自考讲义unit5-7.doc

讲义五 Text AThe New MusicI.课文简介 六十年代后期在美国和英国几乎同时出现的新音乐，它来源于已经存在的三种音乐形式：布鲁斯blues，摇滚乐rockn roll和民间音乐folk music。这三种旧的音乐各自有其特点。新音乐从这三种以及其他的音乐形式中自由地吸取元素，并发展成一种全新的、更具表现力的音乐，它采取全新的电子乐器和扬声器技术，加上灯光背景效果，使听众融入整个音乐氛围当中。本文从三个方面分别介绍了新音乐与旧音乐的不同点Para.1 The three existing music forms had their characteristics respectively.Paras.2-4 The new music originated from the existing music forms but differs from them in three main respects.词汇精讲rocknrollrock and roll or rocking and reeling摇滚乐folk n.家属，亲属How are all your folks?Jazz爵士乐 Rap music说唱乐Pop music流行乐Classical music古典音乐Music musician音乐家Musical音乐的 musically adv.rhythmic adj.节奏的rhythm n.节奏，韵律rhyme n.压韵distinct : a.独特的，明显的派生词：distinction n.区分，辨别，分清用法：distinct from：区分于Gold is distinct form iron.金不同于铁。I saw three distinct objects in the distance, but I cannot identify them .我清楚地看到远处的3个物体，但不能分辨是什么东西。consciousness : n.意识，知觉，觉悟派生词：conscious a.有意识的，有知觉的；consciously ad.有意识地，自觉地subconscious a.潜意识的He lost consciousness after his accident and never recovered it.发生事故后，他失去了知觉，再也没有恢复。Working in an unemployment office had helped to raise his political consciousness.在失业办公室工作使他的政治觉悟得到提高。Were you conscious of his hostility?你有没有意识到他的敌意？anti-slavery anti-表反对，抗，排斥anti-SARS抗非典的anti-Virus反病毒的sentiment的同义词：feeling，但前者指比较细腻的感情；而feeling一般指感觉spontaneous：a.自发的，本能的，自动的A crowd of people gathered spontaneously at the scene of the accident.一群人自发地聚集在事故现场。a group of一群 originate vt.original a.独到的originality n.独创，原始Negroblack people黑人 ；white people白人readily :乐意地，很快地，容易地The younger mechanic readily fixed the car.年轻的机修工很快地把车修好了。She readily accepted his proposal of marriage.她乐意地接受了他的求婚。thereby：adv.由此，从而She wished to travel abroad and thereby she could learn about different customs.她希望能去国外旅游，从而了解不同的风俗习惯。 He became a citizen, thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了一名公民，由此获得了选举权。passive :被动的，消极的反义词：active a.积极的，活跃的You are passive when you allow things to happen, but do nothing .当你让这些事发生，而不做任何事来阻止它，你是消极的。participant :参加者，参与者派生词：participate v.参加，参与；participation n.参加All participants finishing the race will receive a medal.所有完成比赛的参与者都将得到一枚奖牌。相关用法：participate in参与1.to take place:发生take place = happenGreat changes have taken place over the past 20 years.在过去的20年里，中国发生了巨大的变化。区别：take place与take the place oftake place“发生”；而take the place of“代替”；例如：Do you think the robots can take the place of mans tasks ?你认为机器人能代替人的工作吗？to take over：接管，接任He is going to take over my job while I am on holiday.我去度假时他将接替我的工作。This large company has taken over many small ones.这个大公司已经接管许多小公司。to take on具有；担任（工作等）；雇佣Dont take on more than you can do .不要接受你担负不了的任务。The city took on a festive air.这个城市呈现出了一派节日气氛。The firm took on a new clerk .公司雇了个新职员。III.课文精讲第一部分：para.1The new music was built out of materials already in existence: bules, rocknroll, folk music. But although the forms remained, something completely new and original was made out of these older elements - more original, perhaps, than even the new musicians themselves yet realize. The transformation took place in 1966- 1967. Up to that time, the blues had been an essentially black medium. Rocknroll, a blues derivative, was rhythmic dance music. Folk music, old and modern, was popular among college students. The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness. Blues expressed black soul; rock was the beat of youthful energy; and folk music expressed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope.新音乐是在已有的音乐素材上发展起来的：它们是布鲁斯音乐、摇滚乐、美国民间音乐。新音乐虽然保留了原有的形式，但却在上述几种较老的形式上推出了全新的，具有独创性的内容，其创新的力度连新音乐家们自己也始料不及。这种革新是发生19661967年。在那之前，布鲁斯音乐一直是黑人表达忧伤情感的主要形式。由布鲁斯音乐派生出的摇滚乐是富有节奏感的舞曲音乐，民间音乐无论是老歌还是新曲颇受大学生的欢迎。这三种音乐从音乐和文化的角度来看都特色鲜明。直到1965年，三种音乐都没有反映出全新的意识形态。布鲁斯音乐表达的是黑人的思想情感；摇滚乐表现的是青年人的勃勃活力；民间音乐则表达的是反战情感和爱与希望。【课文难点注释】1.in existence表示现有的，已有的。was build out of是词组表示“从当中产生”。2.although remained是让步状语从句。completely new and original是一个后置定语，修饰“something”。本句意思：是虽然新音乐保留了原有的形式，但某些全新的、独创性的东西从旧的成分中脱颖而出的-它们也许比新音乐家意识到的还要更富有独创性。3.Up to that time ,the blues had been an essentially black medium. Rocknroll,a blues derivative, was rhythmic dance music.Up to that time,意为“到那个时候（即新音乐产生时）为止”，表示“过去的过去”，所以谓语用过去完成时。a blues derivative为 rocknroll的同位语。4.The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct,and even as late as 1965,none of them were expressing any radically new state of consciousness.musically and culturally distinct意思是“在音乐上和文化上都是不同的”new state of consciousness指新的意识状态本句意思是：新音乐是从已有的音乐：布鲁斯，摇滚乐，民间音乐中产生的。第二部分 paras.2-4Para.2In 1966-1967 there was spontaneous transformation. In the United States, it originated with youthful rock groups playing in San Francisco. In England, it was led by the Beatles, who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group. What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this. . First the separate musical traditions were brought together. Bob Dylan and the Jefferson Airplane played folk rock, folk ideas with a rock beat.White rock groups began experimenting with the blues. Of course, white musicians had always played the blues, but essentially as imitators of the Negro style; now it began to be the white bands own music. And all of the groups moved towards a broader eclecticism and synthesis. They freely took over elements from jazz, from America country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources .What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.19661967年音乐发生了自发性转变。在美国，这种转变起源于在旧金山演出的充满青春气息的摇滚乐队；在英国，皮头士(甲壳虫)乐队则是这场变革的领头羊，此时它已发展成非常优秀的极具个性的摇滚乐队。当时发生的情景，如用语言可能表达出来是这样的：首先是将分类的音乐流派融合在一起，鲍勃狄伦和杰弗逊飞机乐队演奏了民间摇滚乐，一种伴有摇滚节奏的民间音乐。白人摇滚乐队开始尝试演奏布鲁斯音乐。当然，在这之前白人乐手经常演奏布鲁斯，但基本上是模仿黑人的风格。但这时这种融合演奏开始成为白人乐队自己的音乐。所有这些乐队都向更宽的折中和相互融合的方向发展，他们随意继承了爵士乐与美国乡村音乐的成分，随着时间的推移，他们借鉴了甚至更多种类的素材，发展成为一种形式丰富多彩、表现内容几乎无所不能的音乐。5.In England, it was led by the Beatles, who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group.be established as意为“被确认为”全句大意为“在英国，这个潮流是由披头士摇滚乐队领导的，该乐队已经得到广泛认可，是一支非常优秀且极富个性的乐队。”6.what happened , as well as it can be put into words, was this.as well as像 一样好,比较结构，to put into words“用文字表达”大意为“发生的情况，如果能用文字表达，就是这样。”7.First the separate musical traditions were brought together.新音乐的第一个特点：将各种分离的音乐传统结合到一起。8.They freely took over elements from jazz, from America country music,and as time went on from even more diverse sources.and后面的并列句中可以看作是省略了they freely took over elements.as time went on表示“随着时间推移”，as是连词，而readily taking on various forms和 capable of an almost limitless range of expression分别为现在分词短语和形容词短语作定语，修饰music.本句意思是，他们自由地吸收爵士音乐、美国乡土音乐的成分，而随着时间的推移，他们甚至对各种各样的音乐兼收并蓄。9.What happened was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitlessrange of expression .What happened是主语从句。 readily taking on various forms是现在分词短语和形容词短语 capable of an almost limitless range of expression .都是作定语，修饰 music.全句大意是“最后发展成一种能轻松采取多种形式的，几乎有无穷的表现力的新音乐”Para.3新音乐的第二个特点：广泛使用电子乐器及电子放大器技术The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of electric instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers. The electric guitar was an old instrument, but the new electronic effects were altogether different - so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been any sounds like that in the world before. Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.And in studio recordings, new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume, the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and thereby achieving a total effect, so that instead of an audience of passive listeners, there were now audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.发生的第二件事是所有的乐队都开始使用全套的电子乐器和电子扩音技术。电子吉他是件老式的乐器，但同新的电子音响合在一起效果截然不同，使一位1967年新听到这种音响的听众觉得，世界上以前可能从未有过这样的声音。的确，电子技术使这种声响成为可能，直到那时，没有任何乐器能够奏出这样的声音。在录音室制作录音时，新技术能制作出甚至电子乐队现场表演都演奏不出的效果。电子放大器能让音量有惊人的增大，使音乐变得尽量响和有穿透力，而人耳又能够承受，以此来实现“整体”效果。所以，听众不再是被动的听众，而是全身心参与的听众，感受到音乐正撼动着他们每一处神经和每一根筋骨。10.The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of electric instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers.句中that happened是一个定语从句，修饰the second thing.。后一个that引导表语从句。本句意思是：发生的第二件事是所有乐队都开始使用全套的电子乐器和电子扬声器技术。11.so different that a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been any sounds like that in the world before.本句中有三个that,第一个引导结果状语从句，第二个引导表语从句，第三个是指示代词，指的是电吉他发出的声音。注意表语从句中用的时态是过去完成时，说明电吉他的效果与1967年前大不相同。12.Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.did make为强调形式。 possible在句中作宾语补语，提前到宾语sounds前,因为它有一个较长的定语从句修饰。13.And in studio recordings, new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live.本句的顺序应为In studio recordings, new techniques made effects that not even an electronic band could produce live possible。effects live是made的宾语，其中that引导定语从句，修饰effect ,而possible则是effects的宾语补足语。因为effects带有一个定语从句，从句比较长，为避免句子不平衡，因此把possible提前。本句意思是在录音室录制时，新技术有可能制作出甚至电子乐队现场表演时也演奏不出的效果。14.Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume, the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand, and thereby achieving a total effect, so that instead of an audience of passive listeners, there were now audiences of total participants, feeling the music in all of their senses and all of their bones.分词独立结构：the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand在句中作伴随状语。 music是 becoming的逻辑主语，so that相当于结果状语从句. feeling现在分词短语作伴随状语。Para.4新音乐的第三个特点：音乐成为整个环境的一部分Third, the music becomes a multi-media experience; a part of a total environment. The walls of the ballrooms were covered with changing patterns of light, the beginning of the new art of the light show. And the audience did not sit, it danced. With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could, and heightened the whole experience by using drugs. Often music was played out of doors, where nature provided the environment.第三，音乐成了多媒体的体验，音乐成为整个场景的一部分，舞厅墙壁上的灯光变幻不定，灯光表演这种新艺术就是这样开始的。听众们不是翘首而坐，而是边听边舞。随着家庭有了唱盘，听众就尽力去模仿这种照明效果，甚至用药物来强化这种整体感受。通常音乐在户外演奏，在户外，大自然提供了这种环境。15.句中 with records at home是with +名词+介词短语结构，作方式状语。heightened thewhole experience指“使整个体验更刺激”。本句意思是在家里欣赏唱片时候听众尽力模仿照明效果，甚至服用毒品来增强整个音乐享受的快感。附：重点句1.The new music was built out of materials already in existence: bules, rocknroll, folk music.2.But although the forms remained, something completely new and original was made out of these older elements - more original, perhaps, than even the new musicians themselves yet realize.3.Up to that time, the blues had been an essentially black medium.4.The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness.5.In England, it was led by the Beatles, who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group.6.What happened, as well as it can be put into words, was this. They freely took over elements from jazz, from America country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources .What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.7.The second thing that happened was that all the musical groups began using the full range of electric instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers. 8.With records at home, listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could, and heightened the whole experience by using drugs.【课文练习答案】 I. 1.d 2.a 3.b 4.d 5.b II. 1.original 2.transformation 3.distinct 4.spontaneous 5.individual 6.essentially 7.diverse 8.live 9.imitate 10.out of doors III. 1.maintenance 2.spontaneity 3.popularity 4.expression 5.rhythm 6.distinction 7.penetration 8.immigration 9.transformation 10.synthesis 1a.blues b.rockn roll c.folk music 2a.an essentially black medium b. rhythmic dance music c. popular among college students 3a.In the United States，it originated with youthful rock groups playing in San Francisco. b. In England，it was led by the Beetles，who were already established as an extremely fine and highly individual rock group. 4a.The separate musical traditions were brought together. b.All the musical groups began using full range of electric instruments and the technology of electronic amplifiers. c. The music becomes a multi-media experience;a part of total environment. .1The new music was built out of the three forms of music in existence . 2Rockn roll，with its strong beat was popular among young people. 3The Beetles were a famous rock group in England. 4The modern music stresses the participation of the audience and listeners in the performance. 5Electronic amplifiers made the music penetrating. 【词汇练习答案】I. 1.a.music b.musical c.musically d.musician 2.a.conscious b.Consciousness c.consciously 3.a.limited b.limits c.limitation d.limitless 4.a.original b.originated c.originality II. 1.synthesis 2.studio 3.spontaneous 4.readily 5.passive 6.multimedia 7.distinct 8.sentiment 9.anti-war 10.eclecticism .1This chapter is on the transformation of heat energy into dynamic energy. 2A crowd of people gathered spontaneously on the spot of the accident. 3The quarrel originated from misunderstanding. 5The troops took over this city since 1949. 6You should not take on so much work for the sake of your health.讲义五 Text BDifferent Types Of Composers重点词汇精讲1.inspire:鼓舞，使产生灵感His qualities of leadership inspired his followers.他的领袖风范激励着他的追随者。The design of the car has inspired many imitations.这辆轿车的设计引起了众多模仿。2.fruitful:有成果的，有收获的派生词：fruit n.水果3.theme :题目，主题thematic主体的Does the conference have a central theme this year?今年大会有中心议题吗？4.handle:柄，把手；运用，操纵；经营，管理Who handles the marketing in your company?谁在你们公司里负责市场营销？词组：1.in a sense :在某种意义上Shes right, in a sense, because we did agree to wait, but only until June.她在某种意义上是对的，因为我们确实同意等待，但只等到六月。2.at stretch :连续不断地，一口气地at a stretch stretch v.伸展 n.一段连续时间Theres no way I could work for ten hours at a stretch.我不可能连续不断地工作10个小时。3.to serve as :适合，用作In the absence of anything better, the sofa would serve as a bed for a couple of nights.在没有更好的东西情况下，这个沙发可以当作床睡几个晚上。4.for the sake of :为了的目的；为了 起见，由于 缘故The company had decided to close down this department for the sake of economy.为了节约，这个公司已经决定关闭这个部门。We did it for conveniences sake.我们是为了方便才这样做的。课文译文：不同类型的作曲家在我看来，音乐史上有三类不同的作曲家，他们都以各自不同的方式创作音乐作品。最能激发公众想象力的作曲家是靠灵感即兴创作的类型，即弗朗兹舒伯特型。当然，所有的作曲家都受灵感的启迪，但舒伯特型的作曲家得到的即兴灵感更多一些。音乐就像泉水从他的心中喷涌而出，多得他都来不及迅速地把乐谱记到纸上。我们通常可以根据曲作多产来判断这一类型的作曲家。在某些月份里，舒伯特日作一歌；雨果伍尔夫也是如此。从某种意义上说，这类作曲家与其说是从某一音乐主题开始创作，倒不如说一开始他们就有一个完整的作品。他们总是对较短篇作曲创作最擅长。即兴创作一首歌曲要比即兴创作一部交响乐容易得多。连续长时间靠灵感进行即兴创作不是件容易事，即使舒伯特也是在处理较短篇形式的音乐更得心应手。靠灵感进行即兴创作只是作曲家的一种类型，并具有其自身的局限性。贝多芬属于第二种类型，我们可以称之为创立型作曲家。这类作曲家可以作为例子，更好地说明我们的创作过程的理论，因为他们确实是以音乐主题开始构思的。就贝多芬来说，无疑就是从这样的音乐主题开始的，我们仍保留着他记录音乐主题的笔记本。从他的笔记中，我们可以了解他是怎样反复修改他的音乐主题他是怎样尽量使他的音乐主题完美才肯罢休的。贝多芬不是舒伯特式的即兴灵感型的作曲家，他是从音乐主题开始的那种类型，再使其成为初步创立型，然后再根据这一构思，日复一日地苦干，写出一部音乐作品。贝多芬时期以来的多数作曲家都属于第二种类型。第三种类型的作曲家，因缺少更好的称谓，我只好称之为传统型作曲家。帕莱斯特里纳和巴赫属于这一类型。他们二人都是诞生在音乐史某一时期的代表作曲家。在这一时期某种音乐风格即将发展到其鼎盛阶段。这个时期的问题是用人们熟悉的认可的风格创作音乐，并用一种比任何前人更好的方法来创作音乐。传统派作曲家是从主调而不是从主题开始创作的。帕莱斯特里纳的创作不是主旋律概念，而是对确定好的格调进行个人处理。甚至巴赫事先已知道，他创作的风格各异最具有灵感的48首平均律钢琴曲是填入这种总的正式模式的。不言而喻，我们现在已不是生活在传统派的时期了。为了全面起见，还可以加上第四种类型的作曲家开拓型作曲家，如17世纪的杰苏阿尔多，19世纪的穆索尔斯其和柏辽兹，以及20世纪的德彪西和埃德加瓦雷兹。概括这样一个多样复杂群体的作曲方法是困难的，但可以肯定地说，他们的作曲方法与传统派型作曲家的恰恰相反。他们明确地反对用常规的方法解决音乐方面的问题。在许多方面，他们的态度是探索性的他们力图增加新的合声，新的音色，并力图创立新的正规音乐理论。开拓型作曲家在17世纪之交和20世纪初期曾是特点突出的典型，但现在其特点已远不如从前那么明显了。II.课文分析1.I can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.本句分析：我认为音乐史上可以区分三种不同类型的作曲家，每种作曲家音乐创作手法也各有一定的不同。in a fashion :用.方式The type that has fired public imagination most is that of the spontaneously inspired composer- the Franz Schubert type ,in other words. All composers are inspired, of course, but this type is more spontaneously inspired. Music simply wells out of him. He cant get it down on paper fast enough. You are almost tell this type of composer by his fruitful output. In certain months, Schubert wrote a song a day. Hugo Wolf did the same.2.Music simply wells out of him.well v.喷涌，涌出In a sense, men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed composition. They invariably work best in the shorter forms. It is much easier to improvise a song than it is to improvise a symphony. It isnt easy to be inspired in that spontaneous way for long periods at a stretch. Even Schubert was more successful in handling the shorter forms of music. The spontaneously inspired man is only one type of composer, with his own limitations.3.In a sense, men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme as with a completed composition.从一定意义上说，这些作曲家与其说是从某一音乐主题开始创作，不如说他们一开始就有一个完整作品成竹在胸。not so much as :与其不如He is not so much a scientist as a poet.与其说他是个科学家，不如说他是个诗人。4.It isnt easy to be inspired in that spontaneous way for long period at a stretch.连续很长时间使自己的灵感都处于不自主状态绝非易事。at a stretch一口气地，不休息地Beethoven belongs to the second type-the constructive type, one might