王长喜老师 考研15堂语法课 第4堂_比较结构.doc

学英语 找长喜LECTURE 4比较结构本堂目标 紧接上一堂课中的比较状语从句熟悉各种比较结构，掌握各种比较结构译法，准确理解考研英语中含有比较结构的难句。基础预习 一、同级比较常用结构解释例示as as，the same as同级比较表示肯定，表示“与一样”。She has written as many essays as her brother( has).她写的论文跟她哥哥的一样多。No morethan或notany more than同级否定表达，表示“和一样不”。The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.心脏和胃同样都不具有智慧，因为它们要受到大脑控制。A is to B what/as X is Y; A+倍数或几分之几as + adj. / adv. + as +B.同级肯定表达，表示“和一样”。Air is to us as/what water is to fish. 我们与空气的关系就像鱼和水的关系。【例1】(05-Text 4)Mr. McWhorters academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.【点睛】本句由and连接的两个并列分句组成。第二个分句中包含一个no morethan比较结构。【译文】麦克沃特先生在学术上专攻语言史和语言的变化，他认为，例如“whom”的逐渐消失就是自然而然的，与古英语中词尾格的变化的消失一样毫不可惜。【例2】There is a severe classic tragedy within major league baseball, tragedy that catches and manipulates the life of every athlete as surely as forces beyond the heaths manipulated Hards simple Wessex folk into creatures of imposing stature.【点睛】主句是There is a severe classic tragedy。逗号后的tragedy thatstature是classic tragedy的同位语，其中asas为同级比较。【译文】全美棒球协会中始终有一种典型的悲剧色彩，这种悲剧紧密伴随并操纵着每个运动员的生活，就像哈代的小说里石楠丛的神秘力量将淳朴的威塞克斯人变成让人永远无法从脑海中抹去的人一样。二、the morethe more句型表示比较这个句型是个比例句，表示同时增加或减少。从结构上看，这个句型前半部分是从句，后半部分是主句，即“the+比较级（从句），the+比较级（主句）”。比较级部分都在各自主从句中充当一定的成分。【例】(01-Passage 2)As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. 【点睛】破折号后是个比例句。从句中省略了there be结构，补充完整应为the more people online there are，the more people on line与the more potential customers都在there be句型中作主语。【译文】随着互联网日趋商业化，普及享用对商家有利毕竟，联机的人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。三、表示达到最高程度的结构句型结构解释例示否定词+more句型表达最高级的肯定概念，表示“十分，非常”等。There are few things I regret more. 我对此事感到十分懊悔。I cant agree with you more. 我非常同意你的看法。nothingmore than句型表示最高级的肯定概念，基本意义为“没有什么比更”。No tool is more powerful for understanding the natural world than the scientific method. 科学方法是认识自然界最有力的工具。more than + any other/any else句型表示“比其他任何都”、“最”、“没有比更”。He did more work this morning than anyone else. 他今天上午干得活最多。nothingasas/nothing like结构相当于the most表示“最”，“没有比更”。Nothing in the present-day world is so popular as Internet.当今世界没有什么比网络更流行的了。the only + n.结构表示“最好的”、“独一无二的”。He is the only man for this study. 他是完成这一研究的最好人选。四、表示“倍数”比较的三种句型结构句型例示1倍数+asas结构A倍数 + as + 形容词或副词的原级 + as B.“A是B的多少倍”。Americans eat twice as much protein as they actually need every day.美国人每天摄入蛋白质的量是他们实际所需要的两倍。This red box is half as large as the blue one.这个红盒子是那个蓝盒子的一半大。2倍数+名词结构A倍数 + 名词或代词 + of B.“A是B的几倍”The age of my grandpa is four times the age of mine.我爷爷的年龄是我的四倍。Mr John earns five times the money of I do.约翰先生挣的钱是我的五倍。3倍数+比较级结构A倍数 + 比较极 + than B.“A比B大（小、长）几倍”。This hole is three times deeper than that one.这个坑比那个坑深三倍。=This hole is four times as deep as that one.=This hole is four the depth of that one.这个坑是那个坑的四倍深。【例1】(00-Passage 2)There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. 【点睛】本句包含“倍数+asas”结构。【译文】每年生100名女婴，就会生105名男婴，但这个比例在他们成年时下降为基本持平；在70岁的老人中，女性是男性的两倍。【例2】(05-Part B)According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. 【点睛】本句包含“倍数+名词”结构。【译文】加拿大医疗信息协会的资料表明，自1997年以来，处方药费用的增长速度是整个医疗增长速度的两倍。【例3】(00-Passage 1)When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.【点睛】本句包含“倍数+比较级”结构。【译文】美国二战后进入这样辉煌的历史时期，它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模无可匹敌。重点讲解一、 nomore than表示比较no morethan这一句型是考研英语中出现比较频繁的句型，这一句型有一变体形式 “notany more than”。功能上看，这一句型表示的是两个事物之间的类比关系，即用than后面的事物来作比，阐明前边主句所要表达的观点；意思上讲，这个结构表示：同一样不”，特别注意的是，than后面的句子为肯定形式，但要译成否定意义。【例】(06-49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 【点睛】句中not.any more than是no more.than的变体句型。这个句型用来表示两个事物之间的类比关系，由上下文我们知道这里类比的对象是intellectual（就是his指代对象）和businessman，用businessman的行为特点作比，就是为说明intellectual的行为特点。从句的谓语is expected是肯定形式，但翻译时一定要译成否定的“不能指望”，这是由该句型的特点决定的。【译文】但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德，就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。二、(just) as, so结构表示类比此句型的意思是“正好，所以”，so后面的句子多用倒装结构。【例】Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere. 【点睛】本句包含just asso结构，so后的句子用了倒装。【译文】正如土壤是地球的组成部分一样，大气层同样也是地球的组成部分。三、notso much as表示比较考研英语中，notso much as这一句型也增多次出现，该句型从结构上来看，可以有not A so much as B或者not so much A as B两种结构，其中A和B是两个被比较的平行结构，如：同为介词短语，动词不定式，名词短语或其他平行结构。从意思上来看，该句型的基本含义为“与其说A倒不如说B”，或“是B，而不是A”。【例1】（94-翻译）Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.【点睛】句子使用了not so much A as B这一比较句型。这里的平行结构是两个介词短语：through the insights of great men of genius和because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools，在这里作状语，修饰谓语moves forward。【译文】他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。【例2】（01-Passage 5）For the women of my generation who are urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lifegrowing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into oneas a personal recognition of your limitations.【点睛】句中含有not so much A as B这一比较句型。平行结构是两个名词短语a search for the mythical good life和a personal recognition of your limitations，在句中作表语。【译文】对于我们这一代在80年代被敦促要搏击生活的女性来说，在90年代中期过着节奏放慢的生活，与其说是对神秘的美好生活的追求自己种有机蔬菜，冒险进入一个仙境倒不如说我们认识到了自己的局限。【例3】（05-翻译）Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyedand perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.【点睛】句中含有not A so much as B这一句型，只是用了not的变体never。这里比较的对像是时间，一个是before；一个是in the recent events in Europe。本句要说明television在这两个不同时间所起的作用大小不同。因此，我们可以将never A so much as结构转译为“作用之大，前所未有”。【译文】电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。四、其他more than结构的理解与翻译1more than表示“不仅是， 非常， 十分”等在很多句子中，more than不能按字面意思翻译成“比多”，而是要引申转译为“不仅仅是”或“不只是”。此时，more than后面往往接一个动词或名词。【例1】（06-翻译）They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflection on human problems which involve moral judgment.【点睛】这里more than后接动词earn，此时more than一般都理解为“不仅仅是”。【译文】他们（知识分子）可能很会教书，而且不仅仅是为了正挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的人类问题进行独立思考。【例2】Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium; it is company.【点睛】这里more than后接名词medium，译成“不只是一个媒体”。【译文】收音机与我们的生活息息相关，所以它不只是媒体，更是我们的伙伴。2“more than+形容词”表示“非常”英文中，more than后边可以接一个形容词，这时more than本身相当于一个程度副词，用来修饰形容词，可理解为“非常，十分”。【例】The USA remains more than capable of holding Iraq down, while confronting North Korea and Iran its next main targets.【点睛】这里more than后接形容词capable， more than修饰这个形容词，表示“十分有能力，全有能力”。【译文】美国在推翻伊拉克的同时，完全还有实力可以与下两个打击目标朝鲜和伊朗来对抗。3“more than+数字”表示“多于”“more than+数字”往往表示“多于”，其反义词是less than。【例】(02-翻译)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. 【点睛】本句包含“more than+数字”的结构，more than前边还添加了a little来修饰，表示程度大小。【译文】自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。4nothing more than结构nothing more than表示“只不过是”，类似于nothing but短语。【例】The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is nothing more than an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.【点睛】nothing more than意为“只不过是”。【译文】每位电视观众总会觉得，在众多形形色色的观众当中，自己只不过是无足轻重的一小份子。5no less than/nothing less than结构上面我们讨论过no more than表示“仅仅，只有”，这里的no less than相当于no more than的反义短语，表示“不少于”。同理，nothing less than与是nothing more than的反义短语，表示“不亚于，相当的”。【例】（05-翻译）This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.【点睛】no less than字面意思为“不少于”，这里为了强调我们可以转译成“多达”。【译文】这一点就足以证明，要在电视行业里生存下来并非易事。统计数字尤其说明了这一事实在80个欧洲电视网中，多达一半在1989年亏损。6morethancan表示“达到不可能的程度”或“简直不能”此句式中的can形式上是肯定的，而实际意义上是否定的。【例】The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.【译文】那地方的景色之美简直让我无法形容。五、rather than与other than结构的理解与翻译rather than，表示客观事实，意为“是而不是；与其不如”，表示否定than后边的事物。它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等，rather than前后两个成分之间是并列关系。other than，相当于different from，意思是“不同于，除了以外其他的”，它连接的两个成分是所属关系，也就是说A other than B中，B属于A中的一部分。【例1】A. The waterwheel is a mechanism designed to harness energy from a source other than animals.B. The waterwheel is a mechanism designed to harness energy from water rather than from animals.【点睛】在A句中，animal是作为能提供能量的一种来源（a source）,所以animals属于energy source的一种，即表示所属关系，因此用了other than来连接。在B句中，两个介词短语from water和from animals显然表示两种不同的能量来源，是并列关系，所以用rather than来连接。【译文】A水轮这种机械装置利用的不是动物能。 B水轮这种机械装置利用的不是动物能，而是水能。【例2】（97-Passage 3）Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.【点睛】句中的substance与food的关系是，food属于substance的一种，即表示“所属关系”，所以这里用other than来连接。【译文】从技术角度出发，除了食品之外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。许多人错误地认为药物这个词仅指某些药物或指嗜毒者使用的非法化学品。【例3】(97-翻译)To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.【点睛】过去分词encouraged与laughed at是并列关系，用rather than来连接。【译文】对于大多数人来说，看见一只动物在受苦，足以引起他们的同情。这种反应并没有错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲笑。课堂练习难句分析1.In fact, the more new things we try the more we step outside our comfort zone the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives. (09-Text 1) 2.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. (08-Text 1) 3.But his primary task is not to think about the moral code， which governs his activity， any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (06-Part C)4.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one as a personal recognition of your limitations. (01-Passage 5) 5.By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans. (06-Text 1)6.That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. (06-Text 3)7.To create a level playing field and to make the game fairer so that every team has a chance of winning, Professor Samuels suggests that the solutions include a more equal distribution of the revenue coming into the game and the introduction of a version of salary capping similar to that in rugby league, and that adopted by the National Football League in the United States.课堂讲评1.【分析】本句包含the more.the more.the more结构。注意第一个the more后谓语和宾语倒装，第二个the more引导的句子是前面从句的同位语，第三个the more引导的句子为主句，注意表语和系动词的倒装。【译文】事实上，我们越是尝试新的东西我们越多地跨出自己的舒适范围我们就会变得越有创造性，不管是在职场上还是个人生活中。2. 【分析】句子的主干Studieshave shown that中含有一个that引导的宾语从句，从句的主干是sex hormonesaffect the stress response；现在分词结构causing females作结果状语，为避免头重脚轻，morethan比较结构后的do males under the same conditions用了倒装句，正常语序为：males under the same conditions do，其中do为代动词，指前文的produce。【译文】对动物和人类的研究表明：性激素以某种方式影响动物与人对压力