还反复出现如：虚拟语气，状语从句，定语从句，独立主格，情态动词。,3具体考查重点为以上项目中的特殊用法，不常用的情况,1）虚拟语气的考点为：would ratherthat从句一般过去时： It is vitalnecessaryimportanturgentimperative desirableadvisablenaturalessentialthat动词原形； It is timeabout timehigh timethat一般过去时：proposal suggestionthat动词原形；lestthatshould动词原形； if onlythatwould动词原形。,2）状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用 at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if；由 even ifso，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句；just hardlywhen引导的时间状语从句；more than，asas，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。,3）独立主格结构多以逻辑主语分词的形式出现。4）情态动词多与完成时形式连用。5）定语从句重点考查介词关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。,4词汇的考查重点为,1）动词，名词与介词的搭配如：popularpatientwith； yieldsolutionadapttransferaccessto；accuse requireof；chargefor；underdiscussion等等。 2）习惯用法如：confess toset aboutbe used todoing； be supposed tohavemake sbdo等。,3）由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set，break等构成的短语。4）单个的动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词的形式出现。 5）介词短语在句中作状语如：in terms of；with the exception of；in vain等，另外还应注意rather than，other than，such as，nonenothingbut等词在考题中的出现。,5近年来考题中的新趋势为：若干考点混合出现：一些交际用语也时常出现在考题中,三、复习思路,1全面掌握基本语法点，重点记住各个项目中的“偏、特、难”点 2掌握常用习惯用法和词组 3注意在阅读中培养语感，因为在语篇层次上培养的语感往往可以直接帮助答题 4研究以往考试试题，适当做些练习记住典型题例,四、词汇题答题技巧,由于大纲强调要在语篇层次上解决语法与词汇问题，所以四级考试的这部分试题也很少是单个的句子，大多为并列句或复合句，因此我们也应学会根据语篇知识来掌握答题技巧，尤其是要注意句子之间的解释、对比、转折、因果等关系。,1利用动词词组中的介词或副词确定正确选项,命题人员想考查考生是否掌握了某一动词词组的用法，在设计四个选项时，有时会让一个动词出现在四个选项中，只是后边的介词或副词不一样。在做这一类题时，如果我们认识某一词组，根据自己的判断毫不犹豫地选择你认为是正确的选项。如果不认识或拿不准词组的意义，我们可以根据上下文以及动词后边的介词或副词进行推导。,1）Having decided to rent a flat，wecontacting all the accommodation agencies in the city。（1998年1月CET4） A） set aboutB）set downC）set out D）set up,2）When he realized the police had spotted him，the manthe exit as quickly as possible（1991年1月CET4） A） made offB）made forC）made outD）made up,2利用动词词组中的动词确定选项,有些题的四个选项中的介词或副词一样，而动词不同，这时我们就可以利用动词的区别来确定正确选项，如下例：If youthe bottle and cigarettes，youll be much healthier（1997年1月CET6） A） take offB）keep offC）get offD）set off,3释义参照型近义词 由于句子之间语义的关联，句中一部分有时对另一部分构成解释关系，我们可以根据已经明示的部分来确定选项。,1）The medicine is on sale everywhereYou can get it atchemists（1997年6月CET4） A） eachB）someC）certainD）any 2）The manager spoke highly of suchas loyalty，courage and truthfulness shown by his employees（1998年1月CET4） A）virtuesB）features C）propertiesD）characteristics,4因果参照型近义词这是指在一句或两句话中，要么通过“因”推出“果”，要么通过“果”推出“因”。这是利用语法关系去确定选项，如下列例句。,1)Someoldpeopledontlikepopsongsbecausetheycant_ somuchnoise（1997年1月CET4） A) resist B) sustain C) tolerate D)undergo2)Asaresultofcarelesswashing，thejackettoachildssize（1998年1月CET4） A) compressed B) shrank C) dropped D)decreased3)Sincethematterwasextremely，wedealtwithitimmediately（1998年1月CET4） A）tough B）tense C）urgent D）instant,5转折或反义与对比参照型,这种类型题有的是通过转折词或反义词、或对比词来确定选项，有的是通过句中词来确定选项中的转折词。,1) Eventhoughhewasguilty, the _judgedidnotsendhimtoprison （1997年1月CET6） A）merciful B）impartial C）conscientious D）conspicuous2)_theirdifferences, thecoupleweredevelopinganobviousandgenuineaffectionforeachother（1998年1月CET4） A）Butfor B）Forall C）Aboveall D）Exceptfor,3)Thesegoodsale _forexport, thoughafewofthemmaybesoldonthehomemarket（1998年6月CET4） A）essentially B）completely C）necessarily D）remarkably4)Mr.Morgancanbeverysad _thoughinpublicheisextremelycheerful（1997年1月CET4） A）byhimself B）inperson C）inprivate D）asindividual,6反义对比参照型近义词,这里指的是利用句子主干中的某词或短语，再加上四个近义词选项的区别来确定正确选项。,1）Competition，theybelieve，thenationalcharacterthancorruptit（1997年1月CET6） A）enforcesB）confirms C）intensifiesD）strengthens2）Ithinkshehurtmyfeelingsratherthanbyaccidentassheclaimed（1997年1月CET6）A）virtually B）deliberately C）literally D）appropriately3）Asanexcellentshooter，Peterpracticedaimingatbothtargetsandmovingtargets（1997年6月CET6） A）standing B）stationary C）still D）stable,7语意环境参照型,1)Thepresidentmadea_speechattheopeningceremonyofthesportsmeeting, whichencouragedthesportsmengreatly（1997年1月CET4） A）vigorous B）tedious C）flatD）harsh2)However,attimesthisbalanceinnatureis_resultingin a number ofpossiblyunforeseeneffects（1998年6月CET4）A）troubled B）disturbed C）confusedD）puzzled,8根据词的同现确定正确选择项,同现即同一组词总会出现在同一个语义场中。考试题中出现的同 现现象主要是动词与名词的同现、形容词与名词的同现、名词与名词的同现。,1）The government is trying to go something to better understanding between the two countries（1997年6月 CET4）A） raiseB）promoteC）heightenD）increase2）John Dewey believed that education should be a preparation for life，that a person learns by doing，and that teaching mustthe curiosity and creativity of children（1998年6月CET4）A） seekB）stimulateC）shapeD）secure3）Remember that customers dontabout prices in that city（1991年1月CET4）A） debateB）consultC）disputeD）bargain,CET4试题中词汇与结构部分的命题规律,大学英语词汇与结构部分中，词汇题是测试考生对大纲词汇和短语的词义、用法、搭配关系的掌握与运用能力；结构题涉及中学，但主要是大学英语学习阶段必须掌握的语法知识和句子结构。其中，对不定代词、形容词、副词惯用法、动词时态、非谓语动词、常用句型、从句、虚拟语气，以及倒装结构等的测试较为集中。这部分试题是从句子的水平上测试考生对词汇、结构的掌握情况，体现英语词汇与结构在句子水平上的运用。这就要求考生在平时学习英语词汇与句子结构时，除了背词汇表熟记语法规则以外，更要在句子的水平上和语篇的水平上，也就是说在语境(normal situations)中学习掌握词汇的词义与用法，掌握语法规则的实际使用。这是能通过这一部分测试的根本保证。,同时，综览历年大学英语四级考试全真题，我们也发现词汇与结构部分的命题倾向性十分明显，其中有一些规律性的出题倾向和出题重点。如果考生有一定的英语词汇与结构基础，再了解试题的命题规律，就十分有可能在这一部分中获得高分。现将这一部分的命题规律评析如下。,1词汇题,规律1：大学英语教学大纲要求考生在基础阶段掌握领会式单词4200个(其中复用式单词为2500个)，以及由这些词构成的常用词组。大学英语四级考试一般不考学生进大学时已掌握的词义与用法，而考大学英语学习阶段扩大掌握的词义与用法，有的词甚至在历年试题中重复出现。例如：,1. 1) (CET-4 1996.1) I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave _ something occurred which attracted my attention. A) unless B) until C) when D) while 2) (CET 4 1997.6) I had just started back for the house to change my clothes _ I heard voices. A) as B) when C) after D) while3） (CET-4 2001.1 ) I was halfway back to the college where my mother lived _Susan caught up with me.A) when B) while C) until D) though,2. 1 ) (CET-4 1997.1) Theres a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble. A) making B) to make C) to have made D) having made 2) (CET-4 2001.1) I didnt _ to make a taxi but I had to as I was late.A) assume B) suppose C) mean D) hope,3. 1) (CET-4 1999.6) His remarks left me _ about his real purpose. A) wonder B) wondering C) wondered D) to wonder2) (CET-4 2001.1 ) Operations which left patients _ and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.A) exhausted B) abandoned C) injured D) deserted,规律2：复用式词汇常考同一个词的不同用法和不同意思。这就要求考生在平时学习中注意一词多义和一词多用现象。例如：,1. 1 ) (CET-4 1997.6) Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full_. A) capacity B) strength C) length I) possibility 2) (CET-4 2002.1 ) Mobile telecommunications _ is expected to double in Shanghai this year as a result of a contract signed between the two companies.A) capacity B) potential C) possession D) impact,2. 1 ) (CET-4 1998.1 ) People appreciate _ with him because he has a good sense of humor. A) to work B) to have worked C) working D) having worked 2） (CET-4 1999.6) Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply _A) appealed B) appreciated C) applied D) approved,3. 1) (CET-4 1999.1) Remember that customers dont _ about prices in that city. A) debate B) consult C) dispute D) bargain 2）(CET-4 1999.6) Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful _ in the market.barrels B) batteries C) baskets D) bargains,4.1) (CET-4 1997.1) Convenience foods which are already prepared for cooking are _in grocery stores. A) ready B) approachable C) probable D) available2) (CET-4 1997.6) In general, the amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total _ for living expenses.A) acceptable B) available C) advisable D) applicable,5. 1 ) (CET-4 1998.6) Over a third of the population was estimated to have no _ to the health service. A) assessment B) assignment C) exception D) access 2) (CET-4 2002.1) There is no _ to the house from the main road. A) access B) avenue C) exposure D) edge,6. 1) (CET-4 1996.1) This ticket _ you to a free meal in our new restaurant. A) gives B) grants C) entitles D) credits2) (CET-4 2001.6) A season ticket _ the holder to make as many journeys as he wishes within the stated period of time.A) grants B) promises C) entitles D) presents,7. 1) (CET-4 2000.6) Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _ at the next town. A) to stop B) stopping C) stop D) having stopped2) (CET-4 2002.1) The article suggests that when a person _under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet. A) is B) were C) be D) was,8. 1 ) (CET-4 1996.6) Features such as height, weight, and skin color _ from individual to individual and from face to face. A) change B) vary C) alter D) convert2) (CET-4 2000.1) The hopes, goals, fears and desires _ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor.A) alter B) shift C) transfer D) vary,规律3：最近几年，词汇与结构部分的出题倾向在发生变化，词汇题的比例在逐年增加，而且，有一部分题目考的是词的习惯搭配，以及不同语境中词的用法。对付这类考题，并非光背单词、凑词义所能奏效的，考生一定要在平时对英语中的习惯用法和自然搭配加以留意，加强记忆，熟练掌握，才能在考试时做到有的放矢，正确选择。,1 ) (CET-4 1997.1) _ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles. A) Believe B) To believe C) Believing D) Believed 2） (CET-4 1999. 1) In a time of social reform, peoples state of mind tends to keep_ with the rapid changes of society. A) step B) progress C) pace D) touch,3) (CET-4 1999.6) In previous times, when fresh meat was in short _, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food. A) store B) reserve C) supply D) provision4) (CET-4 2000.1 ) Niagara Falls is a great tourist _ drawing millions of visitors every year. A) attention B) attraction C) appointment D) arrangement,5) (CET-4 2001.1) All the key words in the article are printed in _ type so as to attract readers attention. A) dark B) dense C) black D) bold 6) (CET-4 2001.6) According to the American federal government, residents of Hawaii have the longest life _ : 77.2 years. A) scope B) rank C) span D) scale,7) (CET-4 2001.6) Petrol is refined from the _ oil we take out of the ground. A) fresh B) original C) rude D) crude 8) (CET-4 2002, 1) Eye contact is important because wrong contact may create a communication_. A) tragedy B) vacuum C) question D) barrier,9) (CET-4 2002.1) Reading _ the lines, I would say that the Government are more worried than they will admit. A) behind B) between C) along D) among10) (CET4 2002.6) The neighborhood boys like to play basketball on that _ lot. A) valid B) vain C) vacant D) vague,11) (CET-4 2002.6) This research has attracted wide _ coverage and has featured on BBC televisions Tomorrow s World. A) message B) information C) media D) data,规律4：有些词汇题考的是某个词的词义或用法，有时两者兼有之。无论是考词义还是考用法，一般都能在考题的上下文找到与选择项有关联的标志。例如：,1) (CET-4 1996.1) Although I liked the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the beautiful _through the windows.A) vision B) look C) picture D) view2) (CET4 1998.6) A peculiarly pointed chin is his most memorable facial _. A) mark B) feature C) trace D) appearance,3) (CET-4 1998.1) A _ to the problem is expected to be found before long. A) result B) response C) settlement D) solution4) (CET-4 1997 6) The soldier was _ of running away when the enemy attacked. A) scolded B) charged C) accused D) punished,5) (CET-4 1998.6) However, at times this balance in nature is _, resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects. A) troubled B) disturbed C) confused D) puzzled 6) (CET-4 1999.6) The price of beer _ from 50 cents to $4 per liter during the summer season. A) ranged B) differed C) altered D) separated,7) (CET-4 2001.6) Our hopes _ and fell in the same instant. A) aroused B) arose C) raised D)rose 8) (CET-4 2002 1 ) The ships generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated _ instead of mechanically. A) manually B) artificially C) automatically D) synthetically,9) (CET-4 2001.6) Only a selected number of landladies in the neighborhood have been allowed by the university to take in _. A) residents B) inhabitants C) lodgers D) settles 10) (CET-4 2002.6) I would never have _ a court of law if I hadnt been so desperate. A) sought for B) account for C) turned up D) resorted to,1l) (CET-4 2002.6) You would be _ _ a risk to let your child go to school by himself.omitting B) attaching C) affording D) running12) (CET-4 2002. 1 ) None of us expected the chairman to _at the party. We thought he was still in hospital.turn in B) turn over C) turn up D) turn down,13) (CET-4 1997. 1) Mr. Morgan can be very sad _, though in public he is extremely cheerful. A) by himself B) in person C) in private D) as individual 14) (CET-4 1998.6) These goods are _ for export, though a few of them may be sold on the home market. A) essentially B) completely C) necessarily D) remarkably,15) (CET-4 2002.1) My brothers plans are very _; he wants to master English, French and Spanish he is sixteen. A) arbitrary B) aggressive C) ambitious D) abundant,形似异义词：(同前缀， 同后缀近形异义词),英语的近形异义词是指一些拼写、读音或词形结构上有相似之处，但是意义不同的词，主要为同前缀词、同后缀词、同根词等几种意义容易混淆的同类词。这些类别词在真题中数量虽不多，但是极易造成记忆混淆，要在平时多注意这类词汇的构成，有意识地在特定的语境中反复操练，加强记忆。,同义词与近义词,英语中同义词分为绝对和相对同义词两种，但是绝大部分都是相对同义词。他们有着共同的基本意义，却存在这样那样的细微区别。同义词或近义词题型以考查词汇内涵辨别和词汇搭配辨别为主。考试题型主要为：1.名词同义词辨别；2.名词为中心短语(eg. In previous times, when fresh meat was in short _, pigeons were kept by many households as a source of food. a. store b. reserve c. supply d. provision)；3. 动词同义词辨别；4. 动词中心短语(eg. The solider was _ of running away when the enemy attacked. a. scolded b. charged c. accused d. punished)；5. 形容词同义辨别；6. 副词同义辨别。,习惯搭配,在英语中，有些单词为了表达一定的意义，需要和其他的词搭配使用。同一个单词与10个不同的词搭配，将构成不同的意思，如：take on, take up, take to, take off, take in等。这些都是习惯搭配而形成的短语或词组。根据词性的不同，英语中的习惯搭配主要有四种：动词与介词或副词搭配；名词与介词搭配；形容词与介词搭配；名词与形容词搭配。,动词短语,动词与介词或副词的搭配 与介词构成搭配的动词通常都是不及物动词，如：look at, look for等。这种搭配的宾语可以是名词或代词，但宾语的位置只能在介词后，如：look at Tom, look for you等。与副词构成搭配的动词通常可以是及物动词，如：make up, calm down等。这种搭配的宾语可以是名词或代词，但宾语是名词时，其位置可以在动词与副词之间，也可以在副词之后，如：calm that girl down, calm down that girl等。当宾语是代词时，其位置只能在动词与介词之间，如：calm her down等,介词短语,介词短语(介词与名词的搭配)此类搭配分两种：介词接名词和名词接介词，如：the key to the question; in degree 等。,介词短语归纳,To:To the best of ones ability尽自己最大的努力，to advantage有利的, to the core十足的，to sbs credit 在（某人）名下，（某人）值得赞扬, to a/the day一天不差, to death极，非常, to some degree, to a certain extent, to ones hearts content, to ones knowledge, to the point切题,In:,In abstract抽象地，在理论上, in abundance充足，in accord with与一致, in the act of正做。的过程中, in addition to, in advance, in the air 流传中，in answer to, in the balance在危急状态中，in black and white白纸黑字,in cold blood残忍地，in (full) blossom, in brief, in bulk大量，大批, in business, in charge of, in check受抑/控制的, in chorus一齐，共同, in collaboration with 与合作/勾结, in common, in comparison with, in concert一齐，一致, in confidence私下地，秘密地, in conjunction with 与共同, in connection with 与有关, in (all/good) conscience凭良心，,in consequence (of)因此，由于, in consideration of, in contrast to/with, in control of , in the course of, in due course在今后适当的时候, in debt, 因缺少, in demand, in detail, in disguise, in dispute, in the distance, in doubt, in effect实际上，in essence实质上，in any event不管怎样，无论如何, in the event of万一，倘若 , in excess of, in the extreme, in the face of , in favor of, in force大量，有效, in full全部地, in general, in hand（工作等）在进行中，在控制中, in harmony with, in honor of, in that因为, in the interest of为了。的利益, in/by leaps and bounds极其迅速地, in the light of , in the main大体上，in part, in particular, in person, in /at a pinch在紧急关头,in place of, in print, in private, in all probability十有八九, in proportion to, in public, in question正在谈论的, in the red欠债，亏损, in relation to, in response to, in return for, in ones own right凭自身的权利（或能力、资格等）, in the right, in the long run, in the short run, in the saddle在职，掌权, in search of, in season, in secret, in a sense, in short, in spite of, in store, in strength大量地，in sum, in summary, in full swing 在全力进行中，in terms of, in no time, in total, in touch with, in tune with与一致/协调, in turn ， in view of(cf: with a view to), in the wrong,With:,With one accord一致地, with respect to关于，至于， with a view to 为了，为的是,By:,By accident, by analogy, by the book按规则，依照惯例, by and by, by and large, by chance, by common consent经一致同意, by degrees, by and