非谓语动词详解.doc

非谓语动词 不定式(to do) 将来，主动非谓语动词 ing 动名词, 相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动作 现在分词 主动，现在 过去分词(ed) 被动、完成一、不定式的用法：（否定是 not to do）1. 做主语：表具体的某次动作（动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作）。 1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数 To do such things is foolish. 2）主系表结构 To see is to believe.3)it形式主语。当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，将不定式放到谓语的后面。 常用于下列结构中：(1)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do（如 good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish） It is kind of you to help me. (2)It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do（如easy / difficult / hard / / possible/ necessary） It is necessary to go to bed and get up early. (3)It is +a/an +名词+ to do.（如a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /ones duty） (4)It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience to do(5)It requires courage / patience / hard work to do2. 做表语：表将来的动作或状态。 My task is to look after the flowers. 3作宾语：ask, agree, care, choose, demand, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等只能用动词不定式作宾语。 They agree to help us. Do you promise to lend me money? I decided to be a doctor. Lily pretended to be sleeping when her mother came in. *注意:1某些及物动词可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语但意义不同stop/ go on/ remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean He forgot to take his book with him. He forgot taking his book with him. 2某些及物动词think, believe, consider, feel, find, make等后常用it作形式宾语 4做定语：当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，要用主动表被动。 There are some problems to solve. 5. 宾语补足语: He wants you to be his assistant. 6. 做状语: 不定式做状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 To learn a foreign language well, you must try your best.(表目的) I rushed to the airport, only to find that John had gone.（表结果）二、 ing形式的基本用法(1)作主语：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 It is no use complaining. It is good writing to him. There is no denying that she is very different.(2)作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. (3)作宾语：作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much. 只能跟do-ing做宾语的动词：_He enjoys playing the guitar. (like, love, hate, start, begin, continue等+to do/doing 意义差不多) do限定词(my, some, any, the等)v.ing，表示“做事”之意，如：do some cleaning打扫卫生 do some shopping购物作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics. 注意to作为介词： lead to， look forward to等作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：This book is well worth reading. be busy doing_ be worth doing _(4)作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. They live in a room facing the street.游泳池_ 饮用水_ 阅览室_(5)作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有感官动词see, watch, hear, listen to, notice , observe, feel, find, 和使役动词have, keep, get, leave等。I wont have you doing that. I didnt notice him waiting. We found the snake eating the eggs. (6)作状语：时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. _分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：When crossing street, you must be careful. 原因状语：Because he was ill, he didnt go to school yesterday.Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate and waited for Betty. _结果状语：His father died and left him a lot of money. 让步状语：Even though we took a taxi, we will be late for the meeting. _注意： 1. 动词need, require, want, deserve后很doing 表被动 The watch needs repairing. = The watch needs to be repaired. 2. -ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health.三、过去分词 done（1）作定语：分词是一个单词，位于其修饰的名词之前；分词是短语，位于其修饰的名词之后。The stolen car was found by the police last week.The amber room decorated with jewels and gold is valuable. （2）作表语：表示其逻辑主语所处的状态如：The glass is broken.注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。（3）作宾语补足语： 句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语.When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。（4）作状语：常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。）区别1v.ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well. I have three letters to_write. 2v.ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：I have told them to come again tomorrow. 3v.ing形式与过去分词的区别： (1)语态不同：v.ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。 an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说； the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众 (2)时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如： the changing world正在变化的世界 the developing countries 发展中国家 the changed world已经变化了的世界 the developed countries 发达国家 练习一1. Simon made a big bamboo box _ (keep)the little sick bird till it could fly. 2. His first book _ (publish) next month is based on a true story.3. Lydia doesnt feel like _ (study) abroad. Her parents are old.4. Sarah pretended to be cheerful, _ (say) nothing about the argument.5. I had great difficulty _ (find) the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.6. Tsinghua University, _ (found) in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.7. Alexander tried to get his work _ (recognize) in the medical circles. 8. It is my duty _ (clean) the classroom today. 9. _(be) ill, she had to stay at home. 练习二 语法填空My sister, Paula, and her husband, Chris, had just finished 1_(tuck)their young ones into bed one evening when they heard crying 2_ (come) from the childrens room. 3_ (rush) in , they found Tommy 4_ (cry) hysterically.(歇息底里地)He had accidentally swallowed a 5p piece and was sure he was going to die. No amount of 5_ (talk) could change his mind. 6_ (try) to calm him, Chris palmed a 5p coin that he hap