第四章 搭配、习语的翻译材料.doc

第四章 英汉短语对等第一节 搭配与翻译一、搭配1. 语言中的搭配Why so builders not produce a building or authors not invent a novel, since they do invent stories and plots? No reason as far as dictionary definitions of words are concerned. We dont say it because we dont say it. (Bolinger and Sears, 1968: 55)搭配是词语有规律同时呈现的趋势。例如，cheque一词更有可能与bank, pay, money, 和 write搭配，而不可能与moon, butter, playground或repair形成搭配。意义并不总是能够解释搭配问题。例如，carry out, undertake 或 perform可与visit 搭配。而实际上英语中要说pay a visit 而不说make a visit 和perform a visit。不说grill ( n.烤架, 铁格子, 烤肉; v.烧, 烤 )bread。我们说rancid butter和addled eggs 而不是addled butter 和rancid eggs。另外词义相同或相近的词语经常会有不同的搭配：break rules break regulationswaste time squander timedeliver a verdict pronounce a verdict pronounce a sentence deliver a sentence 有一些搭配的变化形式也能被接受，例如：achieving aims; aims having been achieved; achievable aims; the achievement of an aim 等在英语中都可以被接受，但是有些搭配并非如此：bend rules 但是unbendable rules不可以接受，而应该说inflexible rules。由此可见，搭配的形式主要是任意的，并不依赖意义，一种语言内部是这样，同样语言之间也是这样。请翻译以下短语： 3deliver sb. from danger deliver a message deliver a speech deliver a blow deliver a child deliver a mail deliver news 正如Sinclair所说：There are many ways of saying things, many choices within language that have little or nothing to do with the world outside. (1987: 320)2. 搭配范围和带标记性搭配有些词语比其他词语有更大范围的搭配。英语中的shrug的搭配范围就相当有限，主要与shoulders搭配，而与其他词语没有特别大的联系。相比之下，run的搭配范围就非常大，其典型的搭配词语有company, business, drugs, nose, debt, waterrun upstairsrun for presidentrun before the windrun to extremesin the long runrun a temperature带标记性搭配（marked collocations）故意混淆搭配的范围，创造新形象，因此也对听者和读者的期望值提出了挑战。带标记性搭配主要用于小说、诗歌、幽默和广告当中。Could real peace breaks out after all? a compulsive gambler a heavy gambler3. 搭配意义 dry cow dry fact dry book dry bread dry voice dry humor dry wine dry country dry run dry child 二、翻译中与搭配有关的陷阱及其问题1. 原语文本模式的吸引影响不难想见，只要在目的语中找到的搭配与原出语中的搭配表达相同或相似的含义，译者就不应该被它们表面上的差异所迷惑。例如：strong tea break the law keep a dog 对于这些搭配，翻译过程中应毫不犹豫予以转换。Hamlet And whatsoever else shall hap tonight,Give it an understanding but no tongue. (Scene III, Act I)无论今夜发生什么事情，都请放在心里，不要在口舌之间泄露出去。（朱生豪 译）2. 对原出语搭配含义的误解由于受到母语的干扰，译者很容易对原出语中的搭配产生误解，主要是因为原出语中的搭配在形式上与目的语中的普通搭配相对应而显得近似。1) to eat ones words2) The industrialist had been struck by his appearance as someone with modest means. Mr. Anderson was therefore astonished by his sudden acquisition of a considerable fortune. 3. 准确与自然之间的张力在把无标记性原出语搭配译为目的语时，理想的翻译就是试图在目的语中再现一个典型的搭配，同时保留原出语搭配的含义。但是这种理想总是不能够实现的，翻译总是包含了典型性与准确性之间的张力。a good/bad lawThese young pandas in Beijing Zoo are great crowd pullers.第二节 习语与固定表达及其翻译策略1.习语与固定表达搭配具有弹性，可有变体。例如：deliver a letter, delivery of a letter, a letter has been delivered, 和 having delivered a letter 习语是固化了的语言形式，很少有变体，其整体含义往往无法推断,例如：bury the hatchet固定表达很少有变体，例如：as a matter of fact, Ladies and Gentlemen 2. 习语、固定表达与翻译方向 习语的灵活运用：There was too much buck passing.英国翻译行业职业道德条例规定：A translator shall work only into the language (in exceptional cases this may include a second language) of which he has native knowledge. Native knowledge is defined as the ability to speak and write a language so fluently that the expression of thought is structurally, grammatically and idiomatically correct.3.习语的辨认和理解(1)容易辨别的习语包括那些违反真实条件的表达。例如：Its raining cats and dogs. throw caution to winds storm in a teacup jump down someones throat (2)违反语法规则的习语也较容易识别：blow someone to kingdom come put paid to the powers that be by and large (3)另外，以like开头的表达，我们也不会做字面上的理解，因此易辨认为习语：Like a bat out of hell Like water off a ducks back 如果对某个习语不熟悉，有两种情况可能造成误解：(1)易引起误解，是由于可做合理的字面上的理解，语言中都有大量习语既有字面含义又有习语含义，例如： go out with; take someone for a rideId just done my stint as rubber duck, see, and pulled off the grandma lane into the pitstop to drain the radiator. (2)能找到表面上看似对等的习语，但含义具有完全或部分的差异。例如：to pull ones leg to beat around the bush 4.习语翻译中的困难(1)在目的语中找不到对等语。say when Yours faithfully Yours sincerely(2)文化语境差异。to carry coals to Newcastle 德语: to carry owls to Athens法语: to carry water to the river威尔士语: It rains old women and sticks. (3)能够找到近似的对等语，但由于语境不同，可能有其他联想意义。 To sing a different tune 唱对台戏 to skate on thin ice 如履薄冰 (4)既被用作字面义又被用作习语性含义。 He had sufficient influence to be able to poke his nose into the private affairs of others where less aristocratic noses might have been speedily bloodied.翻译是一门需要付出极大耐心的艺术，习语要比其他语言形式更加要求译者不仅要作到精确，而且要对语言修辞的细微差异高度敏感。5.习语翻译的策略(1)利用意义与形式都相似的习语翻译（套用）a wolf in sheeps clothing to grind ones teeth to ride a tiger with an iron hand fish in troubled waters bolt from the blue(2) 利用目的语中意义相同形式不同的习语翻译（替代）Shut the stable door when the horse has bolted. put the cart before the horse an iron fist in a velvet glove wheels within wheels neither fish nor fowl (3) 进行解释性翻译（解释）I was finally able to get a handle on the true nature of the problem.get ones bitters live in style pay the debt of nature make sense live like cat and dog put a price on sb习语翻译练习:to shed crocodile tearsto know sth. like the palm of ones handstill water runs deepto pull sbs chestnuts out of the firered tapean old wifes storywine, women and songa wet blanketBad news has wingsfor all the tea in Chinaa dirty old manbeat a retreatstand on ones own stand cold comfortfoot the bill Praise is not pudding.Downy lips make thoughtless slips.no smoke with fi