科普知识类.doc

2005-2007年高考英语阅读理解题分析考纲解读高考英语阅读理解题主要是由短文和短文后的试题组成的。短文选材广泛，内容丰富，往往涉及到日常生活、人物传记、国内外风土人情、故事传说、社会文化、政治经济、史地科技、自然现象、新闻报道、体育活动、广告说明、书信通知、目录等许多方面的内容。文体多采用叙述、描写、说明、议论文、应用文等形式。近年来阅读理解题都由五篇短文组成，一般分易、中、难三种等级。近三年（2005-2007）高考题选材分析科普知识类：05（E）06（A）07（B）07（D）社会生活类：05（D）05（B）06（C）07（A）07（C）07（A）人物传记类：07（D）海外风情类：05（A）故事类：05（E）05（A）06（D）06（E）07（A）文化类：06（B）06（D）07（E）07（B）广告类：05（C）06（E）时文报道类：05（B）05（C）史地环境类：05（D）06（B）注：05（A）意思为05年全国卷passage A.从此表我们可以看出近三年的高考阅读理解题的选材以社会生活和故事类为主，而科普知识和文化类也是重点考察的选材。近三年（2005-2007）高考题题型分析题型考察比例：主旨大意型 推理判断型 词义猜测型 事实细节型 14% 30% 6% 50%从比例中可以看出近三年的全国卷高考中（、），共120题的阅读理解题型以基于短文细节内容的事实细节型为主要题型，推理判断型是重点考题类型。专题一 主旨大意型 主旨大意型是阅读理解中要求较高、难度较大的题型之一，是很能体现试题区分度的题型，一般占整个阅读理解题题量的20%以上。主旨大意题要求考生对全文或某一部分的内容进行合理的归纳，重在考查考生的理解和概括能力。一般来说，该类题目主要是对文章或段落的中心进行陈述，或是选择文章的标题。有些文章，尤其是说明文和议论文往往有主题句表明中心思想；但有些文章，比如记叙文，往往没有明确的主题句，需要考生在认真体会并明确作者的写作意图的基础上概括文章的中心。主旨大意题常见的提问方式有：What is the main idea of the passage?What is the main subject of this passage?What is the main topic of this passage?What dose the passage mainly discuss?The best title for this passage would be/might be/is_.What might be the best title of this passage?The most suitable title of the passage is _.Which is the best suggested title?做主旨大意题时，考生可以遵循以下原则：1.判断文章有无明确的主题句，如果有，找出主题句在文章中的位置（主题句在篇首、在篇中、在篇尾）。2.如果文章没有明确的主题句，就需要理顺全文，概括文章的中心。考生在归纳文章的主题时，需要注意的是：选项的本意和外延必须能恰如其分地概括文章的主题，既不能范围过大，也不能把某一细节或侧面误当作主题。阅读时考生还应注意捕捉文章中出现频率较高的词汇以及文章和段落的主题句。在选择文章题目时，还应该注意语言方面的特点：文章题目的语言往往简练、醒目。专题二 推理判断题一般情况下，我们所阅读的文章往往比较含蓄，需要我们自己去领悟文章的内在含义。如果我们只研究语言的字面意思，就会妨碍我们对文章的真正理解。我们应该根据作者所提供的信息，进行推理，得出结论，从而达到真正理解文章的目的。在推理时，我们必须：1.理解文章的字面意思；2.注意作者遣词造句的特点，弄清此句的深层含义；3.时刻提醒自己，作者有其特定的写作意图；4.利用文章中明确表示的内容进行推理，挖掘文章中的隐含意义。其题目的设计方式一般有：We can infer from the passage that _.The story suggests that _.The writer of this passage intends to _.The writers purpose of writing the passage is to _.The passage is probably taken from a _,The writer of the passage considers it _Which of the following best describes the character of _?推理判断题是一种创造性的思维活动，但它并非无章可循。一般设为写作意图题、态度倾向题、深层推理题、组织结构题、文章的题材或出处题、结论推理题。关建是要对文章给出的信息进行合理的分析判断，做到“有理有据”。考生应注意以下几点：1. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。2. 要对文章的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理和符合逻辑的推理。3. 要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。不能主观臆断，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。专题三 词义猜测型阅读中难免会有生词，而利用文章所提供的语境去推测生词的意义是阅读的必备技能之一。词义猜测题是高考必考的题型，一般占阅读理解题总题量的10%左右。所猜词汇可以是生词，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是某一代词的指代内容。常见的考题为：根据定义、解释或复述猜测词义、根据因果关系猜测词义、根据对比关系猜测词义。专题四 事实细节型事实细节是文章的有机组成部分，是作者表达中心思想的具体手段。考生要准确理解一篇文章，必须重视人名、日期、事实、数据和地点等细节。实施细节型题目常常有以下几种考察方式：1. 以who, what, when, where 等疑问词开头提问。2. 猜测文中划线词或短语的意义，或句意转换理解。3. 就文中具体内容进行简单计算、排序、识图等。4. 以according to the text, from the text等开头，考查某一细节。1. 疑问句式How did it happen?Which of the following people should (not) do?Where should he do it?2. 不完整的陈述句式They can be best classified as _.According to the author, “it” was caused by _.3. 排除句式Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?Which of the following is not included in the passage?事实细节型题目又可分直接信息题、间接信息题和信息综合类题三种形式。相关题型精选科普知识类 Passage 1(Words: 322)“Wild animals seem to have escaped the Indian Ocean tsunami (海啸)，adding weight to the notion they possess a sixth sense for disasters, ” experts said.Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed hundreds of thousands of people along the coast of Indian Ocean island seemingly missed the wild beasts, with no dead animals found.“No elephants are dead, not even a dead hare or rabbit. I think animals can sense disasters. They have a sixth sense. They know when things are going to happen,” H. D. Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lankan Wildlife Department, said.The waves washed floodwaters up to 3 km (2 miles) inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lankas biggest wildlife reserve and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards. “There has been a lot of evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. But it has not been proven,” said Matthew Van Lierop, an animal behavior specialist at Johannesburg Zoo.“There have been no specific studies because you cant really test it in a lab or field setting,” he said.Other authorities (权威) agreed with this judgment.“Wildlife seems to be able to pick up certain phenomenon, especially birds. There are many reports of birds detecting coming disasters,” said Clive Walker, who has written several books on African wildlife.Animals certainly rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger such as predators (肉食动物).The notion of an animal “sixth sense” or some other mythical power is an enduring one which the evidence on sri Lankan battered coast is likely to add to.The Romans saw owls (猫头鹰) as omens of coming disasters and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred (神圣的) animals endowed with special powers.The tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean. It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa.1. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that _. A. after the Indian Ocean tsunami scientists are sure of an animal “sixth sense” B. before the Indian Ocean tsunami scientists didnt believe in an animal “sixth sense” C. before the Indian Ocean tsunami scientists had some idea of an animal “sixth sense” D. the Indian Ocean tsunami has offered the only proof for an animal “sixth sense”2. The author quoted Clive Walkers words to _. A. throw doubts on an animal “sixth sense” B. show the different opinions between Sri Lankan wildlife officials and the authorities C. show that authorities know better than animal behavior specialists D. add proof to an animal “sixth sense”3. Which of the following does NOT belong to an animal “sixth sense”? A. Elephants avoiding the coming Indian Ocean tsunami. B. Dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. C. Birds detecting coming disasters. D. Animals relying on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger.4. The underlined word in the passage probably means _. A. victims B. signs C. tests D. causes解读：文章首先通过追述动物在印度洋海啸中的特殊表现引出本文要谈论的话题：动物的“第六感觉”；然后叙述动物在各种自然灾害中逃生的神奇本能以及专家的评论。中心突出，论证充分。抓住本文所介绍的动物的“第六感觉”的概念及其表现，准确捕捉特定细节并根据文章的重大事件，不是对这些重大事件的简单追踪报道，而是选取重大事件中不易被人注意、内容新颖的“小插曲”，这是高考选择时文时的一个标准。本文通过印度洋海啸事件而引出有关动物第六感觉话题的介绍，在内容上有一定新意，但又不是重大事件的追踪报道。在命题方面既注重特定细节的准确理解，又注重推理判断能力的考查，在选材和命题方面都比较贴近高考。答案及解析1. C 推理判断题。从文章第一段“adding weight to”一句可知，科学家在印度洋海啸之前对动物的“第六感觉”早有觉察。文章倒数第三段的信息也印证了这一点。2. D 推理判断题。分析权威学者Clive Walker 的话可知，他也相信动物的“第六感觉”，并特别举出鸟类作为实证。3. D 细节理解题。“嗅觉”和“听觉”是已知的感觉，不属于动物的“第六感觉”，因此D 项叙述错误。4. B 词义判断题。由单词所处的语境分析：古代罗马人把猫头鹰当作是灾难来临的“先兆”， sign 有“征兆，迹象”之意。Passage 2 (Words: 298) Children who were breast-fed are better at coping with stress than their bottle-fed classmates, research shows. A study of thousands of British youngsters revealed that those who were given formula milkcould be more than four times harder to deal with stressful events such as the divorce of their parents.It is thought that the close contact helps mother and child bond and encourages a feeling of security that enables the child to deal better with traumatic situations in later life.Hormones found in a mothers milk may help reduce stress and the process may feed the growth of the parts of the brain crucial (关键的) in handing stress and anxiety.The Swedish findings fellow a number of other studies which have shown that breast milk protects against infection, heart disease, diabetes and obesity. Breast-feeding may also reduce the mothers risk of having breast cancer.The support of breast-feeding is so strong that the Department of Health recommends that mothers should feed their babies on breast milk alone for the first six months to ensure they get the best start in life.However, many women find breast-feeding difficult and claim they are made to feel guilt if they choose formula milk from a bottle.In the breast study, researchers from the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm tracked the health of almost 9,000 boys and girls born in the UK in 1970.When the children reached ten, researchers gauged (测量) their ability to cope with stress by looking at how they were affected by family problems.The results showed that those who were bottle-fed were more than four times as stressed by such events than those who were breast-fed.1. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Which is better, formula milk or breast milk? B. Breast-fed children cope better with stress C. Breast-feeding is good to both mothers and babies D. Mothers are advised to breast-fed their babies2. Which of the following helps the growth of the parts of the brain crucial in handling stress and anxiety? A. Hormones in a mothers milk. B. Hormones in bottle milk. C. Hormones found in formula milk. D. Hormones in the babys own body.3. According to the studies, breast milk protects babies against all of the following EXCEPT _. A. heart disease B. diabetes C. infection D. breast cancer4. After reading the passage, a mother who cannot breast-feed her baby will feel _. A. relieved B. guilty C. puzzled D. disappointed5. The underlined word “traumatic” in the third paragraph can be best replaced by _. A. dangerous B. unpleasant C. stressful D. confusing解读：本文是一篇科普文章。研究发现，母乳喂养孩子能增强孩子以后应对压力的能力。答案及解析1. B 主旨大意题。文章第一段首先交代了全文的中心，即母乳喂养的孩子对抗压力的能力较强。2. A 细节理解题。从文章第四段第一句可知答案。3. D 综合判断题。文章第五段说明，母乳喂养可以防止孩子得传染病、心脏病、糖尿病等，还可以防止母亲得乳腺癌。4. B 细节理解题。文章倒数第四段有说明，不能用母乳喂养孩子的母亲会感到“内疚”。5. C 词义推测题。根据上下文语境以及文章的内容判断，该单词的意思应是“有压力的”。文章最后一段也有提示。社会生活类Passage 1 (Words: 289)What does it mean to say that we live in a world of persuasion? It means that we live among competing interests. Your roommates nefvdfed to study for an exam may take priority (优先) over pizza. Your instructor may have good reasons not to charge your grade. And the object of your romantic interest may have other choices.In such a world, persuasion is the art of getting others to give fair and favorable consideration to our points of view. When we persuade, we want to influence how others believe and behave. We may not always prevail other points of view may be more persuasive, depending on the listener, the situation, and the merits of the case. But when we practice the art of persuasion, we try to ensure that our position receives the attention it deserves.Some people, however, object to the very idea of persuasion. They may regard it as an unwelcome interruption into their life. Just the opposite, we believe that persuasion is unavoidable to live is to persuade. Persuasion may be ethical (合乎道义的) or unethical, selfless or selfish, inspiring or degrading. Persuaders may enlighten our minds or prey on our vulnerability. Ethical persuasion, however, calls on sound reasoning and is sensitive to the feelings and needs of listeners. Such persuasion can help us apply the wisdom of the past to the decisions we now must make. Therefore, the most basic part of education is learning to resist one kind of persuasion and to encourage and practice the other.Beyond its personal importance to us, persuasion is necessary to society. The right to persuade and be persuaded is the bedrock of the American political system, guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution (美国宪法).1. According to the passage, persuasion means _. A. changing others points of view B. exercising power over other people C. getting other people to consider your point of view D. getting people to agree with you and do what you want2. The underlined word “prevail” in the second paragraph means “_”. A. win B. fail C. speak D. listen3. The passage states that some people object to persuasion because they think it is _. A. a danger to society B. difficult to do well C. unwelcome behavior D. never successful4. The passage mainly discusses _. A. how people persuade B. why people persuade C. that persuasion is both good and bad D. that persuasion is important and is all around us解读：这是一篇议论文。劝说无时不在，无处不有。我们要学会这种技巧，这不仅对个人有益，对社会也是有必要的。答案及解析1C 语意理解题。根据第二段第一句中的“.persuasion is the art of getting others to give fair and favorable consideration to our points of view”可知选C。其他选项的干扰性很强。2. A 词义猜测题。根据上下文对“persuasion”所的下定义和“When we persuade, we want to influence how others believe and behave”以及下文的“other points of view may be more persuasive （别人的观点也许更有说服力）”可以推知“prevail”意为“战胜，被接受”，故选A。3. C 语意理解题。根据第三段第二句中的“unwelcome interruption into their life”可知选C。其他选项在文中未提及。4D 主旨大意题。纵观全文，我们知道劝说无时不在，无处不有。我们要学会这种技巧，这不仅对个人有益，对社会也是有必要的，故选D。本文并未谈及劝说的技巧和理由，故不能选A、B两项；文中虽涉及到反对者，但只有一小部分，不能与劝说的证明 重要性抗衡。Passage 2 (Words: 357)Ive traveled much and seen mankind in various forms, but Im always more surprised by our similarities than our differences. We drink, laugh, eat, sleep and die in more or less the same way everywhere. That we manage to be different at all interests me. And soon these differences will disappear too. We will become one worldwide nationality and perhaps the better for that speaking one language, wearing one style of clothes, eating the same food, driving the same car, with the same modern comforts in our homes and the same programs on our television sets.This was made clear to me recently on my last trip abroad, when I was traveling in a place that is far away in North African desert. I was coming near to an ola castle, which I wanted to see, when suddenly I felt a man behind me. I turned and saw a tribesman (部落人) pointing a gun at me. Neither of us could speak each others language. I waved my hands wildly, asking for an explanation, but he just pushed me forward towards a tent standing nearby. I went in, never expecting to see daylight again. The man followed me in. Then he put down his gun on the floor and got a teapot out of his bag. A smile spread across his face. “Tea?” he asked.A cup of tea! I who had feared for my life was being offered a cup of tea! Two thousand miles from home the habit was the same, and the teapot was one of British made. I was filled with relief (放松). I felt at that moment that we could solve all the worlds problem by dissolving (溶解) them with sugar in a simple cup of tea!1. The underlined word “that” in the passage probably means “_”. A. something like a gun B. something like a hotel C. something like a school D. a house-like place2. The authors last trip abroad is to _. A. a place far away from any town or village B. a desert C. North Africa D. all of the above3. The writer said “never expecting to see the daylight again”, he meant “_”. A. he would come out at night B. he would be blind C. the weather was very poor at that time D. he was sure that he would be killed4. Which of the following is NOT TRUE? A. Maybe the tribesman liked tea. B. The tribesman had at least one same habit as the English people. C. Perhaps the tribesman was lonely. D. The tribesman wanted to make fun of the author.5. In this story, the author suggests that _. A. you solve a problem by dissolving it with sugar B. the more differences among mankind, the better C. people should become one world-wide nationality D. a person should get a teapot with him解读：这是一篇记叙文。作者喜欢旅游，在北非沙漠中的一次旅行经历使他更加相信人类的共性。答案与解析1D 词义猜测题。根据第二段内容，特别是“standing nearby”,“I went in”和“on the floor”等字眼，且又是在沙漠中，可推知“tent”应是像房子一样的地方（帐篷）。2D 细节判断题。根据第二段的第一句的内容可知答案为D。3D 语意理解题。作者被人用枪逼着进入帐篷，心想必死无疑，故选D。4C 细节判断题。C项内容在文中无相关的描述。A、B 两项可以从文中直接找到相关信息；部落人用枪逼着作者进入帐篷，然后又笑着请他喝茶，可知是在故意捉弄作者，故选D项是对的。5B 推理判断题。作者在第一段的第三句就提出了他的观点“That we manage to be different at all interests me”。世界应该丰富多彩，故选B。人物传记类Passage 1 (Words: 379)I am honored to be with you today at one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest Ive ever gotten to a college graduation.I was lucky I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parentsgarage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $ 2 billion company with over 4, 000 employees. We had just released our finest creation the Macintosh a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions (理想) of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a failing out. When we did, our Board of Directors (董事会) sided wit him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was depressing.During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apples current renaissance (复兴). And Laurence and I have a wonderful family together.Im pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadnt been fired from Apple. It was awful tast